Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
  • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
  • H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
  • H01B3/20—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances liquids, e.g. oils
  • H01B3/22—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances liquids, e.g. oils hydrocarbons
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L91/00—Compositions of oils, fats or waxes; Compositions of derivatives thereof
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
  • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
  • H01F27/08—Cooling; Ventilating
  • H01F27/10—Liquid cooling
  • H01F27/12—Oil cooling
  • H01F27/14—Expansion chambers; Oil conservators; Gas cushions; Arrangements for purifying, drying, or filling
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
  • H05K7/00—Constructional details common to different types of electric apparatus
  • H05K7/20—Modifications to facilitate cooling, ventilating, or heating
  • H05K7/20218—Modifications to facilitate cooling, ventilating, or heating using a liquid coolant without phase change in electronic enclosures

Definitions

• This invention relates to electrical equipment containing dielectric oil having a high erucic acid content.
• At least one aspect of the present invention seeks to address the need for electrical equipment using an insulating liquid that is non-toxic, biodegradable, relatively inflammable, innocuous to the environment, conforms to existing specifications and guides for dielectric fluids, and exhibits performance characteristics that are comparable with, or superior to, presently used insulating oils.
• the present invention provides a dielectric fluid suitable for use in electrical equipment.
• the dielectric fluid comprises an oil component comprising one or both of crambe oil and high erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) oil and one or both of esterified or transesterified (which terms are used interchangeably herein) crambe oil and HEAR oil.
• HEAR high erucic acid rapeseed
• Some embodiments of the present inventions have oil components with a erucic acid content of at least 45 wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 55 wt %, or at least 60 wt %.
• Another aspect of the invention provides devices for transforming, generating, and/or distributing electrical energy, including electrical transmission cables, switching gear and transformers, that incorporate a dielectric fluid comprising an oil component comprising one or both of crambe oil and HEAR oil and one or both of esterified or transesterified crambe oil and HEAR oil.
• An advantage of at least one embodiment of the present invention is that it provides a dielectric oil having a low viscosity, which improves thermal conductivity.
• Another advantage of at least one embodiment of the present invention is that it is biodegradable.
• Another advantage of at least one embodiment of the present invention is that, because high erucic acid oils are generally not edible, using these oils to make dielectric fluids does not divert these oils from being used as a food source.
• the oil component may comprise at least 45 wt % erucic acid, at least 50 wt % erucic acid, at least 55 wt % erucic acid, or at least 60 wt % erucic acid.
• This is ideal for use in electrical applications.
• Some vegetable oil currently used in electrical applications contain oleic acid (C18.1) as their major component. Because of its longer carbon chain, erucic acid provides better thermal stability and resistance than oleic acid.
• the high erucic acid oil of the present invention contains higher than 76 wt % of mono-unsaturated fatty acids.
• Mono-unsaturated fatty acids are more thermally stable than di- and tri-unsaturated fatty acids and are, therefore, better suited for use in insulating fluids in electrical applications.
• the esters that are made from the crambe or HEAR oil provide excellent electrical resistance, making them also ideal for use in electrical applications.
• the esterification or transesterification reaction preferably results in an alkyl ester having a carbon chain of 1 to 8 carbons, more preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• the esters have a low viscosity.
• the low viscosity can improve the oil cooling process during utilization in electrical applications.
• the viscosity of a vegetable oil can be two times higher than mineral oil, which has been used more prevalently for electrical applications than vegetable oils.
• the vegetable oils may require a different cooling process than mineral oil and can negatively impact the life of electrical equipment, such as a transformer.
• Including the esters of the present invention in the composition of the dielectric fluid can reduce the viscosity of the oil component to an acceptable level.
• oil is first extracted from crambe or HEAR seeds.
• a typical extraction process includes the use of hexane as a solvent to increase the amount of oil removed from the seeds.
• crambe and HEAR oils are typically unsatisfactory for use as a dielectric fluid because they contain water and other conductive contaminants which degrade their performance properties as a dielectric fluid when used in electrical apparatus such as power and distribution transformers. Therefore, preferably the crambe and HEAR oils of the present invention are subjected to purification processes to remove water, acid, and conductive contaminants.
• Removal of polar contaminants including pigments (e.g., chlorophylls), wax, and phospholipids such as lecithin may be conducted in which phosphoric or citric acid, phospholipid enzymes, silicates, such as metal or sodium silicates, or clays are added to the oil.
• phosphoric or citric acid e.g., phospholipid enzymes
• silicates such as metal or sodium silicates
• clays e.g., phospholipids
• a suitable amount of such materials is typically about 3-4 wt %.
• These materials typically agglomerate the contaminants into particles.
• the particles can them be removed by filtration.
• a suitable filtration medium typically removes particles in the range of 0.5 to 5 micrometers. Finer pore sized media are typically preferred.
• Removal of polar contaminants may also be accomplished by eluting the dielectric fluid composition under gravity through adsorption media including, but not limited to, Fuller's earth, diatomaceous earth, activated clays, and attapulgite.
• adsorption media including, but not limited to, Fuller's earth, diatomaceous earth, activated clays, and attapulgite.
• Removal of water may be effected with known dehydration processes. Suitable examples of dehydration processes include, but are not limited to, eluting the dielectric fluid composition under gravity through adsorption media, centrifugal separation, and vacuum dehydration. Suitable adsorption media to remove water include, but are not limited to, chemical desiccants such as silica gel or anhydrous magnesium sulphate, starch or molecular sieves. Preferably the water concentration is reduced to about 100 ppm or less.
• Removal of acids may be effected by the addition of sodium or potassium hydroxide in an alkaline water based solution. This process forms soaps that can be filtered from the oil. Clays may also be used to improve the separation of the soaps from the oil.
• the crude crambe and HEAR oils may undergo one or more purification processes to provide a dielectric fluid composition with the desired performance characteristics for use in electrical equipment.
• the crambe and HEAR oils may also undergo an esterification process.
• the esterification or transesterification reaction preferably results in an alkyl ester having a carbon chain of 1 to 8 carbons, more preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• Known esterification methods include the use of base or acid catalysts.
• the base catalyst comprise sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium alkoxides, potassium alkoxides, alkali metal alkoxylate catalysts selected from the group consisting of sodium methanolate, sodium ethanolate, sodium propanolate, sodium butanolate, potassium methanolate, potassium ethanolate, potassium propanolate, potassium butanolate and mixtures thereof, triethanolamine, and mixtures thereof.
• Typical examples of the acid catalyst comprise inorganic acid catalysts selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, or mixtures thereof.
• the esterified oils may be purified in the same manner as the crude oils.
• oils and esters may be mixed with the crambe and HEAR oils and esters.
• Preferred oils would be those having relatively high levels of erucic acid, such as other types of rapeseed oils, wallflower seed oil, meadowfoam seed oil, and mustard seed oil but other vegetable or non-vegetable oils may also be suitable additives in some embodiments.
• the dielectric fluid composition is further blended with additives such as anti-oxidants and metal scavengers (corrosion inhibitors).
• additives such as anti-oxidants and metal scavengers (corrosion inhibitors).
• the oxidative stability of the dielectric fluid composition can be improved by addition of anti-oxidants and/or metal scavengers to the dielectric fluid composition.
• Anti-oxidants comprise one or more compounds that absorb, or scavenge, oxygen that otherwise would dissolve in the high erucic acid oils and result in oxidative breakdown of the oil.
• Suitable examples of anti-oxidants include, but are not limited to, phenolic anti-oxidants such as IRGANOX L109, IRGANOX L64, IRGANOX L94, and octylated/butylated diphenylamine antioxidants such as IRGANOX L57 (all available under these trade names from Ciba Corporation (now part of BASF), Tarrytown, N.Y.), ETHANOX 4702 (available from Albemarle Corporation, Baton Rouge, La.) BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), TBHQ (tertiary butylhydroxyquinone), THBP (tetrahydroxybutrophenone), ascorbyl palmitate (rosemary oil), propyl gallate, and alpha-, beta
• metal scavengers include, but are not limited to, copper scavengers such as tolutriazole, benzotriazole, and triazole derivatives such as those available under the trade designations IRGAMET 30 (a triazole derivative), and IRGAMET 39 (a tolutriazole derivative) from Ciba Corporation (now part of BASF).
• KEMIN BF 320 available from Kemin Industries, Des Moines, Iowa
• TBHQ tert-Butylhydroquinone
• the performance of dielectric fluids at low temperatures is important in some applications.
• the crambe and HEAR oils may have pour point values higher than are desirable for some applications.
• a typical electrical power distribution application requires that a coolant have a pour point below about ⁇ 20° C.
• Blends of these components can provide lower pour points than their individual constituent oils because crambe and HEAR esters have a lower pour point than the crambe or HEAR oil alone.
• suitable blend proportions include anywhere from a blend of about 1 to about 99 wt % crambe and/or HEAR oil with about 99 to about 1 wt % crambe and/or HEAR esters, depending on the properties desired.
• blends suitable for some applications include about 5 to about 95 wt % crambe and/or HEAR oil with about 95 to about 5 wt % crambe and/or HEAR esters and about 30 to about 70 wt % crambe and/or HEAR oil with about 70 to about 30 wt % crambe and/or HEAR esters. It will be understood that these blend ranges are not exhaustive and are offered merely to illustrate the nature of the invention.
• Pour point depressants may also be added to the high erucic acid oils of the present invention.
• a suitable pour point depressant is di-octyl amilate, available from 3M Company, St. Paul, Minn.
• the dielectric fluids of the invention preferably are introduced into the electrical equipment in a manner that minimizes the exposure of the fluid to atmospheric oxygen, moisture, and other contaminants that could adversely affect their performance.
• a suitable process includes drying of the tank contents, evacuation and substitution of air with dry nitrogen gas, filling under partial vacuum, and immediate sealing of the tank.
• the dielectric fluids of the invention may be used in any application into which conventional dielectric fluids are employed.
• the high erucic acid oil based fluids of the invention may be incorporated into all types of electrical equipment, including, but not limited to, reactors, switchgear, regulators, tap changer compartments, high voltage bushings, and oil-filled cables.
• Electrical transformers and switchgear typically are constructed by immersing the core and windings and other electrical equipment in a dielectric fluid and enclosing the immersed components in a sealed housing or tank.
• the windings in larger equipment frequently are also wrapped with a cellulose or paper material.
• the dielectric fluids of the invention can be used to fill new electrical equipment in the manner described above.
• the fluids can also be used to retrofill existing electrical equipment that use other, less desirable dielectric fluids. Retrofilling existing equipment can be accomplished using any suitable method known in the art, though because of the increased sensitivity of vegetable oil fluids to moisture, it is preferable to dry components of the electrical equipment prior to the introduction of the high erucic acid oil based dielectric fluid.
• Refining Clay was then added at 0.4% by mass. The mixture was again continuously stirred at 750 rpm at a temperature of 80-85° C. for 30 minutes under a blanket of Low Water Content Nitrogen.
• the mixture was then filtered at room temperature using a lab-made filter cartridge which consisted of a plastic tube equipped with a fitting at the bottom to hold the filter medium, a filter having nominal particle removal in the 0.5-5.0 micrometer range, available under the trade designation ZETA PLUS S SERIES 05S Grade, from CUNO, a 3M company. Compressed air at a pressure in the range 10-30 psi (69 kPa-207 kPa) was used to facilitate the flow of oil through the filter medium.
• the filtered oil was then subjected to vacuum of about ⁇ 30 mmHg ( ⁇ 4 kPa) at a temperature of 70-80° C. for about 36 hours.
• the Crambe Esters were mono-esters obtained from the transesterification reaction of crambe oil with an alcohol blend of C5-C8 alcohols.
• Blending HEAR Oil with Crambe Esters (95 wt %-5 wt %)
• the refined HEAR Oil was blended with the refined Crambe Esters at a ratio 95:5 wt % for HEAR oil to crambe esters.
• the antioxidants and metal-ion scavengers ETHANOX 4702, KEMIN BF 320, and IRGAMET 30 were then added at concentrations of 3000, 500, and 50 ppm, respectively, under agitation at a temperature of 70-80° C.
• the oil was then stored under vacuum of about ⁇ 30 mmHg ( ⁇ 4 kPa) at a temperature of about 70° C. for at least 12 hours prior to testing.
• the test results are shown in the following Table 1.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
• Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
• Power Engineering (AREA)
• Organic Insulating Materials (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Lubricants (AREA)

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• 2010
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