US9173937B2 - Probiotics, secretory IgA and infection - Google Patents

Probiotics, secretory IgA and infection Download PDF

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US9173937B2
US9173937B2 US13/000,670 US200913000670A US9173937B2 US 9173937 B2 US9173937 B2 US 9173937B2 US 200913000670 A US200913000670 A US 200913000670A US 9173937 B2 US9173937 B2 US 9173937B2
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accordance
infection
lactobacillus
siga
composition
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Jalil Benyacoub
Blaise Corthesy
Stephanie Blum-Sperisen
Laurent Favre
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Societe des Produits Nestle SA
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
    • A23L33/135—Bacteria or derivatives thereof, e.g. probiotics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/40—Complete food formulations for specific consumer groups or specific purposes, e.g. infant formula
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
    • A61K35/74—Bacteria
    • A61K35/741—Probiotics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
    • A61K35/74—Bacteria
    • A61K35/741—Probiotics
    • A61K35/744—Lactic acid bacteria, e.g. enterococci, pediococci, lactococci, streptococci or leuconostocs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
    • A61K35/74—Bacteria
    • A61K35/741—Probiotics
    • A61K35/744—Lactic acid bacteria, e.g. enterococci, pediococci, lactococci, streptococci or leuconostocs
    • A61K35/745—Bifidobacteria
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
    • A61K35/74—Bacteria
    • A61K35/741—Probiotics
    • A61K35/744—Lactic acid bacteria, e.g. enterococci, pediococci, lactococci, streptococci or leuconostocs
    • A61K35/747—Lactobacilli, e.g. L. acidophilus or L. brevis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
    • A61P33/02—Antiprotozoals, e.g. for leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the field of nutrition, health and wellness.
  • the present invention relates to probiotics and ways to increase their effectiveness.
  • One embodiment of the present invention relates to a combination of probiotics with secretory IgA and possible uses of this combination.
  • An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by foreign species.
  • the infecting organism attempts to utilize the host's resources to promote its own multiplication.
  • the infecting organism, or pathogen may interfere with the normal functioning of the host and can lead to more infection related disorders that may have a varying severity and that may lead in the worst case to death.
  • Infection can be treated today by proper medication.
  • the selection of a proper medication requires defining the type of infection to be treated.
  • Bacterial infections are often treated with antibacterial antibiotics. Taking the wrong antibacterial antibiotics in error for treating a specific non-viral infection won't treat the infection and may even be harmful. Further, such medication may always result in unwanted side effects and often requires the supervision of medical personnel.
  • compositions that may contribute to reduce the need for antibiotics in society, is presently a key research focus.
  • non-antibiotic compositions that can be administered, preferably on a day-to-day basis—without unwanted side effects and that can be used safely to treat or prevent infections, without the need to define the exact nature of the causative agent first.
  • One way to achieve this object is to administer a food composition comprising probiotics.
  • Probiotic micro-organisms are known to have a beneficial effect on the health and well-being of the host.
  • the use of probiotic bacteria has gained considerable attention as a safe and accessible form of treatment for example for gastrointestinal diseases (Isolauri E, et al., Dig Dis Sci 1994, 39:2595-2600).
  • Typical probiotic bacteria that have been employed in this respect belong to the Lactobacillus or the Bifidobacterium genus.
  • probiotics depend, in part, on their ability to resist to digestive tract conditions and adhere to intestinal epithelium. Moreover, a critical aspect conditioning their potential benefit to the host is the probiotic cross-talk with the host's environment and their impact on epithelium barrier and its function.
  • the present invention relates hence to a composition comprising antibodies, in particular secretory IgA, and at least one probiotic and to its use to treat, modulate, reduce and/or prevent infections.
  • Antibodies are often glycoproteins, which specifically recognise antigens. In vertebrates five immunoglobulin classes are described, including IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE, all of which differ in their function in the immune system. Secretory IgA (SIgA), which is the predominant and more stable immunoglobulin in intestinal mucosal secretions, was found to be in particular effective for the purpose of the present invention.
  • SIgA Secretory IgA
  • SIgA and probiotics may form complexes that may potentiate the interaction of probiotics with the host and improving their health benefit.
  • FIG. 1 The suggested mechanism of interaction of this combination with the intestinal mucosa of the host is presented in FIG. 1 .
  • the first interaction of probiotics with the host occurs at the level of the gut mucosa.
  • a probiotic micro-organism is its capacity to adhere to intestinal mucosa.
  • SIgA secretory IgA
  • Biosynthesis of polymeric IgA takes place in the mucosal lamina intestinal, and its transport across the epithelium lining the mucosal surfaces is ensured by the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) expressed by crypt and columnar epithelial cells.
  • pIgR polymeric Ig receptor
  • secretory component SC
  • SIgA secretory IgA-mediated immune exclusion in vivo. Immunity 17:107-115).
  • composition of the present invention will be in particular beneficial for newborns and infants (up to 2 years old), since they do not produce SIgA in sufficient amounts but rely on external supply.
  • the present inventors have identified secretory IgA antibodies capable of associating with strains of commensal bacteria.
  • the present inventors have used in vitro Caco-2 epithelial cell monolayers to examine how SIgA favours the cross-talk between non-pathogenic bacteria and the epithelial surface.
  • Two probiotic strains representative of the two main genders Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria were evaluated as proof of principle, i.e. Lactobacillus rhamnosus NCC4007 (LPR) and Bifidobacterium lactis NCC2818 (BL818).
  • SIgA and/or SC when associated with probiotics, promotes the interaction of probiotics with the host and modulates downstream processes involved in defense mechanisms.
  • SIgA and/or SC could optimally help trigger efficient protective host defense reactions, including responses against infections by various pathogens.
  • SIgA combined with probiotics, will help to trigger an immune boosting effect against infections while preventing any potential damaging inflammatory process.
  • one embodiment of the present invention is a composition comprising secretory IgA and at least one probiotic for the preparation of a product to treat or prevent non-viral infections.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of a composition comprising secretory IgA and at least one probiotic for the preparation of a product to treat or prevent non-viral infections.
  • the present invention additionally relates to a composition comprising SIgA and at least one probiotic for use in the treatment and/or prevention of non-viral infections.
  • the present invention extends to a composition comprising SIgA and at least one probiotic for treating and/or preventing non-viral infections.
  • the treatment of non-viral infections includes the reduction of non-viral infections.
  • “Probiotic” means microbial cell preparations or components of microbial cells with a beneficial effect on the health or well-being of the host. (Salminen S, Ouwehand A. Benno Y. et al “Probiotics: how should they be defined” Trends Food Sci. Technol. 1999:10 107-10).
  • All probiotic micro-organisms may be used in accordance with the present invention.
  • they are selected from the group consisting of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus and Saccharomyces or mixtures thereof, in particular selected from the group consisting of Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus salivarius, Enterococcus faecium, Saccharomyces boulardii and Lactobacillus reuteri or mixtures thereof, preferably selected from the group consisting of Lactobacillus johnsonii (NCC533; CNCM I-1225), Bifidobacterium longum (NCC490; CNCM I-2170), Bifidobacterium longum (NCC2705;
  • composition of the present invention may also contain prebiotics.
  • prebiotics are beneficial as it can, when combined with probiotics delivers synergistic effects in terms of the health benefits.
  • a composition comprising a combination of prebiotics and probiotics is commonly known as a symbiotic composition.
  • Prebiotic means food substances that promote the growth of probiotics in the intestines. They are not broken down in the stomach and/or upper intestine or absorbed in the GI tract of the person ingesting them, but they are fermented by the gastrointestinal microflora and/or by probiotics. Prebiotics are for example defined by Glenn R. Gibson and Marcel B. Roberfroid, Dietary Modulation of the Human Colonic Microbiota: Introducing the Concept of Prebiotics, J. Nutr. 1995 125: 1401-1412.
  • the prebiotics that may be used in accordance with the present inventions are not particularly limited and include all food substances that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria or lactobacilli, and/or probiotics in the intestine.
  • they may be selected from the group consisting of oligosaccharides, optionally containing fructose, galactose, mannose; dietary fibers, in particular soluble fibers, soy fibers; inulin; or mixtures thereof.
  • Preferred prebiotics are fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), isomalto-oligosaccharides, xylo-oligosaccharides, oligosaccharides of soy, glycosylsucrose (GS), lactosucrose (LS), lactulose (LA), palatinose-oligosaccharides (PAO), malto-oligosaccharides, pectins and/or hydrolysates thereof.
  • FOS fructo-oligosaccharides
  • GOS galacto-oligosaccharides
  • isomalto-oligosaccharides oligosaccharides of soy
  • GS glycosylsucrose
  • LS lactosucrose
  • LA lactulose
  • PAO palatinose-oligosaccharides
  • malto-oligosaccharides pectins and/or hydrolysates thereof.
  • the non-viral infection of the present invention may be a bacterial and/or a parasite infection. It may also be a fungal infection.
  • the non-viral infection may be a bacterial infection selected from an Escherichia coli infection, an Vibrio cholerae infection, a salmonella infection, a clostridia infection, a shigella infection, a parasite infection, including Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica and Cryptosporidium spp or mixtures thereof.
  • Typical bacterial infectious diseases that can be treated or prevented by the present invention include salmonellosis, shigellosis, typhoid fever, bacterial meningitis, anthrax, botulism, brucellosis, campylobacteriosis, cat scratch disease, cholera, diphtheria, epidemic typhus, gonorrhea, impetigo, legionellosis, leprosy (Hansen's Disease), leptospirosis, listeriosis, lyme disease, melioidosis, rheumatic fever, MRSA infection, nocardiosis, pertussis (whooping cough), plague, pneumococcal pneumonia, psittacosis, Q fever, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF), scarlet fever, syphilis, tetanus, trachoma, tuberculosis, tularaemia, typhus, and/or urinary tract infections
  • Typical parasitic infectious diseases that can be treated or prevented by the present invention include african trypanosomiasis, amebiasis, ascariasis , babesiosis, Chagas disease, clonorchiasis, cryptosporidiosis, cysticercosis, diphyllobothriasis, dracunculiasis, echinococcosis, enterobiasis, fascioliasis, fasciolopsiasis, filariasis, free-living amebic infection, giardiasis, gnathostomiasis, hymenolepiasis, isosporiasis, kala-azar, leishmaniasis, malaria, metagonimiasis, myiasis, onchocerciasis, pediculosis, pinworm infection, scabies, schistosomiasis, taeniasis, toxocariasis, toxo
  • Typical fungal infectious diseases that can be treated or prevented by the present invention include aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and/or tinea pedis.
  • the product prepared by the use of the present invention may be a food product, an animal food product or a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the product may be a nutritional composition, a nutraceutical, a drink, a food additive or a medicament.
  • a food additive or a medicament may be in the form of tablets, capsules, pastilles or a liquid for example.
  • Food additives or medicaments are preferably provided as sustained release formulations, allowing a constant supply of SIgA and probiotics for prolonged times.
  • the product is preferably selected from the group consisting of milk powder based products; instant drinks; ready-to-drink formulations; nutritional powders; nutritional liquids; milk-based products, in particular yoghurts or ice cream; cereal products; beverages; water; coffee; cappuccino; malt drinks; chocolate flavoured drinks; culinary products; soups; tablets; and/or syrups.
  • Milk may be any milk obtainable from animal or plant sources and is preferably cows milk, human milk, sheep milk, goat milk, horse milk, camel milk, rice milk or soy milk.
  • milk instead of milk, also milk derived protein fractions or colostrum may be used.
  • the composition may further contain protective hydrocolloids (such as gums, proteins, modified starches), binders, film forming agents, encapsulating agents/materials, wall/shell materials, matrix compounds, coatings, emulsifiers, surface active agents, solubilizing agents (oils, fats, waxes, lecithins etc.), adsorbents, carriers, fillers, co-compounds, dispersing agents, wetting agents, processing aids (solvents), flowing agents, taste masking agents, weighting agents, jellifying agents, gel forming agents, antioxidants and antimicrobials.
  • protective hydrocolloids such as gums, proteins, modified starches
  • binders film forming agents, encapsulating agents/materials, wall/shell materials, matrix compounds, coatings, emulsifiers, surface active agents, solubilizing agents (oils, fats, waxes, lecithins etc.), adsorbents, carriers, fillers, co-compounds, dispersing
  • They may also contain conventional pharmaceutical additives and adjuvants, excipients and diluents, including, but not limited to, water, gelatine of any origin, vegetable gums, ligninsulfonate, talc, sugars, starch, gum arabic, vegetable oils, polyalkylene glycols, flavouring agents, preservatives, stabilizers, emulsifying agents, buffers, lubricants, colorants, wetting agents, fillers, and the like. Further, they may contain an organic or inorganic carrier material suitable for oral or enteral administration as well as vitamins, minerals trace elements and other micronutrients in accordance with the recommendations of Government bodies such as the USRDA.
  • conventional pharmaceutical additives and adjuvants, excipients and diluents including, but not limited to, water, gelatine of any origin, vegetable gums, ligninsulfonate, talc, sugars, starch, gum arabic, vegetable oils, polyalkylene glycols, flavouring agents, preservative
  • composition of the present invention may contain a protein source, a carbohydrate source and/or a lipid source.
  • Any suitable dietary protein may be used, for example animal proteins (such as milk proteins, meat proteins and egg proteins); vegetable proteins (such as soy protein, wheat protein, rice protein, and pea protein); mixtures of free amino acids; or combinations thereof. Milk proteins such as casein and whey, and soy proteins are particularly preferred.
  • the fat source more preferably provides 5% to 40% of the energy of the formula; for example 20% to 30% of the energy.
  • DHA may be added.
  • a suitable fat profile may be obtained using a blend of canola oil, corn oil and high-oleic acid sunflower oil.
  • a source of carbohydrates may more preferably provide between 40% to 80% of the energy of the composition.
  • Any suitable carbohydrate may be used, for example sucrose, lactose, glucose, fructose, corn syrup solids, maltodextrins, and mixtures thereof.
  • the product prepared by the present invention may be administered to humans or animals, in particular companion animals, pets or livestock. It has beneficial effects for any age group.
  • the product is intended in for infants, juveniles, adults or elderly. It may however also be administered to mothers during pregnancy and lactation to treat the infant.
  • composition of the present invention will be effective as long as probiotics and SIgA are administered simultaneously, briefly one after the other in a maximal timeframe of less than 60 minutes, preferably less than 30 minutes, more preferred less than 15 minutes and most preferred less than 5 minutes, and/or are combined prior to administration as already present in the food product.
  • one embodiment of the present invention relates to the use of a composition comprising SIgA and probiotics, wherein the SIgA molecule and at least one probiotic are at least partially associated in the composition.
  • SIgA and at least one probiotic are preferably present as immune complexes, for example in a way that at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, even more preferred all probiotic bacteria are present as immune complex in association with at least 1 SIgA molecule, for example with at least 5 SIgA molecules.
  • the composition may also contain at least one other kind of other food grade bacteria, preferably selected from the group consisting of lactic acid bacteria, bifidobacteria, enterococci or mixtures thereof. These other food grade bacteria may contribute to obtain a healthy gut microflora and will hence contribute to achieve the object of the present invention even more effectively.
  • the present invention also relates to a food composition
  • a food composition comprising SIgA and at least one probiotic micro-organism.
  • the SIgA and the probiotic micro-organism may preferably be combined as a complex in the food composition.
  • SIgA and the probiotic micro-organism may preferably be present in a stoichiometric ratio of at least 10:1, preferably at least 100:1, most preferably at least 2000:1 to 100000:1.
  • the upper limit of SIgA saturation is determined by the surface of the probiotic micro-organisms and by the number of available binding sites for SIgA.
  • the probiotics will be effective in a large range amount. If the bacteria reach the intestine alive, a single bacterium can be sufficient to achieve a powerful effect by persisting in the gut and multiplication. However, in general, it is preferred if the product comprises between 10 2 and 10 10 cells of probiotics per daily dose.
  • SIgA The amount of SIgA required to achieve an effect, is equally not limited. In principle one SIgA molecule combined with one probiotic micro-organism, preferably in the form of a complex, will be effective for the present invention. However, It is in generally preferred if the product comprises between 0.0001 mg secretory SIgA and 10 mg SIgA per daily dose.
  • FIG. 1 shows schematically how SIgA is believed to improve the effects of commensal bacteria, when associated with them by increasing the interaction with the intestinal mucosa of the host.
  • FIG. 2 shows the result of experiments testing the binding properties of two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus rhamnosus NCC4007 (LPR) and Bifidobacterium lactis NCC2818 (BL818), representative for the two main genders Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria to epithelial cells. Data are expressed as means CFU per 100 Caco-2 cells ⁇ SEM.
  • FIG. 3 shows the result of experiments testing the binding properties of two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus rhamnosus NCC4007 (LPR) and Bifidobacterium lactis NCC2818 (BL818), representative for the two main genders Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria to epithelial cells and the influence of secretory IgA (SIgA) or secretory component (SC). Data are expressed as means CFU per 100 Caco-2 cells ⁇ SEM.
  • FIG. 4 shows the result of an experiment testing the effect of two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus rhamnosus NCC4007 (LPR) and Bifidobacterium lactis NCC2818 (BL818), representative for the two main genders Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, alone or in combination with SIgA or SC, on transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) measuring epithelial permeability. Data are expressed as means ohms per cm 2 ⁇ SEM.
  • FIG. 5 shows the result of an experiment testing the effect of LPR, combined or not with SIgA or SC, on NF- ⁇ B activation in Caco-2 cell monolayer. Decrease in NF- ⁇ B binding activity is indicative of attenuated inflammatory pathway(s) within the Caco-2 cell.
  • FIG. 6 shows the result of an experiment testing the effect of LPR, combined or not with SIgA or SC, on S. flexneri invasion of Caco-2 cell.
  • Two monoclonal SIgA molecules were used: a non-specific SIgA (SIgAnon-spec) recognizing a Salmonella epitope, and the specific anti- S. flexneri SIgAC5.
  • Data are expressed as means CFU per Transwell filter ⁇ SEM.
  • FIG. 7 shows the result of an experiment testing the effect of probiotics on polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) expression in a Caco-2 monolayer.
  • Different treatments tested at 16 h including combination of probiotics with non-specific SIgA and combination of S. flexneri with specific anti- S. flexneri SIgA.
  • A Different treatments tested at 16 h, including combination of probiotics with non-specific SIgA and combination of S. flexneri with specific anti- S. flexneri SIgA.
  • the presence of pIgR was assessed by western blot, as was ⁇ -actin.
  • a preferential binding to polarized Caco-2 cells of LPR or BL818 is observed in comparison to E. coli TG-1 ( FIG. 2 ).
  • Results are shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 .
  • Results are shown in FIG. 4 .
  • I ⁇ B ⁇ Disappearance of I ⁇ B ⁇ (lower panel) reflects activation of the pathway leading to nuclear translocation of NF- ⁇ B. In that respect, while LPR alone has a mild effect on NF- ⁇ B activation, combination of LPR with SIgA or SC reduced NF- ⁇ B activation in Caco-2 cells (BL818 not tested). As expected, incubation of epithelial cells with pathogenic S. flexneri led to a complete disappearance of I ⁇ B ⁇ expression.
  • Results are shown in FIG. 5 .
  • LPR was tested alone or in combination with either 0.2 ⁇ g of SC, 1 ⁇ g of polyclonal SIgA or 1 g of specific anti- S. flexneri LPS SIgAC5. After incubation with LPR cells were washed and then incubated with 10 7 S. Flexneri for 6 hours, washed again and incubated with 50 g/ml gentamycin for 45 min. Finally, cells were lysed and intracellular S. flexneri were enumerated on LB agar plates. Triplicates were performed for each experiment.
  • Results are shown in FIG. 6 .
  • Caco-2 cells were seeded per 1 cm 2 Transwell filter. Cells were incubated for 16 h at 37° C. with 2 ⁇ 10 7 CFU of LPR or BL818 in absence of antibiotic or FCS. Probiotics were tested alone or in combination with either 0.2 ⁇ g of SC or 1 ⁇ g of polyclonal SIgA. Control S. flexneri was tested alone or in combination with 1 ⁇ g of specific anti- S. flexneri LPS SIgAC5. After washing, Caco-2 cells were directly recovered from the Transwell filters and lysed. Nuclei were removed and cell debris as well as cytoplasms were analyzed by Western blot using anti-pIgR antibody and antisera to human SC and ⁇ -actin as controls. Triplicates were performed for each experiment.
  • pIgR expression in epithelial cells was normalized to ⁇ -actin expression. As revealed by Western blot (upper panel) and densitometric analysis of the respective signals (lower panel), there was an increase of pIgR level following overnight exposure of polarized Caco-2 monolayers to combinations of LPR or BL818 with either SIgA or SC compared to probiotics alone ( FIG. 7 a ). Specific anti- S. flexneri LPS SIgAC5 prevented interaction of the pathogen with the Caco-2 cell polarized monolayer, thus explaining the decrease in pIgR expression when compared to S. flexneri treatment alone.
  • Results are shown in FIG. 7 .

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