US9683347B2 - Systems and methods to reinforce excavation walls - Google Patents

Systems and methods to reinforce excavation walls Download PDF

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Publication number
US9683347B2
US9683347B2 US14/495,600 US201414495600A US9683347B2 US 9683347 B2 US9683347 B2 US 9683347B2 US 201414495600 A US201414495600 A US 201414495600A US 9683347 B2 US9683347 B2 US 9683347B2
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soldier
soldier pile
piles
stressing
flange
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US20150086278A1 (en
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Joseph Marino Lucia
Rick Allen Thompson
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Post Tensioning Solutions LLC
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Post Tensioning Solutions LLC
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
    • E02D17/20—Securing of slopes or inclines
    • E02D17/207—Securing of slopes or inclines with means incorporating sheet piles or piles
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
    • E02D17/02—Foundation pits
    • E02D17/04—Bordering surfacing or stiffening the sides of foundation pits
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/18—Bulkheads or similar walls made solely of concrete in situ

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to reinforced walls for deep excavations, and more particularly to soldier pile walls.
  • Conventional methods of shoring may include constructing and installing soldier pile and lagging systems.
  • the lagging of lagging systems may be less stiff than the soldier pile, which assists in retaining the soil between the soldier piles.
  • the lagging may be made from timber, steel, or concrete, such as a secant pile, for example.
  • the soldier pile and lagging systems may need to be reinforced with tie-backs, struts, or internal bracing.
  • Such reinforcement techniques increase costs, are laborious, and are prone to interfere with proximate structures, such as where tieback anchors may cross property lines, roadways, and/or buried utilities, for example.
  • a soldier pile for shoring an excavation site may be summarized as including a plurality of drilled shafts drilled along an edge of the excavation site; a plurality of soldier piles, with each of the plurality of soldier piles being positioned within a respective drilled shaft; and a pre-stressing system coupled to at least some of the plurality of soldier piles.
  • the pre-stressing system may be configured to induce stresses to counteract working stresses of the soldier pile wall.
  • a system for shoring an excavation site having a plurality of adjacent holes drilled along an edge of the excavation site where a soldier pile wall is to be erected may be summarized as including a plurality of modular soldier piles, each of the plurality of modular soldier piles to be positioned within a respective hole and including a pre-stressing system coupled thereto.
  • the pre-stressing system may have a post-tensioning strand enclosed in a protective cover, with the protective cover having grout therein to surround and enclose the post-tensioning strand; an anchorage system positioned at each end of the post-tensioning strand and coupled to a respective end of the post-tensioning strand; and a compressive flange brace having an aperture to allow the post-tensioning strand to pass there through, the compressive flange brace preventing unwanted bending of the modular soldier pile during a pre-stressing operation.
  • a method to make a soldier pile wall for an excavation site may be summarized as including drilling a row of holes along an edge of the excavation site to form a corresponding drilled shaft; coupling a pre-stressing system to at least some of a plurality of soldier piles; placing each of the plurality of soldier piles within a respective drilled shaft; pouring cementitious material to fill the drilled shaft; excavating the excavation site; and inserting lagging laterally and between adjacent soldier piles.
  • FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a soldier pile wall with certain components removed for clarity, according to one embodiment.
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the soldier pile wall of FIG. 1 , taken along line 2 - 2 .
  • FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the soldier pile wall of FIG. 1 , taken along line 3 - 3 .
  • FIG. 4 is a side elevational view of a soldier pile wall with certain components removed for clarity, according to another embodiment.
  • FIG. 5 is a detail side elevational view of the soldier pile wall of FIG. 4 .
  • FIG. 6 is a sectional view of the soldier pile wall of FIG. 4 , taken along line 6 - 6 .
  • FIG. 7 is a sectional view of the soldier pile wall of FIG. 4 , taken along line 7 - 7 .
  • FIG. 8 is a side elevational view of a soldier pile wall with certain components removed for clarity, according to another embodiment.
  • FIGS. 1-3 illustrate an example embodiment of a soldier pile wall 10 for shoring of deep excavations.
  • the soldier pile wall 10 includes a drilled shaft 16 formed by a bored excavation of the earth.
  • the drilled shaft 16 may be cylindrical with a diameter of between two to four feet and may have an appropriate length depending on the depth of the excavation, including extending a certain depth, such as between five and ten feet, beyond a bottom of the excavation 22 and extending up to a level of a finished grade 24 of the soldier pile wall 10 .
  • the soldier pile wall 10 may include a plurality of drilled shafts 16 that are positioned to be spatially spaced apart from each other along an edge of the excavation site.
  • each drilled shaft 16 may be spaced apart from an adjacent drilled shaft 16 by a spacing of between five and ten feet. In some embodiments, the spacing may be even closer, such as where secant piles or tangent piles are being constructed, for example.
  • a soldier pile 12 is placed within the drilled shaft 16 .
  • the soldier pile 12 substantially extends to both ends, lower and upper, of the drilled shaft 16 .
  • the soldier pile 12 has an I-shaped cross-section and at a backside flange includes a pre-stressing system 18 coupled thereto.
  • the pre-stressing system 18 may be set inside the flanges of the soldier pile 12 , such as by coupling the pre-stressing system 18 to a web of the soldier pile 12 , or other suitable location of the soldier pile 12 .
  • the soldier pile 12 may have an H-shaped cross-section, a T-shaped cross-section, or other cross-sections that provide suitable strength properties.
  • the soldier pile 12 may be made from structural steel, concrete, or other materials having suitable strength properties.
  • the pre-stressing system 18 is coupled to the soldier pile 12 and includes three spatially spaced apart post-tensioning strands 26 that are each encapsulated within a protective cover 28 .
  • the post-tensioning strands 26 may be made from steel, or other high strength material.
  • the pre-stressing system 18 may use bars or wires in lieu of the post-tensioning strands 26 .
  • the post-tensioning strands 26 are enclosed by the protective cover 28 , which includes grout that surrounds the post-tensioning strands 26 . Encapsulating the post-tensioning strands 26 with grout in this manner advantageously improves safety of the soldier pile wall 10 in instances where the post-tensioning strand 26 may snap or break apart by lowering any impact energy that may be imparted, by fully enclosing the post-tensioning strand 26 within the protective cover 28 . Likewise, the corrosion properties of the post-tensioning strands 26 may also be improved by encapsulating them with grout.
  • the length and positioning of the pre-stressing system 18 on the soldier pile 12 is advantageously selected to impart compressive stresses where the soldier pile 12 is expected to experience the most relevant tensile forces.
  • the pre-stressing system 18 is positioned at a range of three to six feet from the lower and upper ends of the soldier pile 12 . More particularly, the pre-stressing system 18 extends along a center of the soldier pile 12 and includes compression flange braces 20 that are advantageously spaced apart to assist in distributing load through the soldier pile 12 during the pre-stressing operation, which is discussed in more detail elsewhere, and also to prevent any unwanted bending or bowing of the soldier pile 12 after the pre-stressing operation. Such unwanted bending or bowing of the soldier pile 12 may be in the minor or weak axis of the soldier pile 12 , for example.
  • each compression flange brace 20 is positioned at a one-third distance along the length of the pre-stressing system 18 , which advantageously assists in distribution of the load and also prevents unwanted bending or bowing of the soldier pile 12 .
  • the spacing and the number of compression flange braces 20 may vary, depending on the particular application.
  • the compression flange braces 20 are coupled to the soldier pile 12 using various techniques, such as by welding, fastening, or the like, and include apertures through which the post-tensioning strands 26 pass therethrough.
  • a hole encompassing the drilled shaft 16 is thereafter filled with plain or reinforced cementitious material, such as lean or structural mix of concrete, for example.
  • cementitious material such as lean or structural mix of concrete, for example.
  • lagging 14 is inserted between each adjacent soldier pile 12 commencing above the bottom of the excavation 22 and extending laterally from behind the front side flange of the soldier pile 12 .
  • the lagging 14 may be made from timber, steel, or other material having suitable strength properties.
  • the lagging 14 may extend from between a bottom of the excavation 22 level to the level of the finished grade 24 of the soldier pile wall 10 .
  • the lagging may comprise concrete, such as a secant pile, for example, and may extend between adjacent soldier piles 12 .
  • FIGS. 4-7 illustrate another embodiment of a soldier pile wall 100 , with certain components removed for clarity. More particularly, the soldier pile wall 100 illustrates an anchorage system 282 used in connection with pre-stressing a soldier pile 120 . As best illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5 , the anchorage system 282 is coupled the soldier pile 120 proximal to upper and lower ends of the post-tensioning strands 260 . The anchorage system 282 includes side plates 284 coupled to a backside flange of the soldier pile 120 , thus creating a gap therebetween to provide a passageway for the post-tensioning strands 260 to pass therethrough.
  • each post-tensioning strand 260 may pass through the passageway, while in other embodiments, any number of post-tensioning strands 260 may pass through the passageway.
  • the side plates 284 may be coupled to the soldier pile 120 by welding, fastening, or the like. At terminating ends of the side plates 284 , an anchor plate 286 is coupled thereto. The anchor plate 286 is oriented to be substantially perpendicular to the side plates 284 .
  • the anchor plate 286 includes apertures to allow the respective post-tensioning strand 260 to pass therethrough and into a respective anchor head 288 .
  • the anchor head 288 may include therein wedges, threaded nuts, or the like to hold the post-tensioning strands 260 during the pre-stressing operation, which is discussed in greater detail elsewhere.
  • the soldier pile wall 100 provides a variation to the soldier pile wall 10 illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 , but is not limiting in any respect.
  • the soldier pile wall 100 includes a pre-stressing system 180 that includes two spaced apart post-tensioning strands 260 .
  • the post-tensioning strands 260 are enclosed within a protective cover 280 , which includes grout surrounding the post-tensioning strand 260 .
  • a plurality of compression flange braces 200 are coupled to the backside flange of the soldier pile 120 and include apertures to allow a respective post-tensioning strand 260 to pass therethrough.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates another embodiment of a soldier pile wall 1000 .
  • This soldier pile wall 1000 illustrates a variation, where tie-back anchors 122 are installed through a soldier pile 1200 , pre-stressing system 1800 , and lagging 140 .
  • tie-back anchors 122 are installed through a soldier pile 1200 , pre-stressing system 1800 , and lagging 140 .
  • FIG. 8 only three tie-back anchors 122 are used in the soldier pile wall 1000 , where design loads may have required twelve tie-back anchors 122 , due to advantageously providing the pre-stressing system 1800 in the manner described herein.
  • a method to install embodiments of the soldier pile walls described herein may include drilling a row of holes along an edge of an excavation site to form a respective drilled shaft.
  • the holes may be caisson holes, tangent holes, secant holes, or the like.
  • a casing may also be placed within the drilled hole. The casing may be driven, vibrated, jetted, or oscillated into position.
  • a pre-stressed soldier pile is placed within the respective drilled shaft.
  • Pre-stressing or post stressing the soldier pile may include fixedly holding in position one end of the pre-stressing system, such as the anchor heads, and releasably coupling the other end or the other anchor heads to a hydraulic jack or the like.
  • the hydraulic jack may apply a pre-set tension to the post-tensioning strands. In some embodiments, the pre-set tension may be applied sequentially until the desired tension is obtained in the soldier pile.
  • Pre-stressing the soldier piles in this manner induces opposite stresses in the soldier piles, which can counteract the working stresses developed in the soldier piles during use. Moreover, the direction and magnitude of the induced stresses is controlled by coupling compression flange braces, as described in more detail elsewhere. Further, pre-stressing the soldier piles may allow for using lighter and more slender soldier piles, improve the fatigue life, enhance the elastic range of the soldier pile material, and improve load-carrying capability of the soldier pile walls, thus eliminating or reducing the need for tie-backs, struts, bracing, or other forms of reinforcement structure.
  • the pre-stressing operation may be accomplished off-site, or in some embodiments, the pre-stressing of the soldier pile may be accomplished after the soldier pile is placed within the drilled shaft.
  • cementitious material such as lean or structural mix of concrete may be poured to fill and surround the soldier pile prior to commencement of the excavation.
  • the sides of the drilled shafts may be scraped away to expose the soldier piles, and lagging may be installed between the adjacent soldier piles until the bottom of the excavation is reached.
  • Tie-back anchors may be drilled through, or between, the drilled shafts, and into the earth behind the soldier pile wall.
  • the tie-back anchor holes may be pre-drilled through the soldier piles or may be drilled on site.
  • a tie-back anchor may thereafter be installed through the tie-back anchor holes, or a waler may be used for anchors set between soldier piles.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
  • Bulkheads Adapted To Foundation Construction (AREA)
US14/495,600 2013-09-25 2014-09-24 Systems and methods to reinforce excavation walls Active US9683347B2 (en)

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US14/495,600 US9683347B2 (en) 2013-09-25 2014-09-24 Systems and methods to reinforce excavation walls

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JP6527379B2 (ja) * 2015-04-21 2019-06-05 鹿島建設株式会社 土留め方法
AU2016204976A1 (en) * 2016-07-15 2018-02-01 Mark Robert Edmund Curtis Precast Concrete Panels used as Surface Lining of Perimeter Surfaces of Excavations
JP6994401B2 (ja) * 2018-02-15 2022-01-14 鹿島建設株式会社 山留構築方法
CN110485437B (zh) * 2019-07-25 2021-01-05 天一建设发展有限公司 路基边坡整体绿色防护结构及其施工方法
CN110439011B (zh) * 2019-09-04 2024-01-30 中国电建集团中南勘测设计研究院有限公司 一种边坡抗滑支护结构及其施工方法
CN111395354A (zh) * 2020-03-20 2020-07-10 中国建筑西南勘察设计研究院有限公司 一种多级大排距桩组合支护结构及其基坑开挖方法
CN111945738A (zh) * 2020-07-21 2020-11-17 佛山市鸿博盾构物资有限公司 竖井施工方法

Citations (10)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3999392A (en) * 1975-08-18 1976-12-28 Nikkai Giken Co., Ltd. Method of constructing a wall for supporting earth
US4369004A (en) * 1980-10-01 1983-01-18 Schnabel Foundation Company Earth retaining method and structure
US4561804A (en) * 1980-10-01 1985-12-31 Schnabel Foundation Company Earth retaining method
US5313749A (en) * 1992-04-28 1994-05-24 Conner Mitchel A Reinforced steel beam and girder
KR19990033055A (ko) * 1997-10-23 1999-05-15 이일쇄 인발 저항력이 향상된 앵커 및 그 시공방법
US6332301B1 (en) * 1999-12-02 2001-12-25 Jacob Goldzak Metal beam structure and building construction including same
US6751821B1 (en) * 1999-05-10 2004-06-22 Interconstec Co., Ltd. Prestressed concrete girder of adjustable load bearing capacity for bridge and adjustment method for load bearing capacity of bridge
KR20090076688A (ko) * 2008-01-09 2009-07-13 코오롱건설주식회사 프리스트레스를 도입한 엄지말뚝 및 이를 이용한 2열엄지말뚝 흙막이 공법
US20110142550A1 (en) 2008-08-14 2011-06-16 Jae Ho Lee Method for constructing a chair-type, self-supported earth retaining wall
KR101274974B1 (ko) 2012-10-11 2013-06-17 정택명 흙막이 겸용 옹벽 및 이의 시공방법

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3999392A (en) * 1975-08-18 1976-12-28 Nikkai Giken Co., Ltd. Method of constructing a wall for supporting earth
US4369004A (en) * 1980-10-01 1983-01-18 Schnabel Foundation Company Earth retaining method and structure
US4561804A (en) * 1980-10-01 1985-12-31 Schnabel Foundation Company Earth retaining method
US5313749A (en) * 1992-04-28 1994-05-24 Conner Mitchel A Reinforced steel beam and girder
KR19990033055A (ko) * 1997-10-23 1999-05-15 이일쇄 인발 저항력이 향상된 앵커 및 그 시공방법
US6751821B1 (en) * 1999-05-10 2004-06-22 Interconstec Co., Ltd. Prestressed concrete girder of adjustable load bearing capacity for bridge and adjustment method for load bearing capacity of bridge
US6332301B1 (en) * 1999-12-02 2001-12-25 Jacob Goldzak Metal beam structure and building construction including same
KR20090076688A (ko) * 2008-01-09 2009-07-13 코오롱건설주식회사 프리스트레스를 도입한 엄지말뚝 및 이를 이용한 2열엄지말뚝 흙막이 공법
US20110142550A1 (en) 2008-08-14 2011-06-16 Jae Ho Lee Method for constructing a chair-type, self-supported earth retaining wall
KR101274974B1 (ko) 2012-10-11 2013-06-17 정택명 흙막이 겸용 옹벽 및 이의 시공방법

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International Search Report and Written Opinion mailed Dec. 4, 2014, for Corresponding International Application No. PCT/US2014/057284, 9 pages.

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US20150086278A1 (en) 2015-03-26

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