US9079043B2 - Transcutaneous power transmission utilizing non-planar resonators - Google Patents

Transcutaneous power transmission utilizing non-planar resonators Download PDF

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US9079043B2
US9079043B2 US13/301,717 US201113301717A US9079043B2 US 9079043 B2 US9079043 B2 US 9079043B2 US 201113301717 A US201113301717 A US 201113301717A US 9079043 B2 US9079043 B2 US 9079043B2
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planar
resonator
dimensional surface
electromagnetic resonator
transmitter
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US20130127253A1 (en
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Joseph Stark
Edward Burke
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TC1 LLC
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Thoratec LLC
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Assigned to THORATEC CORPORATION reassignment THORATEC CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BURKE, EDWARD, STARK, JOSEPH
Priority to AU2012340918A priority patent/AU2012340918B2/en
Priority to EP19156259.4A priority patent/EP3539613B1/de
Priority to EP12812424.5A priority patent/EP2782641B1/de
Priority to PCT/US2012/065553 priority patent/WO2013078092A1/en
Priority to JP2014543508A priority patent/JP6353787B2/ja
Priority to CA2856283A priority patent/CA2856283A1/en
Priority to EP20215185.8A priority patent/EP3827876B1/de
Publication of US20130127253A1 publication Critical patent/US20130127253A1/en
Priority to US14/796,983 priority patent/US10279096B2/en
Publication of US9079043B2 publication Critical patent/US9079043B2/en
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Assigned to THORATEC LLC reassignment THORATEC LLC CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: THORATEC CORPORATION
Assigned to TC1 LLC reassignment TC1 LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: THORATEC LLC
Priority to US16/375,573 priority patent/US10702644B2/en
Priority to US16/884,840 priority patent/US11801387B2/en
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    • A61M1/127—
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M60/00—Blood pumps; Devices for mechanical circulatory actuation; Balloon pumps for circulatory assistance
    • A61M60/10—Location thereof with respect to the patient's body
    • A61M60/122—Implantable pumps or pumping devices, i.e. the blood being pumped inside the patient's body
    • A61M60/165—Implantable pumps or pumping devices, i.e. the blood being pumped inside the patient's body implantable in, on, or around the heart
    • A61M60/178—Implantable pumps or pumping devices, i.e. the blood being pumped inside the patient's body implantable in, on, or around the heart drawing blood from a ventricle and returning the blood to the arterial system via a cannula external to the ventricle, e.g. left or right ventricular assist devices
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M60/00—Blood pumps; Devices for mechanical circulatory actuation; Balloon pumps for circulatory assistance
    • A61M60/20—Type thereof
    • A61M60/205—Non-positive displacement blood pumps
    • A61M60/216—Non-positive displacement blood pumps including a rotating member acting on the blood, e.g. impeller
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M60/00—Blood pumps; Devices for mechanical circulatory actuation; Balloon pumps for circulatory assistance
    • A61M60/80—Constructional details other than related to driving
    • A61M60/855—Constructional details other than related to driving of implantable pumps or pumping devices
    • A61M60/871—Energy supply devices; Converters therefor
    • A61M60/873—Energy supply devices; Converters therefor specially adapted for wireless or transcutaneous energy transfer [TET], e.g. inductive charging
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/372—Arrangements in connection with the implantation of stimulators
    • A61N1/37211—Means for communicating with stimulators
    • A61N1/37217—Means for communicating with stimulators characterised by the communication link, e.g. acoustic or tactile
    • A61N1/37223—Circuits for electromagnetic coupling
    • A61N1/37229—Shape or location of the implanted or external antenna
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/372—Arrangements in connection with the implantation of stimulators
    • A61N1/378—Electrical supply
    • A61N1/3787—Electrical supply from an external energy source
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
    • H01F27/2823—Wires
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F38/00—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions
    • H01F38/14—Inductive couplings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
    • H01Q1/38—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith formed by a conductive layer on an insulating support
    • H02J5/005—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/10—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling
    • H02J50/12—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling of the resonant type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/80—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power involving the exchange of data, concerning supply or distribution of electric power, between transmitting devices and receiving devices
    • H02J7/025—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/40—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries characterised by the exchange of charge or discharge related data
    • H02J7/42—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries characterised by the exchange of charge or discharge related data with electronic devices having internal batteries, e.g. mobile phones
    • H04B5/0037—
    • H04B5/0093—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B5/00—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems
    • H04B5/20—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems characterised by the transmission technique; characterised by the transmission medium
    • H04B5/24—Inductive coupling
    • H04B5/26—Inductive coupling using coils
    • H04B5/266—One coil at each side, e.g. with primary and secondary coils
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B5/00—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems
    • H04B5/70—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems specially adapted for specific purposes
    • H04B5/79—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems specially adapted for specific purposes for data transfer in combination with power transfer
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
    • A61M2205/35—Communication
    • A61M2205/3507—Communication with implanted devices, e.g. external control
    • A61M2205/3515—Communication with implanted devices, e.g. external control using magnetic means
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
    • A61M2205/35—Communication
    • A61M2205/3507—Communication with implanted devices, e.g. external control
    • A61M2205/3523—Communication with implanted devices, e.g. external control using telemetric means
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
    • A61M2205/82—Internal energy supply devices
    • A61M2205/8237—Charging means
    • A61M2205/8243—Charging means by induction
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M60/00—Blood pumps; Devices for mechanical circulatory actuation; Balloon pumps for circulatory assistance
    • A61M60/10—Location thereof with respect to the patient's body
    • A61M60/122—Implantable pumps or pumping devices, i.e. the blood being pumped inside the patient's body
    • A61M60/126—Implantable pumps or pumping devices, i.e. the blood being pumped inside the patient's body implantable via, into, inside, in line, branching on, or around a blood vessel
    • A61M60/148—Implantable pumps or pumping devices, i.e. the blood being pumped inside the patient's body implantable via, into, inside, in line, branching on, or around a blood vessel in line with a blood vessel using resection or like techniques, e.g. permanent endovascular heart assist devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2105/00—Networks for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by their spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2105/40—Networks for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by their spatial reach or by the load characterised by the loads connecting to the networks or being supplied by the networks
    • H02J2105/46—Medical devices, medical implants or life supporting devices

Definitions

  • Embodiments of the invention relate to wireless energy transfer; and more specifically, to the transfer of energy from a power source outside the body to an implanted medical device inside the body.
  • planar resonators with planar geometries have been used in the power transmitter and receiver units to facilitate the transfer of energy.
  • Such planar resonators have geometries that span a substantially flat surface with no dimensional measurement on an axis orthogonal to the flat surface, or where dimensions on an axis along the flat surface are orders of magnitude greater than a dimension on an axis orthogonal to the flat surface.
  • Transmission of power between the transmitter and receiver units relies on inductively or magnetically coupling the respective planar resonators.
  • the planar transmitter resonator carries an electrical current driven by an external power source, magnetic flux is generally generated in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the transmitter resonator.
  • a planar receiver resonator is then placed within a vicinity of the planar transmitter resonator and is oriented parallel to the planar transmitter resonator such that the planar receiver resonator is able to effectively intercept the magnetic flux generated by the transmitter resonator to produce an electrical current in the receiver unit.
  • planar resonators are an effective approach for closely coupled wireless power transmission systems to transfer energy between two stationary objects that are in close proximity.
  • a planar transmitter resonator is embedded in a charging pad that is placed on a desk.
  • an electronic device such as a cellular phone
  • planar receiver resonator When an electronic device, such as a cellular phone, is equipped with a planar receiver resonator, and is placed on the charging pad, the two planar resonators are orientated parallel to each other along the planes of the resonators. In this parallel orientation, energy can be effectively transferred from the planar transmitter resonator embedded in the charging pad to the planar receiver resonator in the electronic device to charge the electronic device. Because the electronic device is not expected to move on its own, the two planar resonators remain oriented parallel to each other to continuously charge the electronic device until the electronic device is removed from the charging pad.
  • the present invention is directed to a system for omni-orientational wireless energy transfer.
  • the system may be particularly useful in applications where energy is to be transferred wirelessly between two objects, and at least one of the objects is free to move around.
  • One such application is where energy is being transferred from a power transmitter unit to a receiver unit that is part of an implanted medical device.
  • the transmitter unit may be stationary, for example, be plugged into a wall, a patient implanted with the medical device and the receiver unit may be free to move around such that the relative orientation of the transmitter and receiver units is not fixed and may change.
  • a system for wireless energy transfer includes a transmitter unit and a receiver unit.
  • the transmitter unit has a resonator with a coil configured to be coupled to a power supply to wirelessly transmit power to a receiver unit.
  • the receiver unit has a resonator with a coil coupled to a device load.
  • At least one of the resonators is a non-planar resonator that spans a non-degenerate two-dimensional surface with at least one concave portion.
  • a method for omni-orientational wireless energy transfer includes the following steps.
  • a resonator including a coil coupled to a power supply is provided.
  • Another resonator with a coil coupled to an electrical load is placed at a separation distance from the other resonator.
  • At least one of the resonators spans a non-degenerate two-dimensional surface with at least one concave portion to enable wireless energy transfer between the coils regardless of their respective orientation.
  • a transmitter unit for use in an omni-orientational wireless energy transfer system to wirelessly transfer energy to a receiver unit includes a non-planar resonator with a coil that spans a non-degenerate two-dimensional surface with at least one concave portion.
  • the transmitter unit also includes power circuitry coupled to the coil.
  • the power circuitry is configured to be electrically connected to a power supply source to deliver an electrical current to the coil.
  • a receiver unit for use in an omni-orientational wireless energy transfer system to receive wirelessly transferred energy from a transmitter unit includes a non-planar resonator with a coil that spans a non-degenerate two-dimensional surface with at least one concave portion.
  • the receiver unit also includes an electrical load coupled to the coil.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a non-planar resonator according to one embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a non-planar resonator according to another embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a non-planar resonator according to a further embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a non-planar resonator according to a different embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a conceptual diagram of a system for wireless energy transfer according to one embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a planar resonator used in a system for wireless energy transfer according to an embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 7A illustrates a transcutaneous energy transfer system (TETS) according to one embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 7B illustrates a TETS according to another embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 8A illustrates a TETS arranged in a particular orientation according to an embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 8B illustrates a TETS arranged in a different orientation according to an embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 9A illustrates an method for omni-orientational wireless energy according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 9B illustrates an method for omni-orientational wireless energy according to another embodiment of the invention.
  • references in the specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
  • Coupled along with its derivatives, may be used. It should be understood that the term “coupled” is used to indicate that two or more elements, which may or may not be in direct physical or electrical contact with each other, co-operate or interact with each other.
  • energy transfer power transfer
  • power transmission and their derivatives, are used interchangeably and refers to the transmission of energy between two devices.
  • planar resonators Although the use of planar resonators is effective for applications that transfer power between two stationary objects, as the transmitter and receiver resonators are moved or rotated into a non-parallel orientation, the rate of power transfer dramatically decreases. Even in systems that are capable of transmitting power over large separation distances, no net power transfer will occur when the planar transmitter resonator is orientated orthogonal to the planar receiver resonator. Thus, in systems where the relative orientation of the transmitter and receiver devices may vary greatly or is unknown, it is possible for the receiver device to receive no power at all for an extended period of time when the planar resonators are positioned orthogonal to each other.
  • the receiver device is an implanted medical device that is used to assist critical bodily functions, and a power storage unit, such as a battery, in the implanted medical device is not promptly recharged.
  • An implanted medical device can be powered or charged using a transcutaneous energy transfer system (TETS) that transfers electrical energy from an external power source to the implanted medical device wirelessly through the skin of a patient.
  • TETS transcutaneous energy transfer system
  • a patient is restricted to remain substantially in a fixed or known position relative to a power transmitter device in order to sustain effective power transmission over an extended period of time. For example, suppose a patient is implanted with a medical device with a planar receiver resonator and is resting on a bed.
  • a planar transmitter resonator can be positioned on or embedded in the bed such that when the patient is laying flat on the patient's back, the two resonators are oriented substantially parallel to each other to effect charging of the implanted medical device while the patient rests.
  • the amount of power transfer between the planar transmitter resonator and the planar receiver resonator implanted in the patient can drop to zero if the patient turns to rest on the patient's side such that the resonators are now orthogonal to each other. If the patient does not move from this position for an extended period of time, the implanted medical device may lose power completely to pose a risk to the patient.
  • a non-planar resonator is a resonator that spans a surface area occupying three spatial dimensions instead of two dimensions.
  • the non-planar resonator is a resonator that spans a non-degenerate two-dimensional surface with at least one concave portion, such as an elliptical paraboloid surface.
  • An elliptical paraboloid surface is surface that is shaped like a bowl, with the interior of the bowl being the concave portion.
  • an elliptical paraboloid surface when the concave portion is extended along the elliptical paraboloid surface, the concave portion can extend out to infinite space. In other words, the concavity of the elliptical paraboloid surface does not wrap around and does not enclose on itself.
  • the non-planar resonator 100 spanning an elliptical paraboloid surface has a spiral wire coil 102 , such as a Litz wire coil, that starts at the center of the bottom of an imaginary bowl-shaped surface defined by the above equation, and spirals upwards along the sidewalls of the surface up to the rim of the imaginary bowl-shaped surface.
  • a spiral wire coil 102 such as a Litz wire coil
  • gaps 104 there can be gaps 104 in between the loops of the spiral wire coil 102 .
  • the gaps 104 can be uniformly distributed, or there can be portions of the wire coil that have wider gaps and other portions that have narrower gaps.
  • the density of the wire windings can also vary over the surface of the non-planar resonator 100 .
  • the geometries of the gaps and the density of the wire windings can be used to tailor the non-planar resonator to have a specific inductance or a specific capacitance to achieve a particular resonant frequency. It should be understood that this is just one example of a wire coil configuration that forms a resonator spanning a non-planar surface.
  • the wire coil 102 can be configured differently to form a resonator that spans such a surface.
  • the non-planar resonator 200 can be an elliptical paraboloid or bowl-shaped core 204 made of a magnetic material to direct magnetic flux.
  • a wire 202 such as a Litz wire, for purpose of exemplary illustration, is wrapped around that core 204 .
  • the wire 202 can be wrapped around the core 204 from one side of the bowl-shaped core 204 to an opposing side, be wrapped around the exterior surface of the bowl-shaped core 204 , or be wrapped along intersecting diameters of the bowl-shaped core 204 as shown.
  • the wire 202 can be wrapped around the magnetic core 204 in other configurations.
  • the density of the wire windings can be tailored to achieve a particular resonant frequency.
  • the non-planar resonator spans a non-degenerate two-dimensional surface that has at least two concave portions, such as a hyperbolic paraboloid surface.
  • a hyperbolic paraboloid surface is a surface that is shaped like a saddle, with the top of the saddle being one concave portion and the bottom of the saddle being another concave portion.
  • the concave curvature of one concave portion can be orthogonal to the concave curvature of the other concave portion. It should be noted that in a hyperbolic paraboloid surface, when the concave portions of the surface are extended along the hyperbolic paraboloid surface, the concave portions can extend out to infinite space.
  • the concavities of the hyperbolic paraboloid surface do not wrap around and do not enclose on themselves.
  • the non-planar resonator 300 spanning a hyperbolic paraboloid surface has a spiral wire coil 302 , such as a Litz wire coil, that starts at the center of an imaginary saddle-shaped surface and spirals outwards along the saddle-shaped surface.
  • the wire coil 302 can be configured differently to form a resonator that spans such a surface.
  • the geometries of the gaps 304 and the density of the wire windings can also be used to tailor the non-planar resonator to have a specific inductance value or a specific capacitance value to achieve a particular resonant frequency.
  • the non-planar resonator 400 can be a hyperbolic paraboloid or saddle-shaped core 404 made of a magnetic material to direct magnetic flux.
  • a wire 402 such as a Litz wire, is wrapped around that core 404 .
  • the wire 402 can be wrapped around the core 404 from one side of the saddle-shaped core 404 to an opposing side, or be wrapped across the center of the saddle-shaped core 404 as shown.
  • the wire 402 can be wrapped around the magnetic core 404 in other configurations.
  • the density of the wire windings can be tailored to achieve a particular resonant frequency.
  • One feature of such surfaces is that these surfaces have a parabolic cross section.
  • a non-planar resonator according to embodiments of the present invention can be implemented with a wire coil that is formed to outline the shape of a non-degenerate two-dimensional surface.
  • the wire that is used to form the coil can be, for example, a Litz wire.
  • a Litz wire is generally referred to as a type of cable used in electronics to carry electric current and may have many individually braided or woven strands of wire in one or more patterns at one or more levels to increase the amount of current passing through each cable by increasing surface area and decreasing the resistance.
  • the wire can be a strand or foil of conductive metal (e.g., such as copper, gold, or silver) with an insulated covering.
  • the non-planar resonator can be implemented with a wire, for example, a Litz wire, that is wrapped around a core of magnetic material, where the magnetic core has been molded or formed to have a non-degenerate two-dimensional surface.
  • the core of magnetic material is used to direct magnetic flux in various directions depending on the shape of the magnetic core.
  • the resonant frequency of the resonator can be in a range of 100 kHz to 10 MHz.
  • a resonator spans a non-degenerate two-dimensional surface do not necessary require the resonator to have a solid surface.
  • the phrase that a resonator spans a non-degenerate two-dimensional surface can mean that the resonator forms an outline of such a surface (e.g., the spiral coil), or mean that the resonator has such a surface (e.g., the magnetic core with a wire wrapped around the core).
  • a resonator spans a non-degenerate two-dimensional surface
  • the shape of the resonator may have minor features or deformalities that may deviate from such a surface, without departing from the spirit of the present invention.
  • the resonator may have a flat bottom instead of a curved bottom, or the sidewall may have one or more minor dimple indentations. It should be understood that such minor features or deformalities do not detract away from the scope and spirit of the exemplary embodiments.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an omni-orientational wireless energy transfer system 500 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • the omni-orientational wireless energy transfer system 500 includes a transmitter unit 501 that has a transmitter resonator 502 with a wire coil, and a receiver unit 511 that has a receiver resonator 512 with a wire coil.
  • the receiver resonator 512 is a non-planar resonator that spans an elliptical paraboloid surface.
  • the receiver resonator 512 may span any of the non-degenerate two-dimensional surfaces described above.
  • it is the receiver unit that has a non-planar resonator, in other embodiments, it can be the transmitter unit or both the receiver and transmitter units that have a non-planar resonator.
  • the transmitter resonator 502 is a planar resonator.
  • a planar top view 600 of the transmitter resonator 502 is shown in FIG. 7 .
  • the wire that forms the transmitter resonator 502 in the transmitter unit 501 spans a planar surface.
  • the transmitter resonator 502 in this exemplary embodiment is a square spiral wire coil with each loop of the spiral wire coil arranged in substantially the same plane as each other. In other embodiments, other planar transmitter resonators may be used.
  • the transmitter unit 501 is configured to be coupled to a power supply or a power source 520 , for example, a wall electrical outlet, such that when the transmitter unit 501 is powered, the power source 520 drives an electrical current through the coil of the transmitter resonator 502 .
  • the transmitter unit 501 can be coupled to other power sources such as a battery that can be used to drive an electrical current through the coil of the transmitter resonator 502 . Consequently, magnetic flux perpendicular to the plane of the planar transmitter resonator 502 is generated by the electrical current running through the coil of the transmitter resonator 502 .
  • the transmitter unit 501 may have additional power circuitry, for example, to perform alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) conversion, or vice versa, and may have additional control circuitry, for example, to modulate the power output of the transmitter unit 501 .
  • AC alternating current
  • DC direct current
  • additional control circuitry for example, to modulate the power output of the transmitter unit 501 .
  • the magnetic flux generated from the transmitter unit 501 induces a current in the receiver resonator 512 in the receiver unit 511 , which causes an electrical current to flow in the coil of the receiver unit 511 .
  • the coil in the receiver unit is coupled to an electrical or device load 513 .
  • the electrical current flowing through the coil in the receiver unit 511 can then be used to power the device load 513 .
  • the device load 513 is a battery or other types of rechargeable power storage device as shown
  • the electrical current flowing through the coil in the receiver unit 511 can be used to recharge the power storage device.
  • the omni-orientational wireless energy transfer system 500 is able to wirelessly transfer power from the transmitter unit 501 to the receiver unit 511 .
  • a resonator is an object that has a natural oscillation frequency. More specifically, with respect to wireless energy transfer, a resonator is an object that stores energy in two forms and exchanges the stored energy between the two forms continuously. In an electromagnetic resonator, stored energy is continuously being exchanged or oscillating between the electric fields of a capacitive element and the magnetic field of an inductive element.
  • the oscillation decays or dampens due to resistive losses in the resonator. Because of this oscillation, energy that is not transferred from a transmitter to a receiver in one cycle of the oscillation is not lost completely. In other words, the stored energy in a transmitter can be transferred to a receiver through many cycles of the oscillation. This is in contrast to a pure inductive coupling system where any energy stored in the magnetic field of an inductive element that is not transferred to a receiver at an instance is lost. At large separation distances, this energy loss in a pure inductive coupling system is significant and results in little or no meaningful amount of energy being transferred.
  • the use of resonators allows most of the stored energy in the transmitter unit 501 to be transferred to the receiver unit 511 over many oscillation cycles as described above to improve the overall power transfer efficiency of the system 500 .
  • the receiver unit 511 can be placed at a separation distance further away from the transmitter unit 501 and still allows a meaningful amount of energy to be transferred over time.
  • a comparison of a system that uses a non-planar resonator to a system that uses a planar resonator with both systems having the same separation distance and rated for the same output power may be as follows.
  • the amount of energy that is received at the receiver in the non-planar resonator system in a particular direction can potentially be less than the amount of energy that is received at the receiver in a planar resonator system when the transmitter and receiver resonators are parallel to each other.
  • the amount of energy that is received in the non-planar resonator system can be about 25% of the amount of energy that is received in the planar resonator system when the planar resonator system is arranged in its preferred orientation (when the transmitter and receiver resonators are parallel to each other).
  • the amount of energy that a planar resonator system can transfer drops off dramatically when the system is arranged in other orientations and can drop to zero when the orientation of the transmitter and receiver resonators are arranged orthogonal to each other.
  • the same transmitter unit 501 is able to couple or transfer energy to the non-planar receiver resonator 512 over a wider range of spatial orientations as compared to a receiver unit having a planar resonator.
  • the resonators 502 and 512 have to be placed in any particular orientation with respect to each other in order to transfer a meaningful amount of power required to power or recharge the device load 513 .
  • the system 500 is able to achieve a power transfer between the transmitter resonator 502 and the non-planar receiver resonator 512 at a given separation distance D that is at least 25% of a maximum power transfer (compared to a planar receiver resonator) at that given separation distance D, regardless of the orientation of the transmitter resonator 502 relative to the non-planar receiver resonator 512 .
  • power in the range of 5 W to 20 W can be transferred from the transmitter resonator 502 to the receiver resonator 512 over a separation distance D in the range of, for example, 2.5 cm to 35 cm.
  • the system 500 is able to transfer a maximum about of 20 W at a distance D of 10 cm when the resonators 502 and 512 are in their ideal alignment. Even when the resonators 502 and 512 are rotated or displaced from their ideal alignment, the system 500 is still able to transfer at least 5 W of power to the receiver unit 511 at the same distance D of 10 cm. In other embodiments, a greater or lesser amount of power can be delivered over other distances by adjusting the size and geometries of the resonators.
  • the same concept of using non-planar resonators is independent of distance and can equally apply in a larger range of distances so long as there is sufficient power for the signal to travel that range.
  • the resonant frequency of the transmitter resonator 502 can be 100 kHz, 500 kHz, 1 MHz, or 10 MHz.
  • the receiver resonator 512 is designed to have a resonant frequency that closely matches the transmitter resonator 502 .
  • the transmitter resonator 502 has a resonant frequency of 100 kHz
  • the receiver resonator is designed to also have a resonant frequency close to 100 kHz, for example, within ⁇ 5% or ⁇ 10% of 100 kHz.
  • the resonant frequency of the closely matched resonators 502 and 512 can be a frequency that is in the range of 100 kHz to 10 MHz. In further embodiments, other resonant frequencies can be used.
  • the transmitter and receiver resonators 502 and 512 are shaped differently. Even if both resonators are made of the same materials with the same length of wire, each resonator may have a slightly different natural resonant frequency due to differences in their geometries and configurations. In addition, other factors that may cause the resonant frequency of one resonator to deviate from the resonant frequency of the other resonator include differences in the surrounding environment of the resonator.
  • one resonator may be subjected to a different temperature than the other resonator, or one resonator may be subjected to other extraneous objects that may affect the resonant frequency, such as a nearby sheet of highly conductive material.
  • a tunable capacitor can be coupled to the coil of at least one of the resonators.
  • a tunable capacitor is a circuit or component with a variable capacitance value that can be changed in response to a control input.
  • the control input may be voltage, current, frequency, or any other input that can cause the materials or circuit of the tunable capacitor to change its capacitance value. Coupling a tunable capacitor to the coil enables the effective capacitance value of the resonator to be adjusted.
  • the resonant frequency of that resonator can be tuned to match the resonant frequency of the other resonator of the system and to maximize a voltage gain at the receiver unit 511 .
  • the tunable capacitor can also be used to detune the system to reduce the amount of energy transferred from the transmitter unit 501 to the receiver unit 511 if the operating conditions of the system require less energy to be transferred.
  • an array or network of capacitive elements can be coupled to the coil of at least one of the resonators to tune the resonant frequency of the system.
  • the array or network of capacitive elements can be configured to form different series and/or parallel arrangements of capacitive elements to achieve an effective capacitance value for the resonator for the same purposes as described above.
  • a tunable or network of inductive elements can be used to adjust the effective inductance of the resonator to change the resonant frequency.
  • At least one of the resonators 502 and 512 is coupled to a tunable resistor or an array or network of resistive elements to tune a quality factor “Q” of the system to maximize a voltage gain at the receiver unit 511 .
  • a tunable resistor is a circuit or component with a variable resistance value that can be changed in response to a control input.
  • the control input may be voltage, current, or any other input that can cause the materials or circuit of the tunable resistor to change its resistance value.
  • an array or network of resistive elements can be configured to form different series and/or parallel arrangements of resistive elements to achieve an effective resistance value.
  • the resistive elements can be resistors, capacitors with effective resistance values, or a combination of both.
  • an array of resistive elements can be an array of capacitors, where the capacitors have the same capacitance values but different effective series resistance values. This allows the effective resistance to be adjusted while keeping the effective capacitance the same.
  • the quality factor “Q” describes the inverse power loss of the resonator. Hence, a larger Q means a lower power loss in the resonator and a higher energy transfer efficiency, resulting in a higher voltage gain at the receiver unit 511 .
  • the quality factor “Q” of a resonant system that has a transmitter resonator 502 and a receiver resonator 512 can be described by the square root of the product of the quality factors of the two resonators 502 and 512 . In order to reduce the power loss in the system 500 to maximize the voltage gain at the receiver unit 511 , the quality factor “Q” of the system can be increased by increasing the quality factors of either or both resonators 502 and 512 .
  • a tunable or network of capacitive and/or inductive elements can be used to adjust the effective capacitance and/or the effective inductance to change the quality factor “Q.”
  • the power transfer efficiency of the system can be further improved by using a flux concentrator made of high-permeability, low-loss materials to direct the output magnetic flux generated from the transmitter unit 501 towards the receiving unit 511 .
  • a flux concentrator made of high-permeability, low-loss materials to direct the output magnetic flux generated from the transmitter unit 501 towards the receiving unit 511 .
  • the magnetic flux generated from the transmitter coil is spread around the transmitter coil, even in stray directions that are away from the receiving unit 511 .
  • the use of a flux concentrator on the transmitter unit 501 can create a magnetic path to channel and redirect the generated magnetic flux from those stray directions towards the direction of the receiving unit 511 .
  • a flux concentrator can also be used in the receiving unit 511 to redirect magnetic flux around the surrounding areas of the receiver coil towards the receiver coil.
  • each of the transmitter unit 501 and the receiver unit 511 may include additional communications circuitry such as encoders, decoders, antennae, amplifiers, modulators, and filters, to establish a communications channel between the receiver unit 511 and the transmitter unit 501 to communicate system information between the units to adjust the components in order to modulate the power delivered to the receiver unit 511 .
  • wireless communications channel can be a radio frequency signal or other wireless signal transmissions including Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 family), Bluetooth, infrared, and other well-known wireless communications protocols.
  • the system information communicated over the communications channel can include performance data such as the battery level and usage of the device load 513 .
  • Other performance data may include the resonant frequencies, the impedances of circuits in the system, the voltages and loads of the system, the temperature of the resonators 502 and 512 , and other data that can be used to tune and detune the system.
  • the system information communicated over the communications channel may also include identification information of the transmitter and receiver units 501 and 511 , as well as commands to change the system's settings or operating modes.
  • the non-planar resonator spanning the non-degenerate two-dimensional surface can be in both the transmitter unit 501 and the receiver unit 511 , or only in the transmitter unit 501 , because of the symmetry in the resonant coupling of the resonators.
  • the receiver or transmitter resonators is a non-planar resonator that spans a non-degenerate two-dimensional surface, power can be transmitted at a given operating distance regardless of one resonator's orientation relative to the other resonator.
  • This symmetrical property of the system is particularly useful in applications where space is limited in the receiver unit or where other factors such as extraneous objects restrict the types of geometries that can be used in the receiver resonator.
  • TETS transcutaneous energy transfer system
  • the receiver unit is part of an implanted medical device.
  • the receiver resonator is configured for subcutaneous placement within a human.
  • the geometry of the receiver resonator may be spatially restricted by the proximity of nearby organs or other body structure.
  • Different embodiments are also possible.
  • a non-planar resonator can be implanted in the thoracic/abdomen area, wrapping around a part of, or the entire circumference of the body of a patient.
  • the non-planar resonator can be formed to span a surface that takes after an undulating outline of the ribs and general shape that contours around the rib cage.
  • the dimensions of a non-planar implanted receiver resonator may span a depth in a range of 0.5 inches (in.) to 2 in. and be no bigger than 3 in. by 3 in. along the largest possible area spanned by a cross section of the resonator.
  • the implanted receiver resonator may span a volume that is less than 3 in. by 3 in. by 2 in.
  • the implanted receiver resonator can have the largest possible area spanned by a cross section of the resonator to be an area as big as the human anatomy can allow as with the case where a non-planar resonator wraps around the abdomen of the body.
  • FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrates exemplary embodiments of a TETS 700 with a ventricular assist device (VAD) 750 according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • a VAD is a mechanical circulatory device that is used to partially or completely replace the function of a failing heart. For patients suffering from congestive heart failure, the VAD is implanted into the patient for long term use. VADs are designed to assist either the right (RVAD) or left (LVAD) ventricle, or both at once (BiVAD). VADs can be designed with an axial flow or centrifugal flow configuration.
  • An impeller configured in an axial flow or centrifugal configuration can be suspended by journal bearing such as a ball and cup, or by a combination of active and/or passive magnetic forces, or by a combination of passive magnetic forces and hydrodynamic forces.
  • the blood pump can be an artificial heart, which is designed to completely take over cardiac function and may require the removal of a patient's heart.
  • the VAD 750 includes a pump assembly 713 , a blood pump 714 , a rechargeable power storage device 716 , and a power receiver unit 711 .
  • the rechargeable power storage device 716 may include two or more rechargeable batteries 715 to provide the VAD 750 with a backup battery in case the stored energy in the primary battery is depleted or if the primary battery fails otherwise.
  • the rechargeable power storage device 716 can be implanted in a location away from the blood pump assembly 713 , for example, in the lower abdominal as shown in FIG. 7A .
  • the power receiving unit 711 includes a resonator 712 with a coil that is coupled to the power storage device 716 , which is the electrical load of the power receiver unit 711 . In the embodiment as shown in FIG.
  • the receiver resonator 712 is the non-planar one of the resonators in the TETS 700 and spans a non-degenerate two-dimensional surface including any of the surfaces described above.
  • the resonant frequency of the receiver resonator 712 can be in a range of 100 kHz to 10 MHz. In an exemplary embodiment, the resonant frequency of the receiver resonator 712 can be 100 kHz, 500 kHz, 1 MHz, or 10 MHz. In other embodiments, another resonant frequency that is safe for the human body can be used.
  • the TETS 700 also includes a power transmitter unit 701 that is external to the patient.
  • the transmitter unit 701 includes a transmitter resonator 702 with a coil that is configured to be coupled to a power supply source 720 such as an electrical wall outlet.
  • the transmitter unit 701 can be coupled to other power sources such as a battery that can be used to drive an electrical current through the coil of the transmitter resonator 702 .
  • the transmitter resonator 702 is a planar resonator made of a planar wire loop.
  • the resonant frequency of the transmitter resonator 702 can be in a range of 100 kHz to 10 MHz. In an exemplary embodiment, the resonant frequency of the transmitter resonator 702 can be 100 kHz, 500 kHz, 1 MHz, or 10 MHz. In other embodiments, another resonant frequency that is safe for the human body can be used.
  • the transmitter resonator 702 as part of the transmitter unit 701 may be embedded in a stationary object such as a wall, a chair, a bed, or other fixtures such as a car seat or objects that do not move by themselves without external control or human assistance.
  • the source of power for a stationary and embedded transmitter resonator is generally alternating current from an electric outlet, but can also be direct current from a battery source.
  • the transmitter resonator 702 may be part of a piece of wearable clothing such as a vest or a jacket, or other wearable accessories.
  • the source of power would be portable sized rechargeable batteries that also could be worn by the patient.
  • the TETS 700 is able to wirelessly transfer energy from the transmitter unit 701 to the receiver unit 711 to recharge the power storage device 716 of the VAD 750 .
  • the transmitter unit 701 is able to deliver power in the range of 5 W to 20 W to the receiver unit 711 to recharge the batteries 715 in the power storage device 716 of the VAD 750 .
  • the TETS 700 is able to achieve a power transfer between the transmitter coil in the transmitter resonator 702 and the receiver coil in the receiver resonator 712 at a given separation distance D that is at least 25% of a maximum achievable power transfer at that given separation distance D, regardless of the coils' respective orientation to each other.
  • the TETS 700 is able to transfer a maximum amount of 20 W at a distance D of 10 cm when the respective coils in the receiver and transmitter resonators 702 and 712 are in their ideal alignment.
  • the TETS 700 is still able to transfer at least 5 W of power to the receiver unit 711 at the separation distance D of 10 cm.
  • a greater or lesser amount of power can be delivered over longer distances, for example, separation distances of 35 cm and beyond, by adjusting the size and geometries of the resonators.
  • non-planar resonator that spans a surface area occupying three spatial dimensions in the receiver unit 711 according to embodiments of the present invention has the advantage over conventional systems that uses only planar resonators, in that the non-planar receiver resonator 712 is able to couple with more magnetic flux generated from the transmitter unit 701 in a wider range of spatial orientations.
  • the resonators 702 and 712 have to be placed in a particular orientation with respect to each other in order to transfer a meaningful amount of power required to recharge the rechargeable storage device 716 .
  • FIGS. 8A and 8B This advantage of the TETS 700 according to an embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIGS. 8A and 8B .
  • the transmitter resonator 702 as part of the transmitter unit 701 of the TETS 700 is embedded in a bed 800 .
  • Implanted in a patient are a VAD 750 and a receiver unit 711 with a non-planar receiver resonator that is coupled to the rechargeable batteries of the VAD 750 .
  • the patient is laying flat on the patient's back on the bed as shown in FIG. 8A or is lying on the patient's side as shown in FIG.
  • the TETS 700 is still able to transfer a sufficient amount of energy to recharge the rechargeable batteries of the VAD 750 .
  • This feature of the TETS 700 according to embodiments of the present invention may not be possible in conventional systems that use only a single planar resonator for each of a transmitter and a receiver.
  • the planar resonators in the transmitter and the receiver may be oriented parallel to each other when the patient is laying flat on the patient's back on the bed as in FIG. 8A to effect energy transfer between the planar resonators.
  • FIG. 8A to effect energy transfer between the planar resonators.
  • the planar resonators of such a conventional system may then be oriented orthogonal to each other, which would result in zero or close to zero amount of energy being transferred. If the patient falls asleep and remains in this position for an extended period of time, the batteries of the VAD 750 may deplete completely to cause the VAD 750 of a conventional system to fail. This poses a risk to the patient if the VAD 750 losses power completely.
  • this risk to a patient can be minimized by enabling energy transfer in the system regardless of the orientation of the transmitter and receiver resonators relative to each other when the resonators are within an operating distance range of the TETS 700 .
  • the TETS 700 may include any of the additional components and techniques described above to tune or detune the system to modulate the power delivered to the VAD 750 according to the needs and performance requirements of the patient.
  • the transmitter and receiver units 701 and 711 each include additional communications circuitry to establish a wireless communications channel between the receiver unit 701 and the transmitter unit 711 to communicate system information between the units.
  • the system information can be used to adjust the tunable components of the system to modulate the power delivered to the receiver unit 801 .
  • the wireless communications channel can be a radio frequency signal or other wireless signal transmissions that are safe for the human body.
  • FIG. 7B illustrates a different embodiment of a TETS 760 in accordance with the present invention.
  • the rechargeable power storage device 716 is implanted near the back shoulder of a patient as shown.
  • the geometry of a planar resonator may be more suitable for implantation at that location than a non-planar resonator.
  • the non-planar resonator is used in the transmitter unit 701 instead.
  • the transmitter unit 701 that has a non-planar transmitter resonator 762 to enable omni-orientation wireless energy transfer to a planar resonator 772 in the receiver unit 711 .
  • a non-planar transmitter resonator 762 to enable omni-orientation wireless energy transfer to a planar resonator 772 in the receiver unit 711 .
  • the receiver or transmitter resonators is a non-planar resonator that spans a non-degenerate two-dimensional surface, power can be transmitted at a given operating distance regardless of one resonator's orientation relative to the other resonator.
  • the operation of the TETS 760 is similar to those of the TETS 700 of FIG. 7A , and hence a description of the operation of the TETS 760 will not be repeated here.
  • a transmitter unit can be integrated into a wearable vest that a patient can wear, and the transmitter unit can be powered by a battery embedded in the vest.
  • the patient can move around freely and go about the patient's daily activities while charging or powering an implanted VAD without requiring wires to connect the vest to the body and without the patient having to worry about the particular alignment of the vest to the body.
  • a transmitter unit can be integrated into an office desk or other office furniture. As a patient moves around within the vicinity of the office desk or other office furniture at work, an implanted VAD can remain fully charged throughout the work day.
  • a transmitter unit can also be integrated into an automobile such that a driver or a passenger with an implanted VAD can freely move around and adjust the person's sitting position within the automobile while charging an implanted VAD.
  • Transmitter units can also be integrated into an airplane to allow a traveler to freely move around the cabin on long international flights while charging an implanted VAD.
  • FIG. 9A shows a method for omni-orientational wireless energy transfer according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • a transmitter resonator including a transmitter coil coupled to a power supply is provided.
  • the transmitter coil that is part of the transmitter resonator is a coil that spans a non-degenerate two-dimensional surface with at least one concave portion.
  • the power supply drives an electrical current through the transmitter coil, magnetic flux is generated around the transmitter resonator.
  • a receiver resonator is placed at a separation distance from the transmitter resonator.
  • the receiver resonator includes a receiver coil that is coupled to an electrical load.
  • magnetic flux generated from the transmitter unit induces an electrical current to flow in the receiver coil of the receiver resonator.
  • the electrical current flowing through the receiver coil can then be used to power the electrical load that is coupled to the receiver coil.
  • power is transferred wirelessly from the transmitter resonator to the receiver resonator.
  • the method 950 as shown in FIG. 9B instead of the transmitter resonator, it is the receiver resonator that spans a non-degenerate two-dimensional surface with at least one concave portion.
  • the principles of the operations for omni-orientational wireless energy transfer are the same.
  • energy can be transferred between the resonators regardless of the orientation of one resonator relative to the other resonator.
  • embodiments of the invention can be used to power or recharge robots that are free to roam around a manufacturing facility, where the orientation of a receiver unit in the robots may vary relative to a stationary transmitter unit installed in the manufacturing facility.
  • embodiments of the present invention can be used in any application to wirelessly transfer energy between two objects, where at least one of the objects is free to move around such that the relative orientation of the two objects may change.

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US13/301,717 US9079043B2 (en) 2011-11-21 2011-11-21 Transcutaneous power transmission utilizing non-planar resonators
AU2012340918A AU2012340918B2 (en) 2011-11-21 2012-11-16 Transcutaneous power transmission utilizing non-planar resonators
EP19156259.4A EP3539613B1 (de) 2011-11-21 2012-11-16 Transkutane stromübertragung mit nichtplanaren resonatoren
EP12812424.5A EP2782641B1 (de) 2011-11-21 2012-11-16 Transkutane stromübertragung mit nichtplanaren resonatoren
PCT/US2012/065553 WO2013078092A1 (en) 2011-11-21 2012-11-16 Transcutaneous power transmission utilizing non-planar resonators
JP2014543508A JP6353787B2 (ja) 2011-11-21 2012-11-16 非平面共振器を利用した経皮的電力伝送
CA2856283A CA2856283A1 (en) 2011-11-21 2012-11-16 Transcutaneous power transmission utilizing non-planar resonators
EP20215185.8A EP3827876B1 (de) 2011-11-21 2012-11-16 Transkutane stromübertragung mit nichtplanaren resonatoren
US14/796,983 US10279096B2 (en) 2011-11-21 2015-07-10 Transcutaneous power transmission utilizing non-planar resonators
US16/375,573 US10702644B2 (en) 2011-11-21 2019-04-04 Transcutaneous power transmission utilizing non-planar resonators
US16/884,840 US11801387B2 (en) 2011-11-21 2020-05-27 Transcutaneous power transmission utilizing non-planar resonators

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US16/375,573 Active US10702644B2 (en) 2011-11-21 2019-04-04 Transcutaneous power transmission utilizing non-planar resonators
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US16/884,840 Active US11801387B2 (en) 2011-11-21 2020-05-27 Transcutaneous power transmission utilizing non-planar resonators

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US10702644B2 (en) 2020-07-07
EP3827876A1 (de) 2021-06-02
US11801387B2 (en) 2023-10-31
EP3827876B1 (de) 2024-07-03
CA2856283A1 (en) 2013-05-30
EP2782641A1 (de) 2014-10-01
AU2012340918A1 (en) 2014-06-12
US20190231955A1 (en) 2019-08-01
EP3539613A1 (de) 2019-09-18
AU2012340918B2 (en) 2016-07-14
JP2014534804A (ja) 2014-12-18
EP2782641B1 (de) 2019-03-20
JP6353787B2 (ja) 2018-07-04
US20160067396A1 (en) 2016-03-10
WO2013078092A1 (en) 2013-05-30
US20200282123A1 (en) 2020-09-10
US10279096B2 (en) 2019-05-07
EP3539613B1 (de) 2021-02-24
US20130127253A1 (en) 2013-05-23

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