US8830129B2 - Dielectric artificial impedance surface antenna - Google Patents

Dielectric artificial impedance surface antenna Download PDF

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Publication number
US8830129B2
US8830129B2 US13/427,682 US201213427682A US8830129B2 US 8830129 B2 US8830129 B2 US 8830129B2 US 201213427682 A US201213427682 A US 201213427682A US 8830129 B2 US8830129 B2 US 8830129B2
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daisa
dielectric
wave
impedance
feed
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US20130249737A1 (en
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Daniel J. Gregoire
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HRL Laboratories LLC
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HRL Laboratories LLC
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Assigned to HRL LABORATORIES, LLC reassignment HRL LABORATORIES, LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GREGOIRE, DANIEL J.
Priority to US13/427,682 priority Critical patent/US8830129B2/en
Application filed by HRL Laboratories LLC filed Critical HRL Laboratories LLC
Priority to EP13763659.3A priority patent/EP2828930B1/de
Priority to CN201380004106.2A priority patent/CN104185925B/zh
Priority to PCT/US2013/031079 priority patent/WO2013142216A1/en
Publication of US20130249737A1 publication Critical patent/US20130249737A1/en
Priority to US14/092,276 priority patent/US9312602B2/en
Publication of US8830129B2 publication Critical patent/US8830129B2/en
Application granted granted Critical
Priority to PCT/US2014/064404 priority patent/WO2015080849A1/en
Priority to CN201480063366.1A priority patent/CN105900281B/zh
Priority to EP14865554.1A priority patent/EP3075026B1/de
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/20—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/28—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave comprising elements constituting electric discontinuities and spaced in direction of wave propagation, e.g. dielectric elements or conductive elements forming artificial dielectric
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/006—Selective devices having photonic band gap materials or materials of which the material properties are frequency dependent, e.g. perforated substrates, high-impedance surfaces
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/02—Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism
    • H01Q15/10—Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism comprising three-dimensional [3D] array of impedance discontinuities, e.g. holes in conductive surfaces or conductive discs forming artificial dielectric
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/06—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49016—Antenna or wave energy "plumbing" making

Definitions

  • This disclosure relates to artificial impedance surface antennas (AISAs).
  • AISAs Prior art artificial impedance surface antennas
  • D. Gregoire and J. Colburn “Artificial impedance surface antenna design and simulation”, Proc. 2010 Antenna Applications Symposium, pp. 288, J. S. Colburn et al., “Scalar and Tensor Artificial Impedance Surface Conformal Antennas”, 2007 Antenna Applications Symposium, pp. 526-540, and B. H. Fong et al, “Scalar and Tensor Holographic Artificial Impedance Surfaces”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., accepted for publication, 2010.
  • AISAs are fabricated by printing arrays of metallic patches 26 onto a dielectric substrate, as shown in FIG. 1B .
  • the surface-wave impedance modulation is created by the printed grid of metallic patches, whose size varies according to the desired modulation. To operate properly it is critical that the size and placement of metallic patches maintain a strict dimensional tolerance.
  • the dielectric substrate, upon which the metallic patches in the prior art are printed, is typically a high-cost, a high-frequency circuit board material such as Rogers 3010 which costs typically $150/sq. ft.
  • the process of creating the array of square patches requires costly and time-consuming circuit board etching techniques.
  • AISAs artificial impedance surface antennas
  • a method of fabricating the AISAs that use conventional manufacturing methods to allow for mass production.
  • the embodiments of the present disclosure answer these and other needs.
  • a dielectric artificial impedance surface antenna comprises a dielectric with a thickness, the dielectric thickness varying to provide a modulated impedance to a signal traversing the dielectric, the dielectric having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface.
  • a method of fabricating a dielectric artificial impedance surface antenna comprises forming a dielectric with a thickness, the dielectric thickness varying to provide a modulated impedance to a signal traversing the dielectric, the dielectric having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface.
  • FIG. 1A illustrates the principle for artificial impedance surface antennas in accordance with the prior art
  • FIG. 1B shows a portion of the artificial impedance surface antenna of FIG. 1A implemented using square metallic patches in accordance with the prior art
  • FIG. 2 shows a dielectric artificial impedance surface antenna (DAISA) designed to operate at 24 GHz and radiating predominantly towards 60 degrees off normal in accordance with the present disclosure
  • DAISA dielectric artificial impedance surface antenna
  • FIG. 3 shows the surface-wave impedance properties of the DAISA of FIG. 2 as a function of its thickness in accordance with the present disclosure
  • FIG. 4A shows contour and line plots of the thickness of the DAISA of FIG. 2 as a function of position on the DAISA in accordance with the present disclosure
  • FIG. 4B shows the corresponding contour and line plots of the surface-wave impedance for the DAISA of FIG. 2 as a function of position on the DAISA in accordance with the present disclosure
  • FIG. 4C shows an elevation sectional view of the DAISA of
  • FIG. 2 shows a dielectric material with a conducting ground plane the first surface
  • FIG. 4E shows the dielectric material with a conducting ground plane on the second surface
  • FIG. 4F shows the second surface of the DAISA with a modulated height
  • FIG. 4G shows the second surface with a curvature suitable for mounting conformally on a curved surface, in accordance with the present disclosure
  • FIG. 5A shows the measured radiation pattern of the DAISA shown in FIG. 2 in accordance with the present disclosure
  • FIG. 5B shows the relative radiation intensity as a function of angle and frequency for the DAISA of FIG. 2 in accordance with the present disclosure
  • FIG. 6A shows a 60 cm ⁇ 38 cm DAISA designed to operate at 12 GHz and radiating predominantly towards 60 degrees off normal in accordance with the present disclosure
  • FIG. 6B shows the measured radiation patterns for the DAISA in FIG. 6A in accordance with the present disclosure
  • FIGS. 7A and 7B show surface wave feeds for a dielectric artificial impedance surface antenna (DAISA) in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • DAISA dielectric artificial impedance surface antenna
  • FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of a method of fabricating a dielectric artificial impedance surface antenna (DAISA) in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • DAISA dielectric artificial impedance surface antenna
  • AISAs Artificial impedance surface antennas
  • FIG. 1A A surface wave of a desired frequency is launched across a dielectric with a modulated height of a surface and therefore a modulated impedance.
  • the modulated surface wave impedance of the modulated impedance surface may be described by the following equation.
  • Z sw ( x,y ) X+M cos((2 ⁇ f 0 /c )*( nr - x sin ⁇ 0 )
  • the modulated surface wave impedance varies the speed of the surface wave as it propagates across the surface.
  • the electric fields generated by the speed variation leads to EM radiation strongly directed into a desired angle ⁇ 0 .
  • FIG. 1B shows a portion of the artificial impedance surface antenna of FIG. 1A implemented using square metallic patches 26 in accordance with the prior art.
  • the gaps between the metallic patches 26 vary between 0.2 mm and 1 mm, and high impedance regions have small gaps and are darker.
  • FIG. 2 shows a dielectric artificial impedance surface antenna (DAISA) designed to operate at 24 GHz and radiating predominantly towards 60 degrees off normal in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 3 shows the surface-wave impedance properties of the DAISA of FIG. 2 as a function of its thickness in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • DAISA dielectric artificial impedance surface antenna
  • FIGS. 4A to 4C show a dielectric artificial impedance surface antenna (DAISA) 10 in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • the DAISA 10 is composed of a sheet of dielectric material 20 that has a modulated thickness that modulates the height of a first surface 12 .
  • Modulation diagram 18 shown in FIG. 4A , illustrates how the thickness is modulated. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that a particular modulation depends on the desired frequency and angle of radiation. DAISAs may be designed to radiate at any desired frequency and angle.
  • the impedance-thickness correlation can be computed using the transverse resonance method.
  • the transverse resonance method for a dielectric sheet is described in R. Collin, “Field theory of guided waves, 2nd Ed.”, IEEE Press, 1996, pp. 705-708, which is incorporated herein by reference as though set forth in full.
  • the DAISA 10 may be planar or have a curvature suitable for conformal mounting on a curved surface, such as, for example, a wing or a nose of an airplane, or a bumper or grill of an automobile.
  • a planar DAISA the second surface 14 of the DAISA 10 may be flat.
  • the second surface 14 may have a curvature suitable for mounting conformally on a curved surface, as shown in FIG. 4G .
  • the second surface 14 of the DAISA 10 may also have a modulated height, as shown in FIG. 4F .
  • the dielectric material 20 may be any non-conducting material such as plastic.
  • Example materials include Lexan®, acrylic, Plexiglas®, and other forms of plastic.
  • the dielectric material 20 may be transparent or may be colored.
  • the dielectric material 20 may have a conducting ground plane 13 on the first surface 12 , as shown in FIG. 4D , or the dielectric material 20 may have a conducting ground plane 15 on the second surface 14 , as shown in FIG. 4E .
  • the ground plane may be formed by depositing metal or otherwise coating one of the surfaces with a metallic coating. In some embodiments of DAISAs, there may be no ground plane on either the first or second surface. In this embodiment, no metal coating is required.
  • the surface wave impedance map 22 shown in FIG. 4B illustrates the impedance modulation along one line 24 from the feed point 16 of the artificial impedance surface antenna (DAISA) 10 .
  • the dielectric artificial impedance surface antenna (DAISA) 10 shown in FIGS. 4A to 4C has a design to radiate at a 60 degree angle off normal at 24 GHz.
  • the dielectric artificial impedance surface antenna (DAISA) 10 may be used in either a receive mode or a transmit mode.
  • the surface wave feed, for transmitting a signal to or receiving a signal from the feed point 16 of the DAISA 10 may be a microstrip line 60 , as shown in FIG. 7A , a waveguide such as a low profile waveguide 62 , shown in FIG. 7B , a microwave horn (not shown), or a dipole extending upward from the first surface 12 .
  • the dipole may, for example, be the center conductor of a coaxial cable extending vertically through the feed point and normal to the plane of the DAISA at the feed point 16 .
  • the ground conductor of the coaxial cable may be connected to the conducting ground plane, which as discussed above may be either on the first surface 12 or the second surface 14 of the DAISA.
  • the surface-wave feed may launch a transverse magnetic (TM) surface wave or a transverse electric (TE) surface wave.
  • FIG. 2 shows a dielectric artificial impedance surface antenna (DAISA) 30 designed to operate at 24 GHz and radiating predominantly towards 60 degrees off normal.
  • the DAISA 30 is fabricated out of 30 cm ⁇ 20 cm aluminum-backed acrylic.
  • FIG. 3 shows the correlation between the DAISA thickness and the surface-wave impedance. The thickness of DAISA 30 as a function of position is seen in FIG. 4A .
  • FIG. 5A shows the measured realized gain 42 of the radiation pattern of the DAISA 30 shown in FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 5B shows the realized gain as a function of angle and frequency for the DAISA 30 .
  • FIG. 6A shows a 60 cm ⁇ 38 cm DAISA 50 designed to operate at 12 GHz and radiating predominantly towards 60 degrees off normal.
  • FIG. 6B shows the measured realized gain 54 for the DAISA 50 .
  • a dielectric artificial impedance surface antenna (DAISA) in accordance with the present disclosure may be fabricated by forming a dielectric material into a shape to form a modulated impedance surface, as shown in step 100 in FIG. 8 .
  • a dielectric is formed having a varying thickness to provide a modulated impedance to a signal traversing the dielectric, the dielectric having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface.
  • the shape of the dielectric material may be formed by milling, stereo-lithography or by stamping, which is particularly suited for mass production, as shown in step 102 .
  • the dielectric material 20 may be any non-conducting material such as plastic, including Lexan®, acrylic, Plexiglas®, and other forms of plastic.
  • the dielectric material 20 may be transparent or may be colored.
  • the DAISA may be formed to mount conformally on a curved surface or be planar.
  • a conductive ground plane may be formed on either the first surface 12 or the second surface 14 of the DAISA by metallic coating, which may be sprayed or deposited. Once the DAISA is fabricated a surface wave feed may be attached to the feed point 16 of the DAISA 10 .

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)
  • Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)
US13/427,682 2012-03-22 2012-03-22 Dielectric artificial impedance surface antenna Active 2032-11-16 US8830129B2 (en)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US13/427,682 US8830129B2 (en) 2012-03-22 2012-03-22 Dielectric artificial impedance surface antenna
EP13763659.3A EP2828930B1 (de) 2012-03-22 2013-03-13 Dielektrische künstliche impedanzoberflächenantenne
CN201380004106.2A CN104185925B (zh) 2012-03-22 2013-03-13 电介质人造阻抗表面天线
PCT/US2013/031079 WO2013142216A1 (en) 2012-03-22 2013-03-13 Dielectric artificial impedance surface antenna
US14/092,276 US9312602B2 (en) 2012-03-22 2013-11-27 Circularly polarized scalar impedance artificial impedance surface antenna
EP14865554.1A EP3075026B1 (de) 2012-03-22 2014-11-06 Zirkular polarisierte oberflächenantenne mit skalarer/künstlicher impedanz
PCT/US2014/064404 WO2015080849A1 (en) 2012-03-22 2014-11-06 Circularly polarized scalar impedance artificial impedance surface antenna
CN201480063366.1A CN105900281B (zh) 2012-03-22 2014-11-06 圆极化标量阻抗人工阻抗表面天线

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US13/427,682 US8830129B2 (en) 2012-03-22 2012-03-22 Dielectric artificial impedance surface antenna

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US20130249737A1 US20130249737A1 (en) 2013-09-26
US8830129B2 true US8830129B2 (en) 2014-09-09

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EP (1) EP2828930B1 (de)
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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9954284B1 (en) * 2013-06-28 2018-04-24 Hrl Laboratories, Llc Skylight antenna
US20180246429A1 (en) * 2017-02-28 2018-08-30 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9312602B2 (en) * 2012-03-22 2016-04-12 Hrl Laboratories, Llc Circularly polarized scalar impedance artificial impedance surface antenna
US10312596B2 (en) * 2013-01-17 2019-06-04 Hrl Laboratories, Llc Dual-polarization, circularly-polarized, surface-wave-waveguide, artificial-impedance-surface antenna
US9910144B2 (en) * 2013-03-07 2018-03-06 Cpg Technologies, Llc Excitation and use of guided surface wave modes on lossy media
CN106887691B (zh) * 2017-04-28 2019-04-09 电子科技大学 互补地全息调制表面双波束高增益天线

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9954284B1 (en) * 2013-06-28 2018-04-24 Hrl Laboratories, Llc Skylight antenna
US20180246429A1 (en) * 2017-02-28 2018-08-30 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Toner

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WO2013142216A1 (en) 2013-09-26
EP2828930A1 (de) 2015-01-28
CN104185925B (zh) 2016-10-05
US20130249737A1 (en) 2013-09-26
EP2828930B1 (de) 2017-12-13
EP2828930A4 (de) 2015-06-24
CN104185925A (zh) 2014-12-03

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