US9263887B2

US9263887B2 - Battery system and method for providing an intermediate voltage

Info

Publication number: US9263887B2
Application number: US14/126,831
Authority: US
Inventors: Andy Tiefenbach
Original assignee: Robert Bosch GmbH
Current assignee: Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date: 2011-06-17
Filing date: 2012-04-23
Publication date: 2016-02-16
Also published as: JP5764260B2; WO2012171686A1; US20140117763A1; EP2721685A1; KR102084926B1; CN103620860A; DE102011077708A1; JP2014519803A; KR20140033130A; EP2721685B1; CN103620860B

Abstract

The invention relates to a battery system (10), comprising a battery module (11), which comprises a first high-voltage connection (12 a), a second high-voltage connection (12 b) and a multiplicity of battery cell modules (11 a, . . . , 11 n) which are connected in series between the first and second high-voltage connections, and a switching matrix (13). The switching matrix comprises a large number of switching rails (14), which are each connected to one of the nodes between in each case two of the battery cell modules which are connected in series, a multiplicity of first switching devices (15 a), which are designed to connect in each case one of the switching rails (14) to a first low-voltage connection (13 a) of the switching matrix (13), and a multiplicity of second switching devices (15 b), which are designed to connect in each case one of the switching rails (14) to a second low-voltage connection (13 b) of the switching matrix. In this case, a first total voltage (HV) of all of the battery cell modules (11 a, . . . , 11 n) which are connected in series is present between the first high-voltage connection (12 a) and the second high-voltage connection (12 b), and a second total voltage (LV) of some of the battery cell modules (11 a, . . . , 11 n) which are connected in series is present between the first low-voltage connection (13 a) and the second low-voltage connection (13 b), depending on the switching state of the first switching devices (15 a) and the second switching devices (15 b).

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a battery system and a method for providing an intermediate voltage, in particular in traction batteries for electric vehicles.

Electric energy sources, in particular mobile electrical energy sources, for example traction batteries for electrically operated vehicles, frequently comprise rechargeable energy stores, for example lithium-ion batteries, which energy stores provide an output voltage of more than 12 volts. Control devices are used to control and monitor the energy store, which control devices typically require a supply voltage, for example exactly 12 volts, which is lower than the high voltage that is provided by the energy store. This low voltage or also vehicle voltage can be provided by a second battery, for example a lead acid battery or generated by means of a DC current conversion from the high voltage of the energy store.

Energy stores for electric vehicles frequently comprise a series connection of where necessary parallel connected individual cells that comprise a low intrinsic voltage. A total voltage can be generated from the low intrinsic voltages by way of the series connection of the individual cells, which total voltage can be used in a range that spans several hundred volts for providing the high voltage, for example the traction voltage.

Owing to the fact that individual cells of an energy store comprise production related variations of the performance parameters, the individual battery cells are subject to greatly different loadings and/or comprise different charge conditions after a particular period of operation of the energy store despite having the same starting charge condition. Owing to the fact that battery cells with the weakest charge condition significantly influence the performance of an energy store that is constructed in a series connection, methods are used that can ensure a so called “cell balancing”, in other words a balancing of the charge conditions of the individual battery cells. In particular, in the case of lithium-ion batteries, the performance, serviceable life and efficiency of the entire energy store can be improved using these methods. It is possible using active methods to move a capacitive or inductive charge from battery cells that have a higher charged condition to battery cells having weaker charge conditions using active methods. Passive methods partially discharge selective individual battery cells, in dependence upon their relative charge condition.

A method for cell condition balancing in a battery system having series-connected battery cells is disclosed in the publication WO 2007/128876 A1, in which weaker battery cells are selectively supplied with energy from cell-specific charge devices in order to equalize the charge condition of all the battery cells.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a battery system having a battery module that comprises a first high voltage connector, a second high voltage connector and a plurality cell modules that are connected in series between the first and second high voltage connector, and said battery system having a switching matrix that comprises a plurality of switching rails that are connected in each case to one of the nodes between in each case two of the series-connected battery cell modules, a plurality of first switching devices that are embodied for the purpose of connecting in each case one of the switching rails to a first low voltage connector of the switching matrix, and a plurality of second switching devices that are embodied for the purpose of connecting in each case one of the switching rails to a second low voltage connector of the switching matrix, wherein a first total voltage of all series-connected battery cell modules is available between the first and the second high voltage connector, and wherein a second total voltage of a part of the series-connected battery cell modules can be tapped between the first and the second low voltage connector in dependence upon the switching state of the first and second switching devices.

In accordance with a further embodiment, the invention provides a method for generating an intermediate voltage in a battery system in accordance with the invention, said method comprising the steps of determining the charge condition of the series-connected battery cell modules, selecting a predefined number of battery cell modules, which comprise the highest charge condition, and controlling the first and second switching devices of the switching matrix so that a total voltage of the selected battery cell modules can be tapped between the first and second low voltage connector in dependence upon the switching state of the first and second switching devices.

A fundamental idea of the invention is to improve the performance of an electrical energy store that is constructed from a series connection of individual cells, in that an optimal capacity utilization of each individual battery cell is achieved. A switching matrix is therefore used, which can selectively select a group of battery cells in dependence upon their charge condition by way of a plurality of switching devices, in order to use the group of battery cells to generate an intermediate voltage, in particular for providing a vehicle voltage or a voltage supply for control devices of the electrical energy store. As a consequence, two substantial advantages are evident: firstly, the aging process of the individual cells is slowed down as a result of the uniform loading of the battery cells, since only the strongest battery cells at the time are used to generate the intermediate voltage. Secondly, a secondary battery is not required, as two different output voltages can be generated using a single energy store.

An energy store constructed in this manner consequently offers an improved performance on the basis of a slower aging process, uniform cell loading and reduced dependence upon production tolerances. It is advantageously possible to identify charge conditions of the battery cell modules using charge monitoring devices that are typically already available in conventional lithium-ion batteries. If necessary, further variables that are derived from the battery management system are used to determine the state of health (SOH) of the battery cell modules.

It is advantageously possible to provide further switching devices that are embodied for the purpose of connecting in each case one of the switching rails to first and second intermediate connectors of the switching matrix, wherein a partial voltage is available between the low voltage connectors and in each case one of the intermediate connectors, which partial voltage can be added to a total voltage by way of a series connection. As a consequence, the intermediate voltage can be varied, depending on how many of the battery cell modules are used for generating the intermediate voltage.

The battery system can be advantageously equipped with DC current converters, which in each case can convert the intermediate voltage. As a consequence, the advantage is evident, that the vehicle electrical system, which is supplied with the intermediate voltage can be separated galvanically from the high voltage system.

In accordance with an advantageous embodiment, the battery system can comprise a plurality of connection devices having a series connection of an ohmic resistor and a switch, so that individual battery cell modules can be selectively partially discharged and/or partially loaded by way of the ohmic resistor by means of closing the switch. As a consequence, a smoother adjustment of the charge condition balancing can be performed.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further features and advantages of embodiments of the invention are evident from the following description with reference to the attached drawings.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic illustration of a battery system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic illustration of a battery system in accordance with a further embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic illustration of a method for generating an intermediate voltage in a battery system in accordance with a further embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic illustration of a battery system 10 having a battery module 11 and a switching matrix 13. The battery module 11 comprises a plurality of series-connected

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n. It is possible that the

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n are by way of example lithium-ion batteries. The battery module 11 comprises two

high voltage connectors

12 a, 12 b, at which an output voltage HV, for example a traction voltage of the battery system 10, is available. The output voltage HV can for example be a high voltage and can amount to several hundred volts.

The switching matrix comprises a plurality of switching rails 14, which are connected in each case to nodes between two

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n. Further switching rails 14 are connected to the

high voltage connectors

12 a, 12 b of the battery module 11. For reasons of clarity only one switching rail 14 in FIG. 1 is provided with reference numerals. The switching rails 14 are connected in a switchable manner in each case to a first low voltage connector 13 a of the switching matrix 13 by way of a first switching device 15 a and to a second low voltage connector 13 b of the switching matrix 13 by way of a second switching device 15 b. The first and

second switching devices

15 a, 15 b can comprise for example semiconductors, by way of example IGBT- or MOSFET-switches.

It is possible in each case to close one of the first switching devices 15 a and one of the second switching devices 15 b in order to generate an intermediate voltage LV between the

low voltage connectors

13 a and 13 b, so that one or a plurality of the

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n are connected between the

low voltage connectors

13 a and 13 b. Using the switching matrix 13 in accordance with FIG. 1, it is only possible in each case to connect adjacent

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n between the

low voltage connectors

13 a and 13 b. It is possible to select a predefined number of adjacent

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n, which are used to generate the intermediate voltage LV. For example, the

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n in each case can provide a single voltage of 4 volts and the predefined number can amount to three. In this manner, an intermediate voltage LV of 3×4 volts=12 volts can be tapped at the

low voltage connectors

13 a and 13 b. It is naturally likewise possible to use each differing number of adjacent

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n to generate the intermediate voltage LV.

In dependence upon the predefined number, it is possible for reasons of efficiency to omit a part of the plurality of first and/or

second switching devices

15 a and 15 b. For example, the second switching devices 15 b of the upper three switching rails 14 in FIG. 1 and the first switching devices 15 a of the lower three switching rails 14 in FIG. 1 cannot be embodied, if the three adjacent

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n are used to generate the intermediate voltage.

Furthermore, the battery system 10 can comprise a direct current voltage intermediate circuit with a capacitor 17 that is coupled between the first low voltage connector 13 a and the second low voltage connector 13 b of the switching matrix 13. Moreover, it is possible to provide a DC current converter 16 that converts the intermediate voltage LV. It is possible for the DC current converter 16 to comprise a conversion ratio of 1:1, so that it is only used for the galvanic decoupling of the intermediate voltage circuit, for example of the vehicle electrical system of an electrically operated vehicle. However, it is also possible to omit the DC current converter 16 in order to simplify the battery system 10 and for example to optimize the weight for mobility purposes.

The battery system 10 can comprise connection devices 18, which in each case can bridge two adjacent switching rails 14 by way of a series connection of an ohmic resistor 18 a and a switch 18 b. As a consequence, the

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n can only be partially loaded, in that the associated switch 18 b is closed, and a part of the current flows through the ohmic resistor 18 a instead of through the corresponding

battery cell module

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n. The ohmic resistor 18 a can be in particular a high resistance resistor for this purpose.

The intermediate voltage LV that is provided on the

low voltage connectors

13 a and 13 b, can for example be used to supply control devices of the battery system 10. It can however also be possible to charge a low voltage battery with the intermediate voltage LV. As a consequence, a buffer store can be advantageously provided, by way of which the individual

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n can be selectively charged. A DC current converter 16 can be embodied in a bidirectional manner for this purpose. Consequently, when charging the battery module 11, the weakest battery cell modules could be supplied with additional energy from the low voltage battery in order to equalize differences in the cell charges.

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic illustration of a battery system 20. The battery system 20 differs from the battery system 10 that is illustrated in FIG. 1 by virtue of the fact that a plurality of third and fourth switching devices 15 c and/or 15 d is provided, which in each case can connect one of the switching rails 14 to intermediate connectors of the switching matrix 13. The battery system 20 can comprise a plurality of DC

current converters

16 a, 16 b, 16 c, which are connected in each case between low voltage connectors and intermediate connectors of the switching matrix, and whose output connectors are connected in a series connection, so that an intermediate voltage LV′ can be tapped at the

low voltage connectors

13 a and 13 b, which intermediate voltage constitutes a total voltage of the output voltages V1, V2, V3 of the respective DC

current converters

16 a, 16 b, 16 c.

With the aid of

additional switching devices

15 c, 15 d, specific, individual as well as non-adjacent

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n in the battery system 20 can be selected, which battery cell modules are used in order to generate the intermediate voltage LV′. For example, the three

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n with the strongest charge condition can be determined, and the

switching devices

15 a, 15 b, 15 c, 15 d are correspondingly controlled, so that each of the three selected

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n supplies a DC

current converter

16 a, 16 b, 16 c, so that the intermediate voltage LV′ is dependent on the total of the single voltages of the three selected

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n. By way of example the single voltage of a

battery cell module

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n can amount to 4 volts. If the DC

current converters

16 a, 16 b, 16 c comprise a conversion ratio of 1:1, an intermediate voltage LV′ of 12 volts can be provided between the

low voltage connectors

13 a and 13 b. It goes without saying that the number of intermediate connectors and/or DC current converters in FIG. 2 is only an example, and that it is likewise possible to provide more or fewer intermediate connectors and/or DC current converters in the battery system 20.

Likewise, direct current voltage intermediate

circuits having capacitors

17 a, 17 b and 17 c can be coupled in each case between the low voltage connectors and the intermediate connectors.

FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic illustration of a method 30 for generating an intermediate voltage in a battery system, in particular in a

battery system

10 or 20 in accordance with one of FIGS. 1 and 2. In a first step 31, the charge condition of the series-connected

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n of the battery module 11 is determined. In a second step 32, a selection is made of a predefined number of

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n, which comprise the highest charge condition. In a third step 33, the first and

second switching devices

15 a, 15 b of the switching matrix 13 are then controlled so that a total voltage of the selected

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n can be tapped between the first and the second

low voltage connector

13 a, 13 b, in dependence upon the switching state of the first and

second switching devices

15 a, 15 b.

Using the method 30, the

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n with the prevailing strongest charge condition can be specifically selected to generate the intermediate voltage and/or total voltage LV. The selected

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n are then simultaneously used for the operation in the low voltage supply and for the operation of the high voltage supply. The low voltage can be adjusted to a desired value with the aid of a DC current converter. The charge condition of all

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n can be continuously monitored so that the selected

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n can be changed in the event of the charge condition of the currently selected

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n falling below the charge condition of another

battery cell module

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n that is currently not selected. A threshold value can be provided for this purpose and it is necessary for the difference between the charge conditions of the

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c . . . , 11 n to exceed said threshold value prior to the selected

battery modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n being changed in order to avoid a constant switching of the

switching devices

15 a, 15 b.

As an alternative thereto, it is also possible to use an active pulse method to generate the intermediate voltage LV, wherein all of the

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n are used in periodic intervals to generate the intermediate voltage, and wherein the relative frequency of the activation depends upon the charge condition of the respective

battery cell modules

11 a, 11 b, 11 c, . . . , 11 n.

Claims

The invention claimed is:

1. A battery system (10), having:

a battery module (11) that comprises a first high voltage connector (12 a), a second high voltage connector (12 b) and a plurality of battery cell modules (11 a, . . . , 11 n) that are connected in series between the first and second high voltage connector; and

said battery system having a switching matrix (13) that comprises:

a plurality of switching rails (14) that are connected in each case to one of the nodes between in each case two of the battery cell modules (11 a, . . . , 11 n) that are connected in series,

a plurality of first switching devices (15 a) that are embodied for the purpose of connecting in each case one of the switching rails (14) to a first low voltage connector (13 a) of the switching matrix (13),

a plurality of second switching devices (15 b) that are embodied for the purpose of connecting in each case one of the switching rails (14) to a second low voltage connector (13 b) of the switching matrix (13),

a plurality of third switching devices (15 c) that are embodied for the purpose of connecting respectively one of the switching rails (14) to a first intermediate connector of the switching matrix (13), and

a plurality of fourth switching devices (15 d) that are embodied for the purpose of connecting respectively one of the switching rails (14) to a second intermediate connector of the switching matrix (13),

wherein a first total voltage (HV) of all series-connected battery cell modules (11 a, . . . , 11 n) is available between the first (12 a) and the second high voltage connector (12 b),

wherein a second total voltage (LV) of a part of the series-connected battery cell modules (11 a, . . . , 11 n) is available between the first (13 a) and the second low voltage connector (13 b) in dependence upon the switching state of the first (15 a) and second switching devices (15 b),

wherein a third total voltage of a part of the series-connected battery cell modules (11 a, . . . , 11 n) is available between the first low voltage connector (13 a) and the first intermediate connector in dependence upon the switching state of the first (15 a) and third switching devices (15 c) and

wherein a fourth total voltage of a part of the series-connected battery cell modules (11 a, . . . , 11 n) is available between the second low voltage connector (13 b) and the second intermediate connector in dependence upon the switching state of the second (15 b) and fourth switching devices (15 d).

2. The battery system (10) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the switching matrix (13) further comprises:

two further switching rails (14) that are connected in each case to the first (12 a) and

the second high voltage connector (12 b), and

further first and second switching devices (15 a, 15 b) that are embodied in each case for the purpose of connecting respectively one of the two further switching rails (14) to the first low voltage connector (13 a) or the second low voltage connector (13 b) of the switching matrix (13).

3. The battery system as claimed in claim 1, further having:

a first DC current converter (16 a) with two input connectors that are coupled to the first low voltage connector (13 a) and the first intermediate connector; and

a second DC current converter (16 c) with two input connectors that are coupled to the second low voltage connector (13 b) and the second intermediate connector,

wherein the first and the second DC current converters (16 a, 16 c) are connected in series in each case by way of output connectors, so that a current-converted total voltage (LV′) of the third and fourth total voltage is available in each case between second output connectors of the first and second DC current converters (16 a, 16 c).

4. The battery system (10) as claimed in claim 3 further having:

a first direct current voltage intermediate circuit with a first capacitor (17 a) that is coupled between the first low voltage connector (13 a) and the first intermediate connector; and

a second direct current voltage intermediate circuit with a second capacitor (17 c) that is coupled between the second low voltage connector (13 b) and the second intermediate connector.

5. The battery system (10) as claimed in claim 1, further having:

a DC current converter (16) with two input connectors that are coupled between the first (13 a) and second low voltage connectors (13 b) as well as having two output connectors at which it is possible to tap a current-converted second total voltage.

6. The battery system (10) as claimed in claim 1, further having:

a direct current voltage intermediate circuit with a capacitor (17) that is coupled between the first (13 a) and the second low voltage connector (13 b).

7. The battery system (10) as claimed in claim 1, further having:

a plurality of connection devices (18) that in each case comprise a series connection of an ohmic resistor (18 a) and a switch (18 b), and that are coupled between in each case two of the switching rails (14) of the switching matrix (13).

8. A method (30) for generating an intermediate voltage (LV) in a battery system (10) as claimed in claim 1, comprising the steps of:

determining the charge condition of the series-connected battery cell modules (11 a, . . . , 11 n);

selecting a predefined number of battery cell modules (11 a, . . . , 11 n), which comprise the highest charge condition; and

controlling the first and second switching devices (15 a, 15 b) of the switching matrix, in such a manner that a total voltage (LV) of the selected battery cell modules (11 a, . . . , 11 n) is available between the first and second low voltage connector (13 a, 13 b) in dependence upon the switching state of the first and second switching devices (15 a, 15 b).

9. The method (30) as claimed in claim 8, wherein the charge condition of the selected battery cell modules (11 a, . . . , 11 n) is compared to the charge condition of the remaining battery modules (11 a, . . . , 11 n), and wherein the selection of the battery cell modules (11 a, . . . , 11 n) is changed as soon as the charge condition of the currently selected battery cell modules (11 a, . . . , 11 n) falls below the charge condition at least of one of the remaining battery cell modules (11 a, . . . , 11 n).