USRE23479E - Electrical translating system - Google Patents

Electrical translating system Download PDF

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USRE23479E
USRE23479E US23479DE USRE23479E US RE23479 E USRE23479 E US RE23479E US 23479D E US23479D E US 23479DE US RE23479 E USRE23479 E US RE23479E
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electrons
electron
resonator
stream
energy
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Priority claimed from US268898A external-priority patent/US2259690A/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
    • H01J25/22—Reflex klystrons, i.e. tubes having one or more resonators, with a single reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the modulator zone
    • H01J25/24—Reflex klystrons, i.e. tubes having one or more resonators, with a single reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the modulator zone in which the electron stream is in the axis of the resonator or resonators and is pencil-like before reflection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
    • H01J25/06—Tubes having only one resonator, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the modulation produced in the modulator zone is mainly velocity modulation, e.g. Lüdi-Klystron
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
    • H01J25/10—Klystrons, i.e. tubes having two or more resonators, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the zone of the input resonator
    • H01J25/12—Klystrons, i.e. tubes having two or more resonators, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the zone of the input resonator with pencil-like electron stream in the axis of the resonators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
    • H01J25/10—Klystrons, i.e. tubes having two or more resonators, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the zone of the input resonator
    • H01J25/20—Klystrons, i.e. tubes having two or more resonators, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the zone of the input resonator having special arrangements in the space between resonators, e.g. resistive-wall amplifier tube, space-charge amplifier tube, velocity-jump tube
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03D—DEMODULATION OR TRANSFERENCE OF MODULATION FROM ONE CARRIER TO ANOTHER
    • H03D7/00—Transference of modulation from one carrier to another, e.g. frequency-changing
    • H03D7/20—Transference of modulation from one carrier to another, e.g. frequency-changing by means of transit-time tubes

Definitions

  • My invention relates to electrical translatin systems and methods, and more particularly to systems and methods employing electrical discharges.
  • My invention possesses numerous other objects and features of advantage, some of which, together with the foregoing, will be set forth in the following description of specific apparatus embodying and utilizing my novel method. It is therefore to be understood that. my method is applicable to other apparatus, and that I do not limit myself, in "any way, to the apparatus of the present application, as I may adopt various other apparatus embodiments, utilizing the method, within the scope of the appended claims.
  • Fig. '1 is a view, partly in longitudinal section and partly diagrammatic, illustrating an oscillator embodying my invention
  • Fig. 2 is a fragmentary section of a slight modification of the structure shown in'Fig.-1
  • Fig. 3 is a view, partly in section and partly in perspective, showing a portion of the resonant circuit utilized in the tube shown in Fig. 1
  • Fig. 4 is a plan showing how the .toroid space-resonant circuit may be made resilient for tuning purposes
  • Fig. 5.15 a longitudinal sectional view of an amplifier tube embodying my invention, utilizing resonators having a relatively large power output and employing a'large electron stream area.
  • wavelengths for example, of ten centimeters or less
  • Fig. l which shows .a thermionic .tube or apparatus connected to .control an electron stream
  • an envelope l is provided at one end thereof with a reentrant stem 2 which supports a thermionic cathode 4.
  • thermionic cathode structures directly or indirectly heated may be utilized to form the source ofelectrons for the tube.
  • the electrons emitted from .the cathode 4 are caused to travel "therefrom in the form of astream along a substantially straight-line path.
  • the electrons travel through the screen 20, into and through a cavity resonator or space-resonantcdevice .2sl .of the above-described character, through aspaceor region 24 and through a second cavity resonator25.
  • the resonators 2i and '25 are .electrically connected, illustrated with their outside surfaces "at ground potential, the region 24 being shielded from the fields within said resonators.
  • the electrons enter the second space-resonator 25 through an anode grid 21, and travel thereafter through this space-resonator 25 to an anode or plate I2. which may be in the form of a solid wall.
  • anode or plate I2. which may be in the form of a solid wall.
  • the resonant alternating electromagnetic fields of these space-resonators which comprise sustained standing waves, are contained entirely within, so as to be bounded by, the conducting walls of the respective space-resonators, frequency of the standing waves being determined by the interior dimensions of the resonators. All conduction currents are on the inner surfaces of these walls.
  • that coacts with the electron stream extends between the opposed inner surfaces of the grids 9 and II).
  • the portion of the field of the resonator 25 that coacts with the electron stream extends between the opposed inner surfaces of the grid 21 and the anode l2. Except for the openings through the grids 9, I and 21,
  • these resonators constitute substantially closed and non-radiating containers.
  • the anode l2 may also be permeable, as illustrated in Fig. 2.
  • the electrons, after passing through the permeable electrode [2, may travel to a further anode 56.
  • the cathode structure 4 should be sodesigned, and the screen 20 so shaped, that the stream of electrons shall be focused into a collimated beam that doesnot spread excessively, notwithstanding that it is projected a considerable distance.
  • the form of the screen 20 depends upon the physical configuration of the apparatus. Though it is connected through the frame of the apparatus to the positive terminal of the accelerating battery 6, it does not take part in the hereinafterdescribed cyclic operation of the system.
  • the grids 9 and I ll be spaced to give an electron flight time therebetween substantially equal to or less than a. half-cycle, or substantially an odd number of half-cycles, in accordance with the initial velocity of the entering electrons, and as determined by the frequency of the space-resonant device 2 I.
  • and 25 is shown as reentrant, as described in a copending application of [the said] William W. Hansen with David L. Webster, Serial No. 220,414, filed July 21, 1938, now patent No. 2,227,372 granted December 31, 1940, the front reentrant poles being shown at 22 and 26, and the rear reentrant poles at 23 and 29.
  • the resonators have substantially the exterior shape, roughly, of a toroid, as indicated in Figs. 3 and 4, except for the fact that the reentrant poles do not meet at, but are truncated before reaching, the respective centers of the resonators.
  • the resonators are in the form of a. figure of revolution about an axis through the Teentrant poles.
  • the grids 9, l0 and 2'! may be in the form of multiple-apertured conducting members, as shown.
  • the grids 9 and I0 are designed so as to offer as little obstruction to the passage of the electron stream as possible and are located at the inner extremities of the poles 22 and 23 of course, be omitted, unless the resonator 2
  • the grids 9, l0 and 27 serve to confine the resonator standing fields within the respective resonators. The electron stream, therefore, is projected through the pole 22 and the grid 9 before entering the resonator 2
  • Energy may be transferred to or from the electromagnetic field of a resonator of this character by means of inductive loops or capacitiveelements in the field, as well as by means of a stream of electrons.
  • the resonators are shown coupled together by a single coupling loop 3!] that enters the respective resonators through adjacent coupling slots 3
  • the coupling loop 30 so interconnects the two resonators that any oscillation set up in one resonator shall cause an oscillation to be set up in the other resonator having a definite phase relation with the first.
  • and 25 are thus excited and unilaterally coupled together by the stream of electrons projected through their fields.
  • the degree of insertion of this loop into the resonators controls the bilateral coupling.
  • the portion of the loop remaining outside may constitute a radiator or load circuit.
  • ] may, of feed-back is desired.
  • the electrons emitted from the electron source 50 are caused by the accelerating voltage 5 to travel toward the grid 9 in the form of a beam that enters this grid with uniform velocity, so as to provide a uniform distribution in time of the electrons in the electron stream.
  • This uniform entering velocity will hereinafter be referred to as the normal or mean velocity of the electrons.
  • the electrons Upon passing through the grid 9, the electrons enter the space-resonant device 2
  • by the signal results. in imparting periodic or cyclical increments and decrements of energy, of the period of the field of the resonator, to the electrons entering through the grid 9 and traveling through the field, until they exit through the grid l0.
  • some of the electrons, as they exit will have become accelerated and their velocities will thus have become increased in varying amounts; and others will have become decelerated and their velocities decreased in varying amounts.
  • the net speed of still others of the electrons will remain unchanged; these electrons will retain their normal or mean velocity.
  • the successive accelerations and decelerations of the electrons the velocities of which become changed are periodic, and at the natural frequency of the space-resonator 2
  • the speed of a particular electron at the time that it arrives at the grid l0 may be either higher than, equal to, or lower than the said uniform or mean velocity of thestream.
  • Some of the electrons of the stream, as they emerge from the grid It, will have the said mean velocity of the stream, the velocities of others will be higher than this mean velocity, and the velocities of still others will be lower.
  • the electrons will thus assume periodically or cyclically varying velocities, in synchronism with the frequency of the field of the resonator 2
  • the electrons will continue to travel beyond the grid at whatever speed they had when they left this grid. They will thus travel through the space 2.4 between the grids I0 and 21 with unchanging individual velocities, but some with higher velocities and others with. lower velocities than the mean velocity of the electrons.
  • the said periodic increments and decrements of energy and, consequently, the relative velocities of the electrons will be maintained substantially constant. If permitted thus to travel for a suitable time, the electrons will no longer be distributed uniformly in time, as they were when they entered the space between the grids 9 and Ill. The slow electrons will not be so far from the grid [0 as they would have been if they had retained their normal velocity, and the fast electrons will similarly be farther from the grid l0 than they would have been if they had continued to travel at normal velocity.
  • the distance between the grids I0 and 21 may be such that the electrons of mean velocity may require one or more, such as one-and-one-half or two, cycles of the frequencyof the accelerating field to traverse it.
  • the distance traveled by the electrons will be large enough so that the electrons shall becom simultaneously concentrated in the space 24 into a plurality of groups or bunches of different degrees of concentration, with a spacing determined by the frequency of the alternating field and the average velocity of the electrons.
  • the degree of this grouping or bunching at any point is determined by the time interval elapsed since leaving the grid H], the degree of excitation of the field between the grids 9 and i0, and the magnitude of the voltage source 6. Between successive groups, there will correspondingly be found a number of positions where there will be rarefactions in the electron distribution.
  • the time of arrival of a group at grit 21 is substantially the time of arrival of the normal or mean-velocity electrons. If it requires a halfcycle for the groups to traverse the space be.- tween the grid 21 and the anode I2, for example, and the group is to deliver maximum energy, it should arrive at thev grid 21 when the field between the grid 21 and the anod 'I2. is zero and starting to oppose the motion of the electrons.
  • the tuned element 25' is adjusted so that it resonates at the frequency of the signal voltage.
  • the electrons when they reach a plane, say, half-way between the grid 21 and the anode I2, therefore, have a degree of bunching or grouping determined by the voltage of the signal source acting on the resonant ele-- ment 2
  • the condition of no field between the grid- 21 and the anode 12 never, however, exists, in practice. There is always actually at least a minute field, caused by thermal agitation of the electrons in the resonant circuit 25'.
  • This minute field since it originates from random motions, will take on all possible phases with respect to the phase of arrival of the bunches of electrons in the interspace between the grid 21 and the anode l2. If this minute field of the resonator 25 happens to be oscillating in such phase that it opposes the motion of the larger groups of electrons during their passage from the grid 21 to the anode 12, these groups of electrons will become slowed down. The kinetic energy thus absorbed from these electron groups will become stored as energy of oscillation in the resonator 25'. The field will, therefore, become enhanced.
  • the field will be directed half the time so as to increase the energy of any electron passing therethrough at such time.
  • Some of the energy in the resonator 25 will thus be returned to the electrons moving along between the bunches, but as these electrons are less numerous, and as they receive an increase in energy per electron that is substantially the same as the decrease in energy per electron suffered by the groups or bunches, the energy lost to the electrons by the field will be less than the energy gained from the electrons by the field.
  • a substantial portion of the energy of a group may in this way be given up tothe field of the second space-resonator 25.
  • the frequency excited in the resonant circuit 25 is not necessarily, however, the same as that of the resonator 2
  • the field of the space-resonant device 25' has resonant harmanic or multiple frequencies that are not integral multiples of the fundamental exciting frequency of the alternating-current field of the grouping circuit 2
  • the invention provides also a regenerative amplifier.
  • an OS- cillatory field between the grids 9 and I 0 will produce electron grouping that may produce an oscillatory field between the grid 21 and the anode l2 greater than, or amplified with respect to, that existing between the grids 9 and It).
  • the phase, on arrival of the groups in the energy-absorbing circuit can be given any desired value. Since any phase whatever can be obtained, it is always relatively easy to obtain the proper phase by adjusting the flight time between the energy-grouping circuit and the energy-absorbing circuit by changing the velocity of the electrons. example, by changing the tery 6.
  • phase of the. energy fed back to the electrongrouping circuit from the energy-absorbing circuit and, therefore, the effective regeneration can be controlled by varying the flight time of the electrons between these circuits.
  • This requires that the alternating voltage between the grids 9 and 10 must be increased to compensate for the shortening of the space between the grids l0 and. If the space between the grids I0 and 21 is shortened too much, however, the difference in potential of the batenergy of the accelerated electrons and of the retarded electrons will be a large part of the energyof the normal electrons in the group.
  • the field between the grid 21 and the anode I2 is reduced to a point at which it will not turn back the slowest electronsfit will not extract the full-energy of the fastest"electrons before they strike the anode I2, an'dthey will dissipate a good deal of their energy'as heat in the anode l2.
  • the free-flight distance This may be done, for
  • the above considerations are important in the operation of the ultra-high frequency oscillator to be described in more detail presently, they apply also to an amplifier; the conditions for grouping in an amplifier, acting as a frequency doubler, are roughly the same as those in an oscillator. Since the mutual conductance of the amplifiers here described may be some hundreds of micromhos, and the effective shunt impedances of the resonators described are of the order of a megohm, high amplifications are easily obtainable on the fundamental frequency of the beam modulation.
  • the oscillator illustrated therein is comparable to the case where the amplifier of Fig. is rearranged so that a feed back signal is used to establish the field between the grids of the tuned circuit 2
  • the oscillatory field must be automatically built up by the action of the electron stream' to a high. level from a very minute transient value, such as' that supplied by" thermal agitation of electrons between the grids 5 and [0, or by other small'departures'from uniformity in the velocity or the density of the electron stream.
  • This field will produce a minute degree of electron grouping by the process above described between the grid 21 and the anode l2.
  • the resonant circuit 25 will now automatically have built up in its oscillations in such phase as to extract energy from any group of electrons appearing with the proper frequency between the grid 21 and the anode II2.
  • radiated ower may be comparable with the total power of the oscillator.
  • the first" grids may be made of the slat type, with wires running in only one direction, whereas the third grid may have its wires running at right angles thereto.
  • the practical use of an amplifier such as I have descrbied is extremely simple.
  • the anode circuit25 may be readily tuned to the grid circuit 2
  • Fig. ,5 shows a tube wherein there is a large area to the cross section of the electron stream, with ultra high frequency resonators 21' and 25' of special design.
  • and 25 are of true doughnut shape, except that in this case the reentrant portions are annular and carry annular grids 9, l and 21 and an annular anode l2.
  • the cathode in this case, may be constructed in any convenient manner to give a beam of annular cross section corresponding in diameter to the diameter of the annular grids, and one way in which this type of beam may be provided is by making the cathode 4 a unipotential sheet and depositing on one side thereof a ring 5
  • the cathode 4 may be conveniently heated by'a heater coil 5
  • the combination of means producing an electron beam and a substantially closed conducting member providing a chamber constituting a resonant circuit having a standing electromagnetic field therewithin, said member having electron-permeable walls through which the electron beam passes for control purposes]
  • Apparatus of the character described having, in combination, means for creating a confined standing electromagnetic field having an electric field portion extending in a predetermined region, means for confining the electric field portion to the region, and means for passing an electron stream through the electric field portion to cause the electrons to assume periodically varying velocities and thereafter past the field to cause the electrons to become concentrated in groups] [3.
  • Apparatus of the character described having, in combination, means for creating an electron stream of substantially uniform velocity, a space-resonant device, means for creating a standing electro-magnetic field within the spaceresonant device, the exterior surface of said device being free of alternating potentials of the frequency of operation of the apparatus, and means for directing the electron stream through the field of the space-resonant device to cause the electrons to assume periodically varying velocities due to the action of the internal field therein] [4.
  • Apparatus of the character described having, in combination, a plurality of spaced resonators, and means for passing electrons through the resonators, one of the resonators having a confined electromagnetic field] 5.
  • Apparatus of the character described hav-- ing in combination, means for creating an electron stream of substantially uniform velocity, means for directing the stream through an al ternating electric field to cause the electrons to assume periodically varying velocities and past the field to cause the electrons to become concentrated in groups, a cavity resonator for absorbing energy from the electrons, and means for shielding the field from the energy-absorbing means.
  • Apparatus of the character described having, in combination, means for creating an electron stream having the electrons thereof concentrated in groups, a space-resonant device, and means for absorbing the energy of the groups in the space-resonant device.
  • Apparatus of the character described having, in combination, means for creating an electron stream having the electrons thereof concentrated in groups, a space-resonant device, means for absorbing the energy of the groups in the space-resonant device, and means for adjusting the space-resonant device as to frequency.
  • Apparatus of the character described having, in combination, means for creating an electron stream, means for causing the electrons of the stream to become concentrated in groups, and means comprising a space-resonant device for absorbing energy from the groups.
  • Apparatus of the character described having, in combination, means for creating an electron stream, means for periodically varying the velocity of the electrons of the stream and for causing the electrons of the stream thereafter to become concentrated in groups, and means for absorbing energy from the groups, one of the second-named and third-named means comprising a space-resonant device.
  • Apparatus of the character described having, in combination, means for creating an electron stream, means comprising a space-resonant device for causing the electrons of the stream to become concentrated in groups, and means comprising a space-resonant device for absorbing energy from the groups.
  • Apparatus of the character described having, in combination, a space-resonant device, means for producing a grouped electron stream for traversing the space-resonant device, and means comprising the grouped stream for creating an alternating electromagnetic field in the space-resonant device to absorb energy from the stream.
  • Apparatus of the character described having, in combination, means for creating an electron stream, means comprising a space-resonant device for periodically varying the velocity of the electrons of the stream, and means for adjusting the space-resonant device to adjust the period of the periodic variation of the said velocity.
  • Apparatus of the character described having, in combination, two spaced space-resonant devices, means for supplying energy to one of the space-resonant devices, means for creating an electron stream, and means for passing the electrons of the stream through one of the spaceresonant devices to impart periodically varying velocities to the electrons of the stream and for thereafter passing the electrons through the space between the space-resonant devices and through the second space-resonant device to deliver the energy of the electrons to the second space-resonant device, one of the space-resonant devices being adjustable.
  • Apparatusof the character described having, in combination, means for producing a. stream of electrons, two internally resonant hol-- low bodies each having an opening, an apertured conducting member closing each opening, and means for projecting the stream of electrons through one of the conducting members into and throughone of the hollow bodies to produce cyclic changes in the velocity of the electrons in the stream and for projecting the stream of electrons through the other conducting member into and through the other body to excite electromagnetic waves in the said other body.
  • Apparatus of the character described having, in combination, means for producing a stream of electrons, two internally resonant hollow bodies each having a reentrant pole, and means for projecting the stream of electrons through one of the reentrant poles into and through one of the hollow bodies to produce cyclic changes in the velocity of the electrons in the stream and for thereafter projecting the stream of electrons through the other reentrant pole into and through the other body to excite electromagnetic waves in the said other body.
  • Apparatus of the character described having, in combination, means for producing a stream of electrons, two internally resonant hollow bodies each having a reentrant pole provided with an open extremity inside the corresponding hollow body, a multiple-apertured conducting member closing each extremity, and means for projecting the stream of electrons through one of the conducting members into and through one of the hollow bodies to produce cyclic changes in the velocity of the electrons in the stream and for thereafter projecting the stream of electrons through the other conducting member into and through the other body to excite electromagnetic waves in said other body.
  • Apparatus of the character described having, in combination, means for producing a stream of electrons, an internally resonant hollow body having a reentrant pole, and means for projecting the stream of electrons through the space within said body between said reentrant pole and the opposite wall of said body]
  • Apparatus of the character described comprising an internally resonant hollow body having a reentrant pole provided with an opening, and a multiple-apertured conducting member closing the opening
  • Apparatus of the character described comprising an internally resonant hollow body comprising a pair of radially spaced annular substantially concentric toroidal sections separated by an annular reentrant pole.
  • Apparatus of the character described comprising an internally resonant hollow body comprising enlarged annular substantially concentric toroidal sections separated by an annular reentrant pole provided with an opening, and a multiple-apertured conducting member closing the opening.
  • a resonator comprising a hollow substantially closed conducting body of the shape of a toroid, having an annular apertured reentrant portion, and means for setting up standing electromagnetic waves therein.
  • a toroidal section consisting of two lobes connected by a narrow isthmus, and means for projecting electrons across said isthmus.
  • Electron discharge apparatus comprising means for forming a beam of electrons directed along an axis, a plurality of spacedcavit'y' resonators aligned along said axis, each of said resonators defining a gap for an intense high-frequency electric field along said axis, the gaps of the first and second resonators traversed bysaid electron beam being separated by a distance appreciably greater than the dimension of either gap, and means for introducing an electromagnetic signal coupled to the first ofsaid resonators which is traversed'by said electron beam, whereby a confined ultra high frequency electromagnetic field is developed in said first of said resonators.
  • Electron discharge apparatus as defined in claim 24, wherein said electron beam forming means includes a cathode in the proximity of but separate from the first cavity resonator.
  • a plurality of cavity resonators having electron-permeable portions located along a common axis, means for forming a substantially collimated beam of electrons and for directing said electrons through the electronpermeable portions of said resonators along said axis, and means for introducing an ultra-highfrequency electromagnetic signal coupled to the first of said resonators which is traversed by said electron beam, whereby a confined ultra high frequency electromagnetic field is developed in said first of said resonators.
  • each of said electron-permeable portions comprises a pair of grids located in opposed portions of said resonators and wherein the transit time for the electrons passing between each pair of grids is less than one-half the resonant period of the resonator in which the grids are located.
  • a pair of cavity resonators having electron-permeable portions located along a common axis, means for forming a substantially collimated beam of electrons and for directing said electrons through said resonators along said axis, and means for introducing an ultra high frequency electromagnetic signal coupled to the first of said resonators traversed by said electron beam whereby a confined ultra high frequency electromagnetic field is developed in said first of said resonators to velocity modulate the electrons of said beam, the second of said resonators traversed by said electron beam being positioned along said axis at the location at which the velocity-modulated electrons of said beam attain substantially maximum bunching.
  • Electron discharge apparatus comprising cavity" means for creating an electron stream along an axis, means for periodically varying the velocity of the electrons of the stream and for causing the electrons of the stream thereafter to become concentrated in groups, and means for absorbing energy from the groups, one of the second-named and third-named means comprising a cavity resonator in the form of a figure of revolution about said axis.
  • a hallow cavity resonator having electron-permeable portions in opposed walls thereof, means for producing an electron stream having the electronsthereof concentrated in groups, and means for projecting said grouped electron stream along an axis through the electron-permeable portions of said cavity resonator, whereby energy of the grouped electron stream is absorbed in the cavity resonator.
  • Electron discharge apparatus comprising a cavity resonator having an electron-permeable portion and a reentrant portion coaxial therewith, means for producing a stream of electrons, modulating apparatus for causing the electrons of the stream to become concentrated in groups, and means for projecting said stream of grouped electrons through the electron-permeable portion of said cavity resonator, whereby the cavity resonator absorbs energy from the groups of electrons.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Microwave Tubes (AREA)
  • Particle Accelerators (AREA)
  • Physical Water Treatments (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Other Liquid Machine Or Engine Such As Wave Power Use (AREA)
  • Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
  • Lasers (AREA)
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US268898A US2259690A (en) 1939-04-20 1939-04-20 High frequency radio apparatus

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US2965794A (en) * 1955-06-17 1960-12-20 Varian Associates Electron tube apparatus

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DE1082986B (de) * 1955-02-12 1960-06-09 Telefunken Gmbh Reflexionsklystron

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NL45407C (en(2012)) * 1934-02-23
DE668800C (de) * 1934-02-24 1938-12-10 Telefunken Gmbh Einrichtung zur Erzeugung kurzer elektromagnetischer Wellen
US2128233A (en) * 1934-03-01 1938-08-30 Meaf Mach En Apparaten Fab Nv Electron tube
NL56878C (en(2012)) * 1934-10-19
DE748161C (de) * 1935-06-28 1944-10-27 Elektronenroehrenanordnung zum Anfachen ultrahochfrequenter elektromagnetischer Schwingungen
NL49857C (en(2012)) * 1935-11-30
NL51366C (en(2012)) * 1936-01-31
US2195455A (en) * 1936-03-04 1940-04-02 Telefunken Gmbh Electronic system
FR47472E (fr) * 1936-06-16 1937-05-22 Meaf Mach En Apparaten Fab Nv Tube électronique comportant un espace vide servant de résonateur
US2190668A (en) * 1937-07-31 1940-02-20 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Diode oscillator
US2242275A (en) * 1937-10-11 1941-05-20 Univ Leland Stanford Junior Electrical translating system and method
US2243537A (en) * 1940-07-31 1941-05-27 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Resonator grid structure

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2965794A (en) * 1955-06-17 1960-12-20 Varian Associates Electron tube apparatus

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL79487C (en(2012))
NL72297C (en(2012))
FR51178E (fr) 1941-09-30
GB703375A (en) 1954-02-03
GB548725A (en) 1942-10-22
NL89660C (en(2012))
US2511886A (en) 1950-06-20
DE972760C (de) 1959-09-17
GB531251A (en) 1941-01-01
FR51369E (fr) 1942-06-09
GB703324A (en) 1954-02-03

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