US9458194B2 - Compounds useful in the treatment and/or care of the skin and their cosmetic or pharmaceutical compositions - Google Patents

Compounds useful in the treatment and/or care of the skin and their cosmetic or pharmaceutical compositions Download PDF

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US9458194B2
US9458194B2 US14/783,689 US201414783689A US9458194B2 US 9458194 B2 US9458194 B2 US 9458194B2 US 201414783689 A US201414783689 A US 201414783689A US 9458194 B2 US9458194 B2 US 9458194B2
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Antonio Vicente Ferrer Montiel
Núria Almiñana Doménech
Juan Cebrián Puche
Wim Van Den Nest
Cristina Carreño Serraïma
Raquel DELGADO GONZÁLEZ
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Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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    • C07K5/10—Tetrapeptides
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K8/04—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K8/044—Suspensions
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
    • A61K8/64—Proteins; Peptides; Derivatives or degradation products thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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    • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K9/127—Liposomes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
    • A61P13/10—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the bladder
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
    • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
    • A61Q19/08—Anti-ageing preparations
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    • C07K5/0215—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing at least one abnormal peptide link containing natural amino acids, forming a peptide bond via their side chain functional group, e.g. epsilon-Lys, gamma-Glu
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    • C07K5/08—Tripeptides
    • C07K5/0802—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
    • C07K5/0804—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
    • C07K5/0806—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic the side chain containing 0 or 1 carbon atoms, i.e. Gly, Ala
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    • C07K7/00—Peptides having 5 to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
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    • C07K7/06—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links having 5 to 11 amino acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • This invention relates to compounds capable of increasing the firmness of the skin and it refers to cosmetic or pharmaceutical compositions which contain said compounds that are useful in the treatment and/or care of the skin, preferably for the treatment and/or care of those conditions, disorders and/or diseases that improve with the stimulation of LOXL1 or fibulin-5 synthesis.
  • the skin is formed by three layers: stratum corneum, dermis and epidermis.
  • stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis and it is the layer which is in direct contact with the environment. It is formed by flattened, dead cells called corneocytes and it is the skin's first protective barrier.
  • the epidermis is composed of keratinocytes, melanocytes and Langerhans cells.
  • the main cell population in the epidermis is keratinocytes, which form a keratinized layer that continually renews itself. Their function is to protect against external agents, whether these be physical, chemical or pathogens.
  • the dermis is located deeper in the skin and is joined to the epidermis by means of the basal membrane.
  • fibroblasts adipocytes and macrophages; it is irrigated by blood vessels and presents numerous nerve endings responsible for transmitting sensations of touch and temperature. Hair follicles as well as sweat, sebaceous and apocrine glands are located in the dermis, and their function is to maintain the integrity and elasticity of the skin. These properties are provided by its extracellular matrix, comprised of proteins secreted by fibroblasts.
  • GAGs glycosaminoglycans
  • Scleroproteins have structural and adhesive functions, and the two main ones are: elastin and collagen, which are responsible for the mechanical properties of the tissues, such as the ability to resist tension, compression, extensibility and torsion.
  • the elasticity and resilience properties of ECM are due to a network of elastic fibers.
  • Elastic fibers are important for the maintenance of the skin's elasticity, but also in other tissues and organs, such as lungs or large blood vessel walls [Faury G., “ Function - structure relationship of elastic arteries in evolution: from microfibrils to elastin and elastic fibres”, Pathol. Biol. ( Paris ), (2001), 49, 310-325]. Defects in the formation of elastic fibers, such as mutations in the genes which codify the different proteins that comprise them, give rise to different pathologies.
  • mutations in the gene fibrillin-1 cause the appearance of Marfan syndrome (associated with skeletal, ocular and cardiovascular symptoms); mutations in the gene fibrillin-2 give rise to congenital contractural arachnodactyly, as well as ocular and skeletal symptoms, and mutations in the elastin gene cause Williams syndrome, supravalvular stenosis and cutis laxa [Tassabehji M. et al., “ An elastin gene mutation producing abnormal tropoelastin and abnormal elastic fibres in a patient with autosomal dominant cutis laxa”, Hum. Mol. Genet., (1998), 6, 1021-1028].
  • the objective of elastic fibers is to maintain elasticity during the individual's entire life.
  • enzymes which are capable of degrading them giving rise to a loss of the skin's elasticity, which is a factor that notably contributes to the aging of connective tissues and have an important role in the skin's degeneration due to exposure to the sun [Watson R. E. B. et al., “ Fibrillin - rich microfibrils are reduced in photoaged skin. Distribution at the dermal - epidermal junction”, J. Invest. Dermatol., 1999, 112, 782-787].
  • elastic fibers are comprised of a nucleus of elastin covered by a sheath of microfibrils of approximately 10 nm in diameter.
  • the microfibrils are formed by fibrillin and glycoprotein associated with microfibrils (MAGP).
  • the assembly of the elastic fibers is sequential, the microfibrils appearing first and forming a frame upon which the elastin is deposited.
  • Elastin is a highly hydrophobic protein, comprised by approximately 750 amino acidic residues and comes from a hydrosoluble initiator, tropoelastin, which is secreted into the extracellular space by the fibroblasts.
  • Elastin fibers are the result of the assembly and crosslinking of tropoelastin monomers near the plasma membrane of the fibroblasts.
  • Pretropoelastin is the initiating molecule of tropoelastin. It is synthesized in the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the fibroblasts, cells of the smooth muscle, endothelial cells, macrophages, chondroblasts and leucocytes. It is formed by 747 amino acids, of which the first 26 N-terminal amino acids are a peptide signal which, when cut, turn pretropoelastin into tropoelastin [Gacko M., “ Elastin: structure, properties and metabolism”, Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters, (2000) 5, 327-348].
  • the tropoelastin molecule is soluble, has a molecular weight of almost 70 kDa, and presents hydrophobic domains alternated with crosslinking domains in its sequence [Brown-Augsburger P. et al., “ Identification of an elastin crosslinking domain that joins three peptide chains”, J. Biol. Chem., (1995), 270, 17778-17783].
  • Hydrophobic domains are repetitions of peptides with two to nine amino acids rich in proline, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine and glycine, with valine and glycine being particularly abundant [Debelle L. et al., “ Elastin: molecular description and function”, Int.
  • Elastogenesis is the process which leads to the generation of functional elastin in elastic fibers. It begins inside the cell with the synthesis of the tropoelastin molecule, to which a galactolectin of 67 kDa is bound which acts as a chaperone preventing the tropoelastin molecules being aggregated intracellularly. The complex is secreted into the extracellular space where the galactolectin interacts with the microfibril galactosugars, thus reducing its affinity to tropoelastin, which is locally released.
  • Galactolectin of 67 kDa is recycled and can carry out its function again, whilst tropoelastin is deposited in the frame formed by the microfibrillar components by means of the interaction of the N-terminal domain of the glycoprotein associated with microfibrils (MAGP) with the C-terminal domain of tropoelastin.
  • Tropoelastin in turn, interacts with the protein fibulin-5 (also called DANCE or EVEC), which acts as a nucleus to which tropoelastin adheres.
  • fibulin-5 adheres to the integrins of the cell surface through its N-terminal fragment (although this step is not crucial) and to the microfibrils through the protein fibrillin-1, the major component of the microfibrils.
  • Tropoelastin is then bound to fibulin-5 and the microfibrils through a coacervation process, forming a fibrillin-1/fibulin-5/tropoelastin complex.
  • a crosslinking occurs between the lysines of different tropoelastin molecules to form the insoluble elastin polymer.
  • This process is carried out by Lysyl Oxidase (LOX) and Lysyl Oxidase-like (LOXL).
  • LOX Lysyl Oxidase
  • LOXL Lysyl Oxidase-like
  • the majority of tropoelastin lysine residues are deaminated and oxidized to their aldehyde form due to the action of LOX dependent on Cu 2+ , forming a desmosine nucleus.
  • the crosslinking occurs due to the reaction of said aldehyde forms between themselves or with an unmodified lysine, and as a consequence of this the tropoelastin chains become insoluble and the elastin network grows.
  • Mature elastin is an insoluble polymer of tropoelastins covalently bound by crosslinking, which can be bi-, tri- or tetrafunctional. The increase in the complexity is believed to progress over time.
  • the hydrophobic fragments demonstrate great mobility and largely contribute to the entropy of the system, to which the quantity of water that hydrates the polymer in vivo also contributes [Debelle L. et al., “ Elastin: molecular description and function”, Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol., (1999), 31, 261-272].
  • Fibulins are a family of proteins of between 50 and 200 kDa formed by seven proteins from the extracellular matrix characterized by having tandem arrays of a variety of epidermal growth factors (EGF-like) dependent on calcium and a fragment characteristic of C-terminal fibulin. They can be classified as Class I, which includes the longer fibulins, (fibulin-1, fibulin-2 and fibulin-6) and Class II, which includes the shorter ones (fibulin-3, fibulin-5, fibulin-5 and fibulin-7).
  • EGF-like epidermal growth factors
  • Fibulin-5 contains an RGD fragment genetically conserved which recognizes integrin receptors and helps it to participate in cell processes. Fibulin-5 has affinity for tropoelastin, but not for polymerized elastin, which suggests its role in the first steps of elastogenesis. It has also been noticed that fibulin-5 accelerates the coacervation process of tropoelastin [Hirai M.
  • Fibulin -5/ DANCE has an elastogenic organizer activity that is abrogated by proteolytic cleavage in vivo”, J. Cell. Biol., (2007), 176, 1061-1071]. This coacervation process is favored by the temperature and high concentrations of sodium chloride. Furthermore, fibulin-5 limits the maturation of coacervated elastin.
  • Lysyl Oxidase is a family of extracellular proteins dependent on copper that catalyzes the formation of aldehydes using the lysines present in elastin and collagen. These aldehydes that are formed are very reactive and react with each other producing a crosslinking of molecules which is vital for the stabilization of the elastin and collagen fibers.
  • Each of the proteins contains an N-terminal peptide signal, a variable central region and a C-terminal region that shows similarities in the sequence.
  • the patent application US 2005/188427 describes the increase of LOXL1 for the treatment of wrinkles, saggy skin, treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), for example and not restricted to, emphysema, asthma or chronic bronchitis, treatment of the degradation of the elastic lamina of the Brunch membrane, treatment of age-related macular degeneration, treatment of pelvic organ prolapse or urinary incontinence.
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • this invention provides a solution to the existing needs and comprises new peptide sequences capable of stimulating the synthesis of lysyl oxidase-like-1 and/or fibulin-5 and which are characterized in that the following monomeric unity is found in position three of the peptide sequence:
  • n 1, 2, 3 or 4.
  • the invention relates to a compound of general formula (I):
  • AA 1 is selected from the group consisting of -Asp-, -Glu-, -Asn-, -Gln-, -Lys- and -Gly-;
  • AA 2 is selected from the group consisting of -Val-, -Leu-, -Ile-, -Met-, -Cit-, -His-, -Thr- and -Gln-;
  • AA 3 is selected from the group consisting of -Tyr-, -Trp- and 4-Abz;
  • n is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3 and 4.
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of H, or -AA 2 -AA 1 -R 1 .
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of H, a polymer derived from polyethylene glycol, substituted or unsubstituted non-cyclic aliphatic group, substituted or unsubstituted alicyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl and R 6 —CO—, wherein R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted non-cyclic aliphatic group, substituted or unsubstituted alicyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl and substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of —NR 4 R 5 , —OR 4 and —SR 4 , wherein R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, a polymer derived from polyethylene glycol, substituted or unsubstituted non-cyclic aliphatic group, substituted or unsubstituted alicyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl; and
  • R 1 or R 2 are not ⁇ -amino acids
  • AA 2 is selected from the group consisting of -Val-, -Leu-, -Ile- and -Met-
  • AA 1 is selected from the group consisting of -Asp-, -Glu-, -Asn- and -Gln-.
  • skin is understood as the layers which comprise it, from the uppermost layer or stratum corneum to the lowermost layer or hypodermis, both inclusive. These layers are composed of different types of cells such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts, melanocytes, mastocytes, neurons and/or adipocytes, among others.
  • skin also comprises the scalp.
  • treatment means the administration of a compound according to the invention to alleviate or eliminate a disease or disorder or reduce or eliminate one or more symptoms associated with this disease or disorder.
  • treatment also covers the ability to alleviate or eliminate the physiological consequences of the disease or disorder.
  • treatment is accompanied by the qualifications “cosmetic, non-therapeutic” they refer to the application of the compound to the skin, hair and/or mucous membranes in particular with the aim of improving the cosmetic qualities of the skin, hair and/or mucous membranes such as and not restricted to, their level of hydration, elasticity, firmness, shine, tone or texture, among others.
  • care in this invention refers to the maintenance of the qualities of the skin, hair and/or mucous membranes.
  • prevention refers to the ability of a compound of the invention to prevent, delay or hinder the appearance or development of a disease or disorder before its appearance.
  • the term “aging” refers to the changes experienced by the skin with age (chronoaging) or through exposure to the sun (photoaging) or to extreme environmental climatic conditions of cold or wind, chemical contaminants or pollutants, and includes all the external visible and/or perceptible changes through touch, such as and not restricted to, the development of discontinuities on the skin such as wrinkles, fine lines, expression lines, stretch marks, furrows, irregularities or roughness, increase in the size of pores, loss of hydration, loss of elasticity, loss of firmness, loss of smoothness, loss of the capacity to recover from deformation, loss of resilience, sagging of the skin such as sagging cheeks, the appearance of bags under the eyes or the appearance of a double chin, among others, changes to the color of the skin such as marks, reddening, bags or the appearance of hyperpigmented areas such as age spots or freckles among others, anomalous differentiation, hyperkeratinization, elastosis, keratosis, hair loss, orange peel skin, loss
  • photoaging groups together the set of processes due to the prolonged exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation which result in the premature aging of the skin, and it presents the same physical characteristics as aging, such as and not restricted to, flaccidity, sagging, changes to the color or irregularities in the pigmentation, abnormal and/or excessive keratinization.
  • the sum of several environmental factors such as exposure to tobacco smoke, exposure to pollution, and climatic conditions such as cold and/or wind also contributes to the aging of the skin.
  • Gly represents NH 2 —CH 2 —COOH
  • Gly- represents NH 2 —CH 2 —CO—
  • -Gly represents —NH—CH 2 —COOH
  • -Gly- represents —NH—CH 2 —CO—.
  • Ac- is used in this description to designate the acetyl group (CH 3 —CO—)
  • Palm- is used to designate the palmitoyl group (CH 3 —(CH 2 ) 14 —CO—)
  • Myr- is used to designate the myristoyl group (CH 3 —(CH 2 ) 12 —CO—).
  • non-cyclic aliphatic group is used in this invention to cover alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups, linear or branched.
  • alkyl group refers to a linear or branched saturated group which has between 1 and 24, preferably between 1 and 16, more preferably between 1 and 14, even more preferably between 1 and 12, yet more preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms and is bound to the rest of the molecule by a simple bond, including, for example and not restricted to, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, heptyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl, lauryl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, amyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 2-methylbutyl, 5-methylhexyl and similar.
  • alkenyl group refers to a group, linear or branched, which has between 2 and 24, preferably between 2 and 16, more preferably between 2 and 14, even more preferably between 2 and 12, yet more preferably 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, with one or more double carbon-carbon bonds, preferably with 1, 2 or 3 double carbon-carbon bonds, conjugated or unconjugated, which is bound to the rest of the molecule by a simple bond, including, for example and not restricted to, the vinyl group (—CH 2 ⁇ CH 2 ), allyl (—CH 2 —CH ⁇ CH 2 ), oleyl, linoleyl and similar.
  • alkynyl group refers to a group, linear or branched, which has between 2 and 24, preferably between 2 and 16, more preferably between 2 and 14, even more preferably between 2 and 12, yet more preferably 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, with one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds, preferably 1, 2 or 3 triple carbon-carbon bonds, conjugated or unconjugated, which is bound to the rest of the molecule by a simple bond, including, for example and not restricted to, the ethynyl group, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, pentynyl, such as 1-pentynyl, and similar.
  • the alkynyl groups can also contain one or more double carbon-carbon bonds, including for example and not restricted to, the group but-1-en-3-ynyl, pent-4-en-1-ynyl and similar.
  • alicyclic group is used in this invention to cover, for example and not restricted to, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl or cycloalkynyl groups.
  • cycloalkyl refers to a saturated mono- or polycyclic aliphatic group which has between 3 and 24, preferably between 3 and 16, more preferably between 3 and 14, even more preferably between 3 and 12, yet more preferably 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms and is bound to the rest of the molecule by a simple bond, including, for example and not restricted to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, methyl cyclohexyl, dimethyl cyclohexyl, octahydroindene, decahydronaphthalene, dodecahydrophenalene and similar.
  • cycloalkenyl refers to a non-aromatic mono- or polycyclic aliphatic group which has between 5 and 24, preferably between 5 and 16, more preferably between 5 and 14, even more preferably between 5 and 12, yet more preferably 5 or 6 carbon atoms, with one or more double carbon-carbon bonds, preferably 1, 2 or 3 double carbon-carbon bonds, conjugated or unconjugated, bound to the rest of the molecule by a simple bond, including, for example and not restricted to, the cyclopent-1-en-1-yl group and similar.
  • cycloalkynyl refers to a non-aromatic mono- or polycyclic aliphatic group which has between 8 and 24, preferably between 8 and 16, more preferably between 8 and 14, even more preferably between 8 and 12, yet more preferably 8 or 9 carbon atoms, with one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds, preferably 1, 2 or 3 triple carbon-carbon bonds, conjugated or unconjugated, bound to the rest of the molecule by a simple bond, including, for example and not restricted to, the cyclooct-2-in-1-yl group and similar.
  • the cycloalkynyl groups can also contain one or more double carbon-carbon bonds, including for example and not restricted to, the cyclooct-4-en-2-ynyl group and similar.
  • aryl group refers to an aromatic group which has between 6 and 30, preferably between 6 and 18, more preferably between 6 and 10, even more preferably between 6 or 10 carbon atoms, which comprises 1, 2, 3 or 4 aromatic rings, bound by a carbon-carbon bond or condensed, including, for example and not restricted to, phenyl, naphthyl, diphenyl, indenyl, phenanthryl or anthranyl, among others; or an aralkyl group.
  • aralkyl group refers to an alkyl group substituted by an aromatic group, with between 7 and 24 carbon atoms and including, for example and not restricted to, —(CH 2 ) 1-6 -phenyl, —(CH 2 ) 1-6 -(1-naphthyl), —(CH 2 ) 1-6 -(2-naphthyl), —(CH 2 ) 1-6 —CH(phenyl) 2 and similar.
  • heterocyclyl group refers to a hydrocarbonated ring of 3-10 members, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring, preferably 1, 2 or 3 of the atoms in the ring, is a different element to carbon, such as nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur and can be saturated or unsaturated.
  • the heterocycle can be a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic system, which can include systems of condensed rings; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms can optionally be oxidized in the radical heterocycle; the nitrogen atom can optionally be quaternized; and the radical heterocyclyl can be partially or completely saturated or aromatic.
  • heterocyclyl refers to a ring of 5 or 6 members.
  • saturated heterocyclic groups are dioxane, piperidine, piperazine, pyrrolidine, morpholine and thiomorpholine.
  • aromatic heterocyclic groups also known as heteroaromatic groups are pyridine, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, imidazoline, quinolein, quinoline, pyridazine and naphthyridine.
  • heteroarylalkyl group refers to an alkyl group substituted by a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclyl group, the alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the aromatic heterocyclyl group between 2 and 24 carbon atoms and from 1 to 3 atoms other than carbon and including, for example and not restricted to, —(CH 2 ) 1-6 -imidazolyl, —(CH 2 ) 1-6 -triazolyl, —(CH 2 ) 1-6 -thienyl, —(CH 2 ) 1-6 -furyl, —(CH 2 ) 1-6 -pyrrolidinyl and similar.
  • substituents include, C 1 -C 4 alkyl; hydroxyl; C 1 -C 4 alcoxyl; amino; C 1 -C 4 aminoalkyl; C 1 -C 4 carbonyloxyl; C 1 -C 4 oxycarbonyl; halogen such as fluoride, chlorine, bromine and iodine; cyano; nitro; azide; C 1 -C 4 alkylsulfonyl; thiol; C 1 -C 4 alkylthio; aryloxyl such as phenoxyl; —NR b (C ⁇ NR b )NR b R c ; wherein R b and R c are independently selected from the group formed by H, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 18 aryl, C 7 -C 17 aralkyl, heterocyclyl
  • a first aspect of the invention refers to a compound of general formula (I):
  • R 1 is selected from the group formed by H, a polymer derived from polyethylene glycol and R 6 —CO—, wherein R 6 is selected from the group formed by substituted or unsubstituted alkyl radical C 1 -C 24 , substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl C 2 -C 24 , substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl C 2 -C 24 , substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl C 3 -C 24 , substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkenyl C 5 -C 24 , substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkynyl C 8 -C 24 , substituted or unsubstituted aryl C 6 -C 30 , substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl C 7 -C 24 , substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl ring of 3-10 members, and substituted or unsubstituted or unsubstit
  • R 1 is selected from the group formed by H, a polymer derived from polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight comprised between 200 and 35000 Daltons, acetyl, tert-butanoyl, prenyl, hexanoyl, 2-methylhexanoyl, cyclohexanecarboxyl, octanoyl, decanoyl, lauroyl myristoyl, palmitoyl, stearoyl, oleoyl and linoleoyl. Even more preferably, R 1 is H, acetyl, lauroyl, myristoyl or palmitoyl. In an even more preferred embodiment, R 1 is acetyl or palmitoyl.
  • R 2 is selected from the group formed by —NR 4 R 5 , —OR 4 , —SR 4 , wherein R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from the group formed by H, a polymer derived from polyethylene glycol, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 24 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl C 2 -C 24 , substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 24 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 3 -C 24 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 5 -C 24 cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkynyl C 8 -C 24 , substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 30 aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C 7 -C 24 aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl ring of 3-10
  • R 4 and R 5 can be bound by a saturated or unsaturated carbon-carbon bond, forming a cycle with the nitrogen atom.
  • R 2 is —NR 4 R 5 or —OR 4 .
  • R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from the group formed by H, a polymer derived from polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight comprised between 200 and 35000 Daltons, methyl, ethyl, hexyl, dodecyl and hexadecyl.
  • R 4 is H and R 5 is selected from the group formed by H, methyl, ethyl, hexyl, dodecyl and hexadecyl.
  • R 2 is selected from —OH and —NH 2 .
  • R 1 is selected from the group formed by H, acetyl, lauroyl, myristoyl and palmitoyl, preferably R 1 is selected from the group formed by H, acetyl and palmitoyl and R 2 is selected from the group formed by —OH and —NH 2 .
  • the most preferred structures of the polymer derived from polyethylene glycol are the group (—CH 2 —CH 2 —O) r —H in which r is a number comprised between 4 and 795 and the group
  • s is a number comprised between 1 and 125.
  • AA 1 is selected from the group formed by -Asp-, -Glu-, -Asn- and -Gln-
  • AA 2 is selected from the group formed by -Val-, -Leu-, -Ile- and -Met-
  • R 3 is H
  • AA 3 is -Tyr- or -Trp-.
  • AA 1 is selected from the group formed by -Lys-, -Gly- and -Asn-
  • AA 2 is selected from the group formed by -His-, -Thr-, -Gln- and -Cit-
  • R 3 is -AA 2 -AA 1 -R 1 and AA 3 is 4-Abz.
  • R 1 is selected from the group formed by H, acetyl, lauroyl, myristoyl and palmitoyl
  • AA 1 is -L-Asp-
  • AA 2 is -L-Val-
  • AA 3 is -L-Tyr-
  • R 3 is H
  • n is 4
  • R 2 is selected from the group formed by —NR 4 R 5 and —OR 4 wherein R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, hexyl, dodecyl and hexadecyl. More preferably, R 1 is acetyl or palmitoyl and R 2 is —NH 2 .
  • R 1 is selected from the group formed by H, acetyl, lauroyl, myristoyl and palmitoyl, AA 1 is -L-Lys-, AA 2 is -L-His-, AA 3 is -4-Abz-, R 3 is -AA 2 -AA 1 -R 1 , n is 4 and R 2 is selected from the group formed by —NR 4 R 5 and —OR 4 wherein R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, hexyl, dodecyl and hexadecyl. More preferably, R 1 is acetyl or palmitoyl and R 2 is —NH 2 .
  • R 1 is selected from the group formed by H, acetyl, lauroyl, myristoyl and palmitoyl, AA 1 is -L-Asn-, AA 2 is -L-Thr-, AA 3 is -4-Abz-, R 3 is -AA 2 -AA 1 -R 1 , n is 4 and R 2 is selected from the group formed by —NR 4 R 5 and —OR 4 wherein R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, hexyl, dodecyl and hexadecyl. More preferably, R 1 is acetyl or palmitoyl and R 2 is —NH 2 .
  • R 1 is selected from the group formed by H, acetyl, lauroyl, myristoyl and palmitoyl, AA 1 is -L-Lys-, AA 2 is -L-Thr-, AA 3 is -4-Abz-, R 3 is -AA 2 -AA 1 -R 1 and n is 4, R 2 is selected from the group formed by —NR 4 R 5 and —OR 4 wherein R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, hexyl, dodecyl and hexadecyl. More preferably, R 1 is acetyl or palmitoyl and R 2 is —NH 2 .
  • R 1 is selected from the group formed by H, acetyl, lauroyl, myristoyl and palmitoyl, AA 1 is -L-Lys-, AA 2 is -L-Cit-, AA 3 is -4-Abz-, R 3 is -AA 2 -AA 1 -R 1 , and n is 4, R 2 is selected from the group formed by —NR 4 R 5 and —OR 4 wherein R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, hexyl, dodecyl and hexadecyl. More preferably, R 1 is acetyl or palmitoyl and R 2 is —NH 2 .
  • R 1 is selected from the group formed by H, acetyl, lauroyl, myristoyl and palmitoyl, AA 1 is -L-Gly-, AA 2 is -L-Gln-, AA 3 is -4-Abz-, R 3 is -AA 2 -AA 1 -R 1 and n is 4, R 2 is selected from the group formed by —NR 4 R 5 and —OR 4 wherein R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, hexyl, dodecyl and hexadecyl. More preferably, R 1 is acetyl or palmitoyl and R 2 is —NH 2 .
  • compounds which stimulate the synthesis of LOXL-1 and/or fibulin, according to formula (I) include those represented by a peptide sequence selected from the group of peptide sequences outlined in Table 2, in which their sequence identifier is detailed, wherein, optionally, the N-terminal amino acid of the peptide sequence is modified to include a group corresponding to R 1 in formula (I) and, optionally, the C-terminal amino acid of the peptide sequence is modified to include a group corresponding to R 2 in formula (I):
  • branched sequences are represented in a linear form as they are at the right in the following table.
  • the compounds of this invention can exist as stereoisomers or mixtures of stereoisomers; for example, the amino acids which comprise them can have the configuration L-, D-, or be racemic independently of each other. Therefore, it is possible to obtain isomeric mixtures as well as racemic mixtures or diastereomeric mixtures, or pure diastereomers or enantiomers, depending on the number of asymmetric carbons and on which isomers or isomeric mixtures are present.
  • the preferred structures of the compounds of the invention are pure isomers, i.e., enantiomers or diastereomers.
  • AA 1 can be -Lys-, it is understood that AA 1 is selected from -L-Lys-, -D-Lys- or mixtures of both, racemic or non-racemic.
  • the preparation procedures described in this document enable the person skilled in the art to obtain each of the stereoisomers of the compound of the invention by choosing the amino acid with the right configuration.
  • amino acids includes the amino acids encoded by the genetic code as well as non-encoded amino acids, whether they are natural or not.
  • non-encoded amino acids are, without restriction, citrulline, ornithine, sarcosine, desmosine, norvaline, 4-aminobutyric acid, 2-aminobutyric acid, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, 6-aminohexanoic acid, 1-naphthylalanine, 2-naphthylalanine, 2-aminobenzoic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid, 4-chlorophenylalanine, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, 2,4 diaminobutyric acid, cycloserine, carnitine, cystine, penicillamine, pyroglutamic acid, thienylalanine, hydroxyproline, allo-isoleucine, allo-threonine, isoni
  • cosmetically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the peptides provided by this invention are also found within the field of this invention.
  • the term “cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable salts” means a salt recognized for its use in animals and more specifically in human beings, and includes salts used to form base addition salts, either they are inorganic, such as and not restricted to, lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper, zinc or aluminum among others, either they are organic, such as and not restricted to, ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, arginine, lysine, histidine or piperazine among others, or acid addition salts, either they are organic, such as and not restricted to, acetate, citrate, lactate, malonate, maleate, tartrate, fumarate, benzoate, aspartate, glutamate, succinate, oleate, trifluoroacetate, oxalate, pamoate or gluconate among
  • the nature of the salt is not critical, provided that it is cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable.
  • the cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the peptides of the invention can be obtained by the conventional methods, well known in the prior art [Berge S. M. et al., “ Pharmaceutical Salts ”, (1977), J. Pharm. Sci., 66, 119].
  • Synthesis of the compounds of the invention, their stereoisomers, mixtures thereof and/or their cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be carried out according to conventional methods, known in the prior art, such as using solid phase peptide synthesis methods [Stewart J. M. and Young J. D., “ Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 2 nd edition ”, (1984), Pierce Chemical Company, Rockford, Ill.; Bodanszky M. and Bodanszky A., “ The practice of Peptide Synthesis ”, (1994), Springer Verlag, Berlin; Lloyd-Williams P.
  • a method of obtaining the compounds (I) of the invention, their stereoisomers and mixtures thereof comprises the stages of:
  • the C-terminal end is bound to a solid support and the procedure is carried out in solid phase and, therefore, comprises the coupling of an amino acid with the protected N-terminal end and the free C-terminal end with an amino acid with the N-terminal end free and the C-terminal end bound to a polymeric support; elimination of the group protecting the N-terminal end; and repetition of this sequence as many times as is necessary to thus obtain the compound of the desired length, finally followed by the cleavage of the synthesized compound from the original polymeric support.
  • the functional groups of the side chains of the amino acids are maintained conveniently protected with temporary or permanent protective groups throughout synthesis, and can be unprotected simultaneously or orthogonally to the process of cleavage of the peptide from the polymeric support.
  • solid phase synthesis can be carried out using a convergent strategy coupling a peptide with the polymeric support or with a peptide or amino acid previously bound to the polymeric support.
  • Convergent synthesis strategies are widely known by persons skilled in the art and are described in Lloyd-Williams P et al., “ Convergent Solid - Phase Peptide Synthesis ”, (1993), Tetrahedron, 49(48), 11065-11133.
  • the procedure can comprise the additional stages of deprotection of the N-terminal and C-terminal ends and/or cleavage of the peptide from the polymeric support in an indiscriminate order, using standard procedures and conditions known in the prior art, after which the functional groups of these ends can be modified.
  • the optional modification of the N-terminal and C-terminal ends can be carried out with the peptide of formula (I) anchored to the polymeric support or once the peptide has been separated from the polymeric support.
  • R 1 can be introduced by the reaction of the N-terminal end of the compound of the invention with a R 1 —X compound, wherein R 1 has the aforementioned meaning and X is a leaving group, such as and not restricted to, the tosyl group, the mesyl group and halogen groups among others; through a nucleophilic substitution reaction, in the presence of an adequate base and solvent, wherein the fragments that have the functional groups not involved in the N—C bond formation are suitably protected with temporary or permanent protective groups.
  • the R 2 radicals can be introduced by the reaction of a compound HR 2 wherein R 2 is —OR 3 , —NR 3 R 4 or —SR 3 , with a complementary fragment which corresponds to the compound of formula (I) in which R 2 is —OH in the presence of an adequate solvent and a base such as, N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) or triethylamine or an additive such as 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) or 1-hydroxyazabenzotriazole (HOAt) and a dehydrating agent, such as a carbodiimide, a uronium salt, a phosphonium salt or amidinium salt, among others, or by prior formation of an acyl halide with, for example, thionyl chloride, and thereby obtaining a peptide according to the invention of general formula (I), wherein the fragments that have the functional groups not involved in the N—C bond formation are suitably protected with a base such as,
  • protective group relates to a group which blocks an organic functional group and which can be removed in controlled conditions.
  • the protective groups, their relative reactivities and the conditions in which they remain inert are known to the person skilled in the art.
  • amides such as amide acetate, amide benzoate, amide pivalate; carbamates such as benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz or Z), 2-chlorobenzyl (ClZ), para-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl (pNZ), tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc), 2,2,2-trichloroethyloxycarbonyl (Troc), 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyloxycarbonyl (Teoc), 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) or allyloxycarbonyl (Alloc), Trityl (Trt), methoxytrityl (Mtt), 2,4-dinitrophenyl (Dnp), N-[1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohex-1-ylidene)ethyl (Dde), 1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-
  • Examples of representative protective groups for the carboxyl group are esters, such as the tert-butyl ester (tBu), allyl ester (All), triphenylmethyl ester (Trt ester), cyclohexyl ester (cHx), benzyl ester (Bzl), ortho-nitrobenzyl ester, para-nitrobenzyl ester, para-methoxybenzyl ester, trimethylsilylethyl ester, 2-phenylisopropyl ester, fluorenylmethyl ester (Fm), 4-(N-[1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohexylidene)-3-methylbutyl]amino) benzyl ester (Dmab), among others; preferred protective groups of the invention are the All, tBu, cHx, Bzl and Trt esters.
  • the side chains of the trifunctional amino acids can be protected during the synthetic process with temporary or permanent protective groups orthogonal to the protective groups of the N-terminal and C-terminal ends.
  • the hydroxyl group of the tyrosine side chain can be protected with the group 2-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl (2-BrZ), tBu, All, Bzl or 2,6-dichlorobenzyl (2,6-diClZ) among others.
  • the histidine side chain can be protected with a protective group selected from the group formed by Tos, Dnp, methyl (Me), Boc, benzyloxymethyl (Bom), Bzl, Fmoc, Mts, Trt and Mtt.
  • the amide group of the glutamine and asparagine side chain can be protected by the Trt group or the xanthyl (Xan) group or be used unprotected.
  • carboxyl group of the glutamic acid and aspartic acid side chain esters such as tBu ester, All ester, triphenylmethyl ester (Trt ester), cHx ester, Bzl ester, ortho-nitrobenzyl ester, para-nitrobenzyl ester, para-methoxybenzyl ester, trimethylsilyl ethyl ester, 2-phenylisopropyl ester, Fm ester or Dmab ester, among others, can be used.
  • the indole group of the tryptophan side chain can be protected by the formyl group (For), Boc, Mts or can be used unprotected.
  • amides such as amide acetate, amide benzoate, amide pivalate; carbamates, such as Cbz or Z, ClZ, pNZ, Boc, Troc, Teoc, Fmoc or Alloc, Trt, Mtt, Dnp, Dde, ivDde, Adpoc, among others.
  • the side chain of methionine can be protected by sulfoxide, by sulfone or can be used unprotected.
  • the side chain of threonine can be protected by a protective group selected from the group formed by tBu, Bzl, Trt and Ac.
  • the protective group strategy used is the strategy wherein the amino groups are protected by Boc, the carboxyl groups are protected by Bzl, cHx or All esters, the tyrosine side chain is protected by 2-BrZ or Bzl, the histidine side chain is protected by the group Tos or Bom, the glutamic acid and aspartic acid side chain are protected by Bzl, cHx or All, glutamine and asparagine are used unprotected in their side chain, the tryptophan side chain is protected by For or Mts, methionine is used unprotected in its side chain, the lysine, ornithine, diaminobutyric acid and diaminopropionic acid side chains are protected by ClZ, Fmoc, Boc or Alloc, and the threonine side chain is protected by the Bzl group.
  • the protective group strategy used is the strategy wherein the amino groups are protected by Fmoc, the carboxyl groups are protected by tBu, All or Trt esters, the tyrosine side chain is protected by tBu, the histidine side chain is protected by the group Trt or Mtt, the glutamic acid and aspartic acid side chain is protected by tBu or All, glutamine and asparagine are used protected by the Trt group in its side chain, the tryptophan side chain is protected by Boc or is used unprotected, methionine is used unprotected in its side chain, the lysine, ornithine, diaminobutyric acid and diaminopropionic acid side chains are protected by Boc, Fmoc, Trt or Alloc, and the threonine side chain is protected by the tBu group.
  • protective groups also includes the polymeric supports used in solid phase synthesis.
  • the possible solid supports used in the procedure of the invention involve polystyrene supports, polyethylene glycol grafted to polystyrene and similar, such as and not restricted to, p-methylbenzhydrylamine resins (MBHA) [Matsueda G. R. et al., “ A p - methylbenzhydrylamine resin for improved solid phase synthesis of peptide amides ”, (1981), Peptides, 2, 4550], 2-chlorotrityl resins [Barlos K.
  • MBHA p-methylbenzhydrylamine resins
  • the compounds of the invention can be administered to inhibit neuronal exocytosis by any means which causes contact between the compounds and the site of action in a mammal's body, preferably that of a human being, and in the form of a composition which contains them.
  • another aspect of the invention is a cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition which comprises at least one compound of general formula (I), its stereoisomers, mixtures thereof, and/or its cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable salts together with at least one cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant.
  • These compositions can be prepared by conventional means known to persons skilled in the art [“ Harry's Cosmeticology”, Seventh edition, (1982), Wilkinson J. B., Moore R. J., ed. Longman House, Essex, GB].
  • the compounds of this invention have variable solubility in water, according to the nature of their amino acid sequence or any possible modifications in the N-terminal and/or C-terminal ends. Therefore, the compounds of this invention can be incorporated into the compositions by aqueous solution, and those which are not soluble in water can be solubilized in cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable conventional solvents such as and not restricted to, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, propylene glycol, glycerin, butylene glycol or polyethylene glycol or any combination thereof.
  • the cosmetically or pharmaceutically effective amount of the compounds of the invention which should be administered, as well as their dosage, will depend on numerous factors, including age, state of the patient, the nature or severity of the condition, disorder or disease to be treated and/or cared for, the route and frequency of administration and the particular nature of the compounds to be used.
  • Cosmetically and pharmaceutically effective amount is understood to mean a non-toxic but sufficient amount of the compound or compounds of the invention to provide the desired effect.
  • the compounds of the invention are used in the cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition of this invention at cosmetically or pharmaceutically effective concentrations to achieve the desired effect; in a preferred form with regards to the total weight of the composition, between 0.00000001% (in weight) and 20% (in weight); preferably between 0.000001% (in weight) and 15% (in weight), more preferably between 0.0001% (in weight) and 10% (in weight) and even more preferably between 0.0001% (in weight) and 5% (in weight).
  • the compounds of general formula (I), their stereoisomers, mixtures thereof and/or their cosmetic or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, can also be incorporated into cosmetic or pharmaceutical delivery systems and/or sustained release systems.
  • the term “delivery systems” relates to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient or carrier with which the compound of the invention is administered.
  • These cosmetic or pharmaceutical carriers can be liquids, such as water, oils or surfactants, including those of petroleum, animal, plant or synthetic origin, such as and not restricted to, peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil, castor oil, polysorbates, sorbitan esters, ether sulfates, sulfates, betaines, glycosides, maltosides, fatty alcohols, nonoxynols, poloxamers, polyoxyethylenes, polyethylene glycols, dextrose, glycerol, digitonin and similar.
  • a person skilled in the art knows the diluents, adjuvants or excipients which can be used in the different delivery systems in which the compound of the invention can be administered.
  • sustained release is used in a conventional sense relating to a delivery system of a compound which provides the gradual release of this compound during a period of time and preferably, although not necessarily, with relatively constant compound release levels over a long period of time.
  • Examples of delivery or sustained release systems include, without restriction, liposomes, mixed liposomes, oleosomes, niosomes, ethosomes, milliparticles, microparticles, nanoparticles and solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, sponges, cyclodextrins, vesicles, micelles, mixed micelles of surfactants, surfactant-phospholipid mixed micelles, millispheres, microspheres and nanospheres, lipospheres, millicapsules, microcapsules and nanocapsules, as well as in microemulsions and nanoemulsions, which can be added to achieve a greater penetration of the active principle and/or improve its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.
  • Preferred delivery or sustained release systems are liposomes, surfactant-phospholipid mixed micelles, microemulsions, more preferably water-in-oil microemulsions with an internal structure of reverse micelle and nanocapsules containing microemulsions.
  • the sustained release systems can be prepared by methods known in the prior art, and the compositions which contain them can be administered, for example, by topical or transdermal administration, including adhesive patches, non-adhesive patches, occlusive patches and microelectric patches, or by systemic administration, for example and not restricted to, oral or parenteral route, including nasal, rectal or subcutaneous implantation or injection, or direct implantation or injection into a specific body part, and preferably should release a relatively constant quantity of the peptides of the invention.
  • the amount of compound contained in the sustained release system will depend, for example, on where the composition is to be administered, the kinetics and duration of the release of the compound of the invention, as well as the nature of the condition, disorder and/or disease to be treated and/or cared for.
  • the compounds of this invention can also be adsorbed on solid organic polymers or solid mineral supports such as and not restricted to, talc, bentonite, silica, starch or maltodextrin among others.
  • compositions that contain the compounds of general formula (I), their stereoisomers, mixtures thereof and/or their cosmetic or pharmaceutically acceptable salts can also be incorporated into fabrics, non-woven fabrics and medical devices which are in direct contact with the skin, thus releasing the compounds of the invention whether by biodegradation of the binding system to the fabric, non-woven fabric or medical device, or by friction between them and the body, due to bodily moisture, the skin's pH or body temperature.
  • the compounds of the invention can be incorporated into the fabrics and non-woven fabrics used to make garments that are in direct contact with the body.
  • the fabrics, non-woven fabrics and medical devices containing the compounds of the invention are used for the treatment of those conditions, disorders and/or diseases which improve or are prevented by the stimulation of the synthesis of LOXL-1 or fibulin-5.
  • the preferred fabrics, non-woven fabrics, garments and medical devices are bandages, gauzes, t-shirts, socks, tights, underwear, girdles, gloves, diapers, sanitary napkins, dressings, bedspreads, wipes, adhesive patches, non-adhesive patches, occlusive patches, microelectric patches and/or face masks.
  • compositions which contain the compounds of the invention, their stereoisomers, mixtures thereof and/or their cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be used in different types of compositions of topical or transdermal application which optionally include cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable excipients necessary for formulating the desired administration form.
  • cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable excipients necessary for formulating the desired administration form.
  • a person skilled in the art knows the different excipients which can be used in the cosmetic or pharmaceutical compositions which contain the compounds of the invention.
  • compositions of topical or transdermal application can be produced in any solid, liquid or semi-solid formulation, such as and not restricted to, creams, multiple emulsions such as and not restricted to, oil and/or silicone in water emulsions, water-in-oil and/or silicone emulsions, water/oil/water or water/silicone/water type emulsions, and oil/water/oil or silicone/water/silicone type emulsions, anhydrous compositions, aqueous dispersions, oils, milks, balsams, foams, lotions, gels, cream gels, hydroalcoholic solutions, hydroglycolic solutions, hydrogels, liniments, sera, soaps, shampoos, conditioners, serums, polysaccharide films, ointments, mousses, pomades, powders, bars, pencils and sprays or aerosols (sprays), including leave-on and rinse-off formulations.
  • creams such as and not restricted to, creams,
  • topical or transdermal application formulations can be incorporated using techniques known by the person skilled in the art into different types of solid accessories such as and not restricted to, bandages, gauzes, t-shirts, socks, tights, underwear, girdles, gloves, diapers, sanitary napkins, dressings, bedspreads, wipes, adhesive patches, non-adhesive patches, occlusive patches, microelectric patches or face masks, or they can be incorporated into different make-up products such as make-up foundation, such as fluid foundations and compact foundations, make-up removal lotions, make-up removal milks, under-eye concealers, eye shadows, lipsticks, lip protectors, lip gloss and powders, among others.
  • make-up foundation such as fluid foundations and compact foundations, make-up removal lotions, make-up removal milks, under-eye concealers, eye shadows, lipsticks, lip protectors, lip gloss and powders, among others.
  • compositions of the invention may include agents which increase the percutaneous absorption of the compounds of this invention, such as and not restricted to, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, surfactants, azone (1-dodecylazacycloheptane-2-one), alcohol, urea, ethoxydiglycol, acetone, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol, among others.
  • agents which increase the percutaneous absorption of the compounds of this invention such as and not restricted to, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, surfactants, azone (1-dodecylazacycloheptane-2-one), alcohol, urea, ethoxydiglycol, acetone, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol, among others.
  • the cosmetic or pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be applied to local areas to be treated by means of iontophoresis, sonophoresis, electroporation, microelectric patches, mechanical pressure, osmotic pressure gradient, occlusive cure, microinjections or needle-free injections by means of pressure, such as injections by oxygen pressure, or any combination thereof, to achieve a greater penetration of the compound of the invention.
  • the application area will be determined by the nature of the condition, disorder and/or disease to be treated and/or cared for.
  • the cosmetic compositions containing the compounds of general formula (I), their stereoisomers, mixtures thereof and/or their cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be used in different types of formulations for oral administration, preferably in the form of oral cosmetics or drugs, such as and not restricted to, capsules, including gelatin capsules, soft capsules, hard capsules, tablets, including sugar coated tablets, pills, powders, granules, chewing gum, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrups, elixirs, polysaccharide films, jellies or gelatins, and any other form known by the person skilled in the art.
  • capsules including gelatin capsules, soft capsules, hard capsules, tablets, including sugar coated tablets, pills, powders, granules, chewing gum, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrups, elixirs, polysaccharide films, jellies or gelatins, and any other form known by the person skilled in the art.
  • the compounds of the invention can be incorporated into any form of functional food or fortified food, such as and not restricted to, dietary bars or compact or non-compact powders. These powders can be dissolved in water, soda, dairy products, soy derivatives or can be incorporated into dietary bars.
  • the compounds of this invention can be formulated with common excipients and adjuvants for oral compositions or food supplements, such as and not restricted to, fat components, aqueous components, humectants, preservatives, texturizing agents, flavors, aromas, antioxidants and colorants common in the food industry.
  • Cosmetic or pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds of general formula (I), their stereoisomers, mixtures thereof and/or their cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable salts can also be administered, as well as by topical or transdermal route, by any other appropriate route, such as oral or parenteral route, for which they will include the pharmaceutically acceptable excipients necessary for the formulation of the desired administration form.
  • parenteral includes nasal, auricular, ophthalmic, rectal, urethral, vaginal, subcutaneous, intradermal, intravascular injections such as intravenous, intramuscular, intraocular, intravitreous, intracorneal, intraspinal, intramedullary, intracranial, intracervical, intracerebral, intrameningeal, intraarticular, intrahepatic, intrathoracic, intratracheal, intrathecal and intraperitoneal, and any another similar injection or infusion technique.
  • intravascular injections such as intravenous, intramuscular, intraocular, intravitreous, intracorneal, intraspinal, intramedullary, intracranial, intracervical, intracerebral, intrameningeal, intraarticular, intrahepatic, intrathoracic, intratracheal, intrathecal and intraperitoneal, and any another similar injection or infusion technique.
  • compositions described in this invention are additional ingredients commonly used in compositions for the treatment and/or care of the skin, for example and not restricted to, agents stimulating the synthesis of dermal or epidermal macromolecules and/or capable of inhibiting or preventing their degradation, collagen synthesis-stimulating agents, elastin synthesis-stimulating agents, decorin synthesis-stimulating agents, laminin synthesis-stimulating agents, defensin synthesis-stimulating agents, chaperone synthesis-stimulating agents, cAMP synthesis-stimulating agents, AQP-3 modulating agents, aquaporin synthesis-modulating agents, proteins of the aquaporin family, hyaluronic acid synthesis-stimulating agents, glycosaminoglycan synthesis-stimulating agents, fibronectin synthesis-stimulating agents, sirtuin synthesis-stimulating agents, sirtuin-activating agents, heat shock proteins, heat
  • additional ingredients should not alter in an unacceptable way the benefits of the compounds of this invention.
  • the nature of said additional ingredients can be synthetic or natural, such as plant extracts, or come from a biotechnological procedure. Additional examples are described in CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary & Handbook, 12 th Edition (2008).
  • the anti-wrinkle and/or anti-aging agent is selected, for example and not restricted to, the extracts or hydrolyzed extracts of Vitis vinifera, Rosa canina, Curcuma Tonga, Theobroma cacao, Ginkgo biloba, Leontopodium alpinum or Dunaliella salina among others, Matrixyl® [INCI: Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4], Matrixyl® 3000 [INCI: Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7, Palmitoyl Oligopeptide], Matrixyl® Synthe'6 [INCI: Glycerin, Water, Hydroxypropyl Cyclodextrin, Palmitoyl Tripeptide-38], EssenskinTM [INCI: calcium hydroxymethionine], Renovage [INCI: Teprenone], ResistemTM [INCI: Globularia Cordifolia Ferment], Dermaxyl® [INCI: Palmitoyl Oligopeptide], Cal
  • SeacodeTM [INCI: Pseudoalteromonas Ferment Extract] or JuvefoxoTM [proposed INCI: Acetyl Hexapeptide-50] marketed by Lipotec/Lubrizol, Kollaren® [INCI: Tripeptide-1, Dextran] marketed by Institut Europeen de Biologie Cellulaire, Collaxyl® IS [INCI: Hexapeptide-9], Laminixyl ISTM [INCI: Heptapeptide], OrsirtineTM GL [INCI: Oryza sativa (Rice) Extract], D'OrientineTM IS [INCI: Phoenix dactylifera (Date) Seed Extract], PhytoquintescineTM [INCI: Einkorn ( Triticum monococcum ) Extract], QuintescineTM IS [INCI: Dipeptide-4], Peptide Vinci 01 [INCI: Penta-decapeptide-1], Peptide Vinci 02TM [INCI: Hexapeptide-3], Aquar
  • agents stimulating the synthesis of dermal or epidermal macromolecules is selected, for example and not restricted to, from the group formed by collagen synthesis-stimulating agents, elastin synthesis-stimulating agents, decorin synthesis-stimulating agents, laminin synthesis-stimulating agents, chaperone synthesis-stimulating agents, sirtuin synthesis-stimulating agents, sirtuin-activating agents, aquaporin synthesis-modulating agents, fibronectin synthesis-stimulating agents, agents that inhibit collagen degradation, agents that inhibit elastin degradation, agents that inhibit serine proteases such as kallikreins, leukocyte elastase or cathepsin G, agents stimulating fibroblast proliferation, agents stimulating adipocyte proliferation, agents stimulating or delaying adipocyte differentiation, for example and not restricted to, extracts of Centella asiatica, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Solanum tuberosum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Vaccinium
  • the firming and/or redensifying and/or restructuring agent is selected, for example and not restricted to, the group formed by extracts of Malpighia punicifolia, Cynara scolymus, Gossypium herbaceum, Aloe Barbadensis, Panicum miliaceum, Morus nigra, Sesamum indicum, Glycine soja, Triticum vulgare, Pronalen® Firming HSC [INCI: Triticum Vulgare, Silybum Marianum, Glycine Soy, Equisetum Arvense, Alchemilla Vulgaris, Medicago Sativa, Raphanus Sativus ] or Polyplant® Refirming [INCI: Coneflower, Asiatic Centella, Fucus, Fenugreek] marketed by Provital, Lanablue® [INCI: Sorbitol, Algae Extract] marketed by Atrium Biotechnologies/Unipex Innovations, Pepha®-
  • this invention refers to a compound of general formula (I) as defined hereinabove, its stereoisomers, mixtures thereof and/or its cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable salts for its use in medicine, in particular for the treatment and/or prevention of cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), urinary incontinence, degradation of the elastic lamina of the Brunch membrane, cutis laxa, vascular diseases and disorders, pelvic organ prolapse, age-related macular degeneration and/or diabetic retinopathy.
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • the treatment of cancer is by reduction of angiogenesis and/or tumorigenicity.
  • chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is selected, for example and not restricted to, from the group formed by emphysema, asthma or bronchitis.
  • the vascular disease or disorder is selected, for example and not restricted to, from the group formed by aortic dissection, aneurysms, systolic arterial hypertension, restenosis or stroke.
  • the pelvic organ in pelvic organ prolapse is selected, for example and not restricted to, from the group formed by the bladder, uterus, vagina, rectum, urethra, vaginal wall, paraurethral connective tissue and pubourethral ligaments.
  • this invention refers to a compound of general formula (I) as defined hereinabove, its stereoisomers, mixtures thereof and/or its cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable salts for its use in the treatment of the skin.
  • this invention refers to the use of a compound of general formula (I) as defined hereinabove, its stereoisomers, mixtures thereof and/or its cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable salts for the non-therapeutic cosmetic treatment and/or care of the skin.
  • a compound of general formula (I) as defined hereinabove for the treatment and/or prevention of aging and/or photoaging of the skin, and more in particular for the treatment and/or reduction of wrinkles and/or stretch marks.
  • this invention refers to the use of a compound of general formula (I) as defined hereinabove, its stereoisomers, mixtures thereof and/or its cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable salts to increase the elasticity and/or firmness of the skin.
  • this invention refers to the use of a compound of general formula (I) as defined hereinabove, its stereoisomers, mixtures thereof and/or its cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable salts to stimulate collagen and/or elastin synthesis.
  • this invention refers to the use of a compound of general formula (I) as defined hereinabove, its stereoisomers, mixtures thereof and/or its cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable salts for its use in the stimulation of synthesis of LOXL-1 and/or fibulin-5.
  • an additional aspect of this invention refers to a method of treatment and/or prevention of cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), urinary incontinence, degradation of the elastic lamina of the Brunch membrane, cutis laxa, vascular diseases and disorders, pelvic organ prolapse, age-related macular degeneration and/or diabetic retinopathy which comprises the administration of a pharmaceutically effective quantity of at least one compound of general formula (I), its stereoisomers, mixtures thereof and/or its cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • the treatment of cancer is by reduction of angiogenesis and/or tumorigenicity.
  • chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is selected, for example and not restricted to, from the group formed by emphysema, asthma or bronchitis.
  • the vascular disease or disorder is selected, for example and not restricted to, from the group formed by aortic dissection, aneurysms, systolic arterial hypertension, restenosis or stroke.
  • the pelvic organ in pelvic organ prolapse is selected, for example and not restricted to, from the group formed by the bladder, uterus, vagina, rectum, urethra, vaginal wall, paraurethral connective tissue and pubourethral ligaments.
  • this invention refers to a method of treatment and/or care of the skin which comprises the administration of a cosmetically or pharmaceutically effective quantity of at least one compound of general formula (I), its stereoisomers, mixtures thereof and/or its cosmetic or pharmaceutical acceptable salts: in particular for the treatment and/or prevention of aging and/or photoaging of the skin, and more particularly, for the treatment and/or reduction of wrinkles and/or stretch marks.
  • a cosmetically or pharmaceutically effective quantity of at least one compound of general formula (I), its stereoisomers, mixtures thereof and/or its cosmetic or pharmaceutical acceptable salts in particular for the treatment and/or prevention of aging and/or photoaging of the skin, and more particularly, for the treatment and/or reduction of wrinkles and/or stretch marks.
  • this invention refers to a method of treatment and/or care to increase the elasticity and/or firmness of the skin which comprises the administration of a cosmetically or pharmaceutically effective quantity of at least one compound of general formula (I), its stereoisomers, mixtures thereof and/or its cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • this invention refers to a method of treatment and/or care to stimulate collagen and/or elastin synthesis which comprises the administration of a cosmetically or pharmaceutically effective quantity of at least one compound of general formula (I), its stereoisomers, mixtures thereof and/or its cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • this invention refers to a method of treatment and/or care to stimulate the synthesis of LOXL-1 and/or fibulin-5 which comprises the administration of a cosmetically or pharmaceutically effective quantity of at least one compound of general formula (I), its stereoisomers, mixtures thereof and/or its cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • the compounds of the invention can be administered by any means that causes contact between the compounds and the site of action in a mammal's body, preferably that of a human being, and more preferably in the form of a composition which contains them.
  • the administration of the compounds of this invention is carried out topically, transdermally, orally or parenterally.
  • the topical or transdermal application is carried out by iontophoresis, sonophoresis, electroporation, mechanical pressure, osmotic pressure gradient, occlusive cure, microinjections, by needle-free injections by means of pressure, by microelectric patches, face masks or any combination thereof.
  • the frequency of application can vary greatly, depending on the needs of each subject, with a recommendation of an application range from once a month to 10 times a day, preferably from once a week to 4 times a day, more preferably from three times a week to twice a day, even more preferably once a day.
  • the HPLC chromatographic analysis was carried out with Shimadzu equipment (Kyoto, Japan) using a reversed-phase column thermostatized at 30° C. (250 ⁇ 4.6 mm, Kromasil® 100 C 8 , 5 ⁇ m, Akzo Nobel, Sweden). The elution was carried out using a gradient of acetonitrile (+0.07% TFA) in water (+0.1% TFA) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and detection was carried out at 220 nm.
  • the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis was carried out in a WATERS Alliance ZQ 2000 detector using a mixture of MeCN:H 2 O 4:1 (+0.1% TFA) as the mobile phase and a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min.
  • the Fmoc N-terminal group was deprotected as described in the general methods (20% piperidine in DMF, 1 ⁇ 1 min+1 ⁇ 5 min). The resin was washed with DMF (5 ⁇ 1 min), after which 4 equiv of Fmoc-4-Abz-OH were incorporated in the presence of 4 equiv of DIPCDI and 4 equiv of HOBt using DMF as a solvent for 1 hour. It was filtered and the reaction was repeated adding 2 equiv of Fmoc-4-Abz-OH in the presence of 2 equiv of DIPCDI and 2 equiv of HOBt using DMF as a solvent for 19 hours.
  • the resin was then washed as described in the general methods and the deprotection treatment of the Fmoc group was carried out to incorporate the following amino acid.
  • 5 equiv of Fmoc-L-Lys(Fmoc)-OH were incorporated into the unprotected peptidyl resin in the presence of 5 equiv of DIPCDI and 5 equiv of HOBt using DMF as a solvent for 2 hours. It was filtered and the reaction was repeated applying 5 equiv of Fmoc-L-Lys(Fmoc)-OH in the presence of 5 equiv of DIPCDI and 5 equiv of HOBt using DMF as a solvent for 20 hours.
  • the peptidyl resin was washed with DMF (5 ⁇ 1 min), DCM (4 ⁇ 1 min), diethyl ether (4 ⁇ 1 min) and was dried under vacuum.
  • the Fmoc N-terminal group of the peptidyl resin obtained in example 1.a) was deprotected as described in the general methods (20% piperidine in DMF, 1 ⁇ 1 min+1 ⁇ 5 min). 5 equiv of Fmoc-L-Gln-OH were incorporated into the unprotected resin in the presence of 5 equiv of DIPCDI and 10 equiv of HOBt using DMF as a solvent for 1 hour. The resin was then washed as described in the general methods and the deprotection treatment of the Fmoc group was carried out to incorporate the following amino acid.
  • the peptidyl resin was washed with DMF (5 ⁇ 1 min), DCM (4 ⁇ 1 min), diethyl ether (4 ⁇ 1 min) and was dried under vacuum.
  • the cleavage of the polymeric carrier was carried out by treating 8.9 g of peptidyl resin with 62 mL of TFA:H 2 O (95:5) for 2 hours, for the precipitation 435 mL cold diethyl ether was used.
  • the cleavage of the polymeric carrier was carried out by treating 7.5 g of peptidyl resin with 52 mL of TFA:H 2 O (95:5) for 2 hours, for the precipitation 365 mL cold diethyl ether was used.
  • the cleavage of the polymeric carrier was carried out by treating 8.2 g of peptidyl resin with 57 mL of TFA:H 2 O (95:5) for 2 hours, for the precipitation 400 mL cold diethyl ether were used.
  • the cleavage of the polymeric carrier was carried out by treating 8.2 g of peptidyl resin with 57 mL of TFA:H 2 O (95:5) for 2 hours, for the precipitation 400 mL cold diethyl ether were used.
  • the N-terminal Fmoc group was deprotected by treatment with 5% piperidine in DCM/DMF (1/1; v/v) for 10 min followed by treatment with 20% piperidine in DMF (1 ⁇ 15 min). Washes were carried out with DMF (5 ⁇ 1 min) and 1.25 equiv of Fmoc-L-Lys(Boc)-OH was incorporated in the presence of 1.25 equiv DIPCDI and 1.25 equiv of HOBt for 1 hour. The resin was subsequently washed as described in the general methods.
  • the Fmoc N-terminal group was deprotected as described in the general methods and 1.25 equiv of Fmoc-L-Val-OH were incorporated into the peptidyl resin in the presence of 1.25 equiv of DIPCDI and 1.25 equiv of HOBt using DMF as a solvent for 1 hour.
  • the resin was then washed as described in the general methods and the deprotection treatment of the Fmoc group was repeated to couple 1.25 equiv of Fmoc-L-Asp(tBu)-OH in the presence of 1.25 equiv of DIPCDI and 1.25 equiv of HOBt.
  • the resin was then washed as described in the general methods and the deprotection treatment of the Fmoc group was repeated.
  • Acetylation was carried out to the deprotected resin by treating it with 2.5 equiv of Ac 2 O in the presence of 2.5 equiv of DIEA using DMF as a solvent for 30 min.
  • the peptidyl resin was washed with DMF (5 ⁇ 1 min), DCM (4 ⁇ 1 min), diethyl ether (4 ⁇ 1 min) and was dried under vacuum.
  • the effect of the compounds of the invention on the activity of the fibulin-5 and LOXL1 promoters was studied and compared to the levels of basal expression of the untreated cells (negative control) and with the effect of Interleukin-1 ⁇ (IL-1 ⁇ ) in the same conditions.
  • the relative light units per second were determined (RLU/s) in the white plate by means of consecutive quantification of the activities of Firefly luciferase (fibulin-5 promoter) and Renilla luciferase (LOXL1 promoter), and the number of total cells/well in the transparent plate by means of staining with Crystal Violet (CV).
  • RV relative light units per second
  • the Firefly signal was extinguished and the Renilla luciferase substrate was added. After incubating for 5 min at 25° C., the RLU/s were quantified by the same luminescence reader.
  • the CV dyes the DNA of the cells and the quantity of dye taken by the cells can be measured in an absorbency reader at 630 nm (Multiskan Ascent). The color obtained is directly proportional to the total number of cells per well.
  • the cells were briefly incubated with 0.05% CV plus 4% Formalin for 20 minutes and after several washes with Milli-Q water, the cells were left to dry for 1-2 hours and then 0.1 M of HCl was added for its immediate reading.
  • the RLU/s of the luciferases corresponding to each promoter were normalized by the average of the total number of cells per condition. Three independent assays with 3 measurements per assay were carried out for Ac-L-Asp-L-Val-L-Lys-L-Tyr-OH at 0.1 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL. 1 assay with 3 measurements was carried out for the other compounds and concentrations.
  • the levels of expression of both proteins were quantified relatively by using specific fluorescent antibodies, photographic recording by microscopy and subsequent quantification of the fluorescent signal using image processing software, the number of total cells by fluorescent staining of the nuclei (DAPI) and subsequent quantification in the same images.
  • DAPI fluorescent staining of the nuclei
  • the cells were washed with PBS 48 hours after the treatments and were fixed with paraformaldehyde. Next, duplicates of each treatment were used to mark separately the fibulin-5 and LOXL1 proteins.
  • a specific primary monoclonal antibody was used (Abcam).
  • the cells were washed with PBS and the secondary marking was carried out with specific fluorescent polyclonal antibodies for each primary antibody.
  • an Alexa Fluor® 594 (red) secondary antibody was used and for LOXL1 an Alexa Fluor® 488 (green) secondary antibody was used.
  • 16 hours later all the samples were stained with DAPI (4′,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole), fluorescent marker for the staining of nuclei, and the photographic recording was carried out by fluorescence microscopy in a Leica microscope. 2-4 images were taken per condition and per protein and the fluorescent signals were quantified (IOD) corresponding to each protein and the nuclei by means of image analysis software.
  • the fibulin-5 and LOXL1 signals were normalized according to the number of total nuclei for each image. 3 independent assays were carried out.
  • Type-I collagen is the principal collagen in the skin and is responsible for the resistance of this tissue.
  • Fibroblasts are the principal producers of collagen, therefore, in vitro quantification of collagen induced by cosmetic active ingredients provides information on their possible anti-wrinkle effect.
  • Human dermal fibroblasts were trypsinized and seeded at a density of 5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/well in 48-well plates. After 24 hours of incubation at 37° C., 5% CO 2 , with a humidified atmosphere, a new medium was added with 0.01 ⁇ g/mL Ac-L-Asp-L-Val-L-Lys-L-Tyr-OH. Untreated cells were used as negative controls. The cells were incubated for an additional 48 hours at 37° C., 5% CO 2 , with humidified atmosphere. Subsequently, the medium was collected from each well to be analyzed by ELISA.
  • a calibration curve with type-I collagen was prepared (Sigma) and the dilutions of this calibration curve were transferred to 96-well plates together with the mediums collected from the cells. The plates were left at 4° C. in a humid atmosphere for one night. Next the wells were washed three times with a washing solution prepared with PBS at 0.05% of Tween-20 (Sigma) and then any non-specific binding of the primary antibody with a solution of PBS at 3% BSA (sigma) was blocked. After the blocking, the wells were washed three times with the washing solution and the wells were incubated with an antibody against type-I collagen (Sigma) for 2 hours.
  • Table 12 presents the increase in type-I collagen synthesis with regard to the basal level of type-I collagen of the negative control.
  • the number of times that sets of genes corresponding to different biological functions significantly increase is studied, within the gene profile of human dermal fibroblasts, with regard to the basal levels in untreated cells (negative control) by treatment with 0.05 mg/ml of the product Ac-L-Asp-L-Val-L-Lys-L-Tyr-OH (SEQ ID NO: 29).
  • Adult human dermal fibroblasts (HDFa) were seeded (12.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells/vial T25 cm 2 ), and were incubated in complete medium 106 for 7 days at 37° C. in an atmosphere with 5% CO 2 . After the incubation, the cells were treated for 24 hours at 37° C.
  • RNA was eluted with 50 ⁇ l of ultrapure water.
  • the purity, integrity and concentration of the RNA obtained were evaluated by means of spectrophotometry (Nanodrop) and with a bioanalyzer (Agilent Bioanalyzer).
  • the normalized values obtained with the treatment were compared with the normalized values obtained with the negative control to obtain genes with differential expression.
  • a parametric analysis of the data was carried out by means of the Bioconductor software and the genes are considered to be significantly expressed for a value of ⁇ 0.05.
  • the values obtained are also evaluated by means of GSEA (Gene Set Analysis Enrichment) to group together the genes with differential expression in terms of Gene Ontology and Biological Routes and the sets of genes with an expected proportion of incorrectly rejected null hypotheses were selected as significant (FDR) ⁇ 25%.
  • GSEA Gene Set Analysis Enrichment
  • Elastin is a protein which forms parts of the connective tissue with elastic properties and which helps to keep the skin flexible but firm. Fibroblasts are the principal producers of elastin, therefore, in vitro quantification of elastin induced by cosmetic active ingredients provides information on its effect on the improvement to the elasticity of the skin.
  • Stimulation of elastin synthesis induced by Ac-L-Asp-L-Val-L-Lys-L-Tyr-OH was evaluated by means of a quantitative method of staining, Fastin Elastin Assay (Tebu-Bio). Human dermal fibroblasts were trypsinized and seeded at a density of 7 ⁇ 10 4 cells/well in 6-well plates. After 72 hours of incubation at 37° C., 5% CO 2 , with a humidified atmosphere, a new medium was added with 0.01 ⁇ g/mL Ac-L-Asp-L-Val-L-Lys-L-Tyr-OH.
  • Untreated cells were used as negative controls and cells treated with TGF-1 ⁇ (Peprotech) were used as positive controls.
  • the cells were incubated for an additional 48 hours at 37° C., 5% CO 2 , with humidified atmosphere. Subsequently, the elastin was solubilized and extracted, for which the cells were washed twice with PBS (Sigma) and a solution was added to uncouple the cells (Cell Dissociation Solution, Sigma). The suspension of cells was transferred to centrifuge tubes, 1 M Oxalic Acid was added provided by the kit and they were incubated at 100° C. for 1 hour. Once the elastin became soluble, a calibration curve was prepared with the elastin provided with the kit.
  • CAPRYLYL GLYCOL is dissolved by heating it to 40° C. until it is perfectly dissolved, after which the compound Ac-L-Asp-L-Val-L-Lys-L-Tyr-OH is added stirring until it is completely dissolved. Lastly, the pH is adjusted with sodium hydroxide (INCI: SODIUM HYDROXIDE).
  • phase A In a suitable vessel Docusate Sodium USP [INCI: DIETHYLHEXYL SODIUM SULFOSUCCINATE] and isostearic acid [INCI: ISOSTEARIC ACID] (phase A) were mixed together. In another vessel the compound Ac-L-Asp-L-VaI-L-Lys-L-Tyr-OH was dissolved in water [INCI: WATER (AQUA)] (phase B). Phase B was slowly added to phase A under stirring. See Table 18.
  • microemulsion of the compound prepared according to example 1 refined soybean oil IP Ph. Eur. [INCI: GLYCINE SOJA (SOYBEAN) OIL], Arlacel 83VTM [INCI: SORBITAN SESQUIOLEATE], and ArlamolTM HD [INCI: ISOHEXADECANE] were added (phase B ingredients).
  • the sample was homogenized using a Vibra CellTM ultrasonic probe owned by Sonics Material for 30 seconds.
  • SensomerTM CI 50 [INCI: WATER (AQUA), STARCH HYDROXYPROPYLTRIMONIUM CHLORIDE, UREA, SODIUM LACTATE, SODIUM CHLORIDE, SODIUM BENZOATE] was added (phase C). See Table 19.
  • phase A was obtained.
  • Water, ZemeaTM [INCI: PROPANEDIOL] and phenoxyethanol [INCI: PHENOXYETHANOL] (phases B a D) were added to this phase.
  • LeciflorTM 100 IP INCI: LECITHIN] (phase E) was added little by little under intense stirring until complete solution.
  • Labrasol® [INCI: PEG-8 CAPRYLIC/CAPRIC GLYCERIDES] phase F was added and was left stirring for 10-15 minutes to form an emulsion.
  • the sample was homogenized using a Vibra CellTM ultrasonic probe from Sonics Material for 30 seconds.
  • phase A In a suitable vessel for the whole content, the components of phase A are added. Once they have been dissolved in water, A1 is added little by little under stirring with a rotor until complete dispersion. Straight away after this, A2 is added little by little under stirring with a rotor until complete dispersion. Once A1 and A2 have been dispersed the components from B are added and stirred until complete dispersion, after which the components from C are added and then the perfume from phase D. Lastly, the pH is adjusted with SODIUM HYDROXIDE (INCI: SODIUM HYDROXIDE) to pH 6.0.
  • SODIUM HYDROXIDE INCI: SODIUM HYDROXIDE
  • phase A is weighed and stirred with the help of a rotor.
  • A1 is added to the previous step and stirred with the help of a rotor until it is completely dispersed.
  • A2 is added to the previous step and stirred with the help of a rotor.
  • This step is heated to 75° C. to carry out the emulsion.
  • Phase B is premixed and dissolved in the bath at 75° C., and added to the previous step under stirring with a turbine to carry out the emulsion.
  • C is added one by one, stirring with a turbine.
  • Once at room temperature D is added, stirring with a rotor.
  • the pH is adjusted to 6.0-6.5 with E.
  • phase A is weighed and stirred with the help of a rotor.
  • A1 and A2 are added to the previous step and stirred with the help of a rotor.
  • This step is heated to 75° C. to carry out the emulsion.
  • Phase B is premixed in another vessel and dissolved in the bath at 75° C., and added to the previous step under stirring with a turbine to carry out the emulsion.
  • C is added, stirring with a turbine.
  • D stirring with a rotor, after which the pH is adjusted to 6.0-6.5 with F if necessary.
  • phase A In a suitable vessel the components from phase A are dissolved until PENTYLENE GLYCOL and BENZYL ALCOHOL are completely dissolved, after which A1 and A2 are added under stirring until completely dissolved. Once they have been incorporated, the mixture is heated to 70-75° C. Separately, the components from B are mixed together and heated to 70-75° C., after which B is added to A little by little and under stirring with a turbine. It is stirred until the temperature reaches 35-40° C., after which C is added, stirring whilst the cream gains viscosity. Once it is at room temperature, D is added under stirring. Lastly, the pH is adjusted to 6.0-6.5 with E and the aqueous solution of Ac-L-Asp-L-Val-L-Lys-L-Tyr-OH described in example X (phase F) is added.
  • the aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the in vivo effectiveness of a product for cutaneous sagging (loss of firmness) with a placebo.
  • the study lasted 55 days with measurement at initial time and at the end of the 55 days.
  • the panel was formed by 20 volunteers, Caucasian women, between the ages of 50 and 60, treated with the cream containing the compound Ac-L-Asp-L-Val-L-Lys-L-Tyr-OH from example 13 on one half of the face and a placebo cream (the same as the one from example 13, but without the compound Ac-L-Asp-L-Val-L-Lys-L-Tyr-OH on the other half of the face.
  • the product was applied twice a day, in the morning and at night.
  • the study was carried out double blind, comparative (the results obtained on one half of the face are compared with those obtained on the other half of the face) and where each volunteer serves as their own reference (the results obtained at different times are compared with those obtained at T0).

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US10532019B2 (en) * 2005-12-01 2020-01-14 University Of Massachusetts Lowell Botulinum nanoemulsions
US10576034B2 (en) * 2005-12-01 2020-03-03 University Of Massachusetts Lowell Botulinum nanoemulsions
US11311496B2 (en) 2016-11-21 2022-04-26 Eirion Therapeutics, Inc. Transdermal delivery of large agents

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