US8694035B2 - Communications system and method for determining an exclusion zone in proximity to a wireless communications system - Google Patents

Communications system and method for determining an exclusion zone in proximity to a wireless communications system Download PDF

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US8694035B2
US8694035B2 US12/336,180 US33618008A US8694035B2 US 8694035 B2 US8694035 B2 US 8694035B2 US 33618008 A US33618008 A US 33618008A US 8694035 B2 US8694035 B2 US 8694035B2
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exclusion zone
wireless communications
communications system
size
interference
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US20090163237A1 (en
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Saied Abedi
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Fujitsu Ltd
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Fujitsu Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W16/00—Network planning, e.g. coverage or traffic planning tools; Network deployment, e.g. resource partitioning or cells structures
    • H04W16/14—Spectrum sharing arrangements between different networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W48/00—Access restriction; Network selection; Access point selection
    • H04W48/02—Access restriction performed under specific conditions
    • H04W48/04—Access restriction performed under specific conditions based on user or terminal location or mobility data, e.g. moving direction, speed

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method of, and apparatus for, reducing interference in a first wireless communications system; to a method of operating a controller for use with a first wireless communications system, and to the controller itself; and to a method of, and apparatus for, interacting with a first wireless communications system.
  • an exclusion zone has been considered, as shown in FIG. 3 .
  • spectrum sharing or flexible use of spectrum is forbidden to avoid interference from one system to another.
  • the exclusion zone may provide for protection of a satellite receiver as a primary system.
  • the spectrum assignment process may comprise the re-assignment of a portion of a spectrum band which has been pre-assigned to one of the first and second wireless communications systems from the one wireless communications system to the other of the first and second wireless communications systems.
  • the spectrum assignment process may comprise (for example during negotiations between the first and second wireless communications systems) re-assigning, from one of the first and second wireless communications systems to the other of the first and second wireless communications systems, some or all of the respective first or second pre-assigned spectrum band.
  • pre-assigned it may be meant that the wireless communications system to which the spectrum band has been pre-assigned is licensed for operation within that spectrum band.
  • any mobile communications apparatus in communication with one of the first and second wireless communications systems is permitted to operate only within the spectrum band which has been pre-assigned to the one wireless communications system, and is not permitted to operate within a portion of a spectrum band which has been re-assigned to the one wireless communications system from another wireless communications system as part of the spectrum assignment process.
  • the mobile communications apparatus may operate within the spectrum band which has been pre-assigned to the wireless communications system with which the mobile communications apparatus is in communication, and/or within a portion of a spectrum band which has been re-assigned to that wireless communications system from another wireless communications system as part of the spectrum assignment process.
  • flexible spectrum sharing may take place outside of the exclusion zone, but not within the exclusion zone.
  • the first and second wireless communications systems may be radio access networks (RANs) operating within the radio frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
  • RANs radio access networks
  • the wireless communications systems may operate within a microwave frequency range, for example.
  • mobile communications apparatus may relate to wireless equipment which is capable of undertaking wireless communications with one or both of the wireless communications systems.
  • the term may relate to user equipment (user-portable wireless equipment), for example a mobile telephone, personal digital assistant, laptop or PC, to an RFID tag/node or wireless sensor node.
  • the exclusion zone is located in proximity to the first wireless communications system in order to protect that system from interference caused by the use of re-assigned portions of spectrum, as described above.
  • the exclusion zone may fully or partially surround the first wireless communications system.
  • it may surround a wireless access network as a whole, or it may surround a part of the first wireless communications system, e.g. a network element (for example a base station) of a wireless access network.
  • a network element for example a base station
  • the exclusion zone is located adjacent the first wireless communications system, or in any area from where wireless communication between the mobile communications apparatus and the second wireless communications system (using a portion of spectrum assigned from the first wireless communication system) is likely to inflict interference on the first wireless communications system.
  • the invention may provide benefits for network operators. For example, the invention may improve the revenue for the borrowing party by making sure that the wireless resource is available when needed in peak times, and may provide an extra source of income for operators as the lending party by making sure that the redundant spectrum is not wasted and can be employed in an efficient way.
  • the technical solution provided by the invention may improve the way spectrum is being managed in current legacy networks, and reduce the time required to tailor new services to network operators.
  • the invention opens the way for a much better flexible exploitation of radio spectrum resources in a wireless network while significantly improving the spectrum efficiency and availability.
  • the method may include using any suitable means of indicating the size of the exclusion zone to radio equipment within the zone.
  • the method comprises transmitting from the first wireless communications system a local beacon signal the strength of which indicates the local size of the part of the exclusion zone, and adjusting the strength of the local beacon signal in order to vary the local size of the part of the exclusion zone.
  • the method comprises indicating the size of the exclusion zone on a map which is accessible by mobile communications apparatus.
  • the method comprises indicating the size of the exclusion zone by transmitting coordinates indicating a boundary of the exclusion zone.
  • the mobile communications apparatus may determine its position relative to the exclusion zone using a positioning system, such as a satellite positioning system.
  • the method may include using any suitable means of obtaining the level of interference.
  • the method comprises calculating a difference between a measured level of interference and a maximum acceptable level of interference, and varying the local size of the part of the exclusion zone in dependence on the difference.
  • the method includes varying the size of the exclusion zone in dependence only on a measured level of interference (i.e. without reference to a maximum acceptable level of interference).
  • the method may include measuring the level of interference. This may comprise the base station which is issuing a portion of spectrum measuring (or estimating) the signal-to-interference level (SIR) immediately before and immediately after the borrowing party (e.g. a RAN or BS) switches to the assigned portion of spectrum.
  • SIR signal-to-interference level
  • the assigning base station may then compare the SIR values and calculate the difference. It can then say how much additional interference or SIR loss it has suffered within the shared band.
  • the invention assumes that the capability to measure/estimate interference or SIR already exists in the base station.
  • the maximum acceptable level of interference may be obtained in any suitable way.
  • the method may include storing a predefined maximum acceptable level of interference.
  • the predefined maximum acceptable level of interference may be obtained in a measurement campaign before operation of the first wireless communications system.
  • the method includes calculating a current maximum acceptable level of interference.
  • the current maximum tolerable or acceptable level of interference depends on the grade of service provided by the system operators (e.g. premium services).
  • the method may comprise transmitting from the first wireless communications system to external circuitry a signal which is indicative of the level of interference inflicted on the first wireless communications system.
  • the external circuitry may be the exclusion zone controller or the second wireless communications system.
  • the method may include transmitting the signal in response to a request, received for example from the external circuitry, for an indication of the level of interference.
  • the method includes transmitting the signal periodically.
  • the method includes transmitting the signal in response to a change in a measured level of interference.
  • the method may include determining a desired size of the exclusion zone (particularly in the case that the exclusion zone controller forms part of the first wireless communications system) and/or, in the case that decisions as to the size of the exclusion zone can be made outside of the first wireless communications system, receiving a signal which is indicative of a desired size of the exclusion zone from external circuitry.
  • the method may comprise receiving from external circuitry (e.g. the exclusion zone controller) a signal which is indicative of a desired local size of the part of the exclusion zone, and varying the local size of the part of the exclusion zone to match the desired local size.
  • the method includes receiving a signal which is indicative of a desired change in the local size of the part of the exclusion zone, and varying the local size of the part of the exclusion zone in accordance with the desired change.
  • the method includes receiving a signal which is indicative of a desired strength of the local beacon signal, and varying the strength of the local beacon signal to match the desired strength.
  • the method includes receiving a signal which is indicative of a desired change in the strength of the local beacon signal, and varying the strength of the local beacon signal in accordance with the desired change.
  • the method comprises calculating the local size of the part of the exclusion zone in dependence on the level of interference using an algorithm. For example, the algorithm described above (in relation to the definition of the mapping table) can be applied to a live network. Rather than a look-up table the algorithm described above may adjust the size of exclusion zone in a dynamic and live manner in response to the interference level. So the mimic test interferer employed above would be replaced with the borrowing RAN (real live network).
  • the method may include confirming or otherwise an estimated level of interference inflicted on the first wireless communications system by the second wireless communications system, in response to a request for such confirmation received from the second wireless communications system. This may be done after measuring the level of interference.
  • the interference inflicted on the first wireless communications system will be inflicted by the second wireless communications system (i.e. by communication between a mobile communication apparatus and the second wireless communications system).
  • the main source of interference is likely to come from communications between user equipment located near the perimeter of the exclusion zone and a radio access network which has borrowed spectrum from the network (or cell) protected by the exclusion zone, where the communications take place using the borrowed spectrum.
  • a superposition of all the interference from radio entities in the granted band may be considered as the total increase in interference or loss of SIR in the base station or satellite ground station protected by the exclusion zone.
  • FSS fixed satellite system
  • Varying the local size of the part of the exclusion zone may comprise varying the size of the exclusion zone non-uniformly around the perimeter of the exclusion zone. Additionally, or alternatively, varying the local size of the part of the exclusion zone may comprise moving one or more portions of the perimeter of the exclusion zone towards or away from a central region of the exclusion zone. The method may include moving the said one or more portions independently of other portions of the perimeter.
  • Varying the local size of the part of the exclusion zone may comprise dynamically varying the local size.
  • a means of determining and communicating a desired local size of the exclusion zone from outside of the first wireless communications system such that the first wireless communications system is able to modify the local size of the part of the exclusion zone to match the desired local size.
  • Determining the desired local size of the part of the exclusion zone may comprise increasing the desired local size of the part of the exclusion zone in response to an increase in the level of interference and decreasing the desired local size of the part of the exclusion zone in response to a decrease in the level of interference.
  • the method may comprise storing a predefined mapping table of the level of interference against the desired local size of the part of the exclusion zone, and using the mapping table to determine the desired local size of the part of the exclusion zone.
  • determining the desired local size of the part of the exclusion zone comprises determining a desired strength of a local beacon signal.
  • transmitting to the first wireless communications system the signal which is indicative of the desired local size of the part of the exclusion zone may comprise transmitting a signal which is indicative of the desired strength of the local beacon signal.
  • transmitting the signal which is indicative of the desired local size of the part of the exclusion zone may include transmitting a signal, which is indicative of a location of a boundary of the exclusion zone on a map.
  • transmitting the signal may include transmitting a signal which is indicative of coordinates of a boundary of the exclusion zone.
  • the method may include storing a predefined mapping table of the level of interference against the strength of a local beacon signal, and using the mapping table to determine a desired strength of the local beacon signal in dependence on the level of interference.
  • the method includes defining the mapping table.
  • the method may comprise requesting the signal which is indicative of the level of interference inflicted on the first wireless communications system to be transmitted to the controller.
  • the signal may be received from one or both of the first and second wireless communications systems, or from another source.
  • the method includes periodically sending the request.
  • the signal may be requested in response to a request for a change in the local size of the part of the exclusion zone received from one or both of the first and second wireless communications systems.
  • the method includes requesting the signal from the first wireless communications system. Additionally or alternatively, the method may include requesting the signal from the second wireless communications system.
  • the method may include requesting the second wireless communications system to provide an estimation of the interference it is inflicting on the first wireless communications system.
  • the estimation may be requested in response to a request for a change in the size of the exclusion zone from the second wireless communications system.
  • the method includes receiving an estimated level of interference which the second wireless communications system is inflicting on the first wireless communications system, e.g. without the estimation having been requested.
  • the desired local size of the part of the exclusion zone may be determined in dependence on the estimated level of interference.
  • the second wireless communications system may request the first wireless communications system for confirmation of the estimation.
  • the method may include receiving an estimation from the second wireless communications system of the level of interference inflicted on the first wireless communications system by the second wireless communications system, wherein the estimation has been confirmed by the first wireless communications system, and wherein determining the desired local size of the part of the exclusion zone comprises making the determination in dependence on the confirmed estimation of the level of interference.
  • the method includes calculating a difference between the level of interference inflicted on the first wireless communications system by the second wireless communications system and a maximum acceptable level of interference on the first wireless communications system.
  • the method may include storing the maximum acceptable level of interference and/or calculating the current maximum acceptable level of interference.
  • Determining a desired local size of the part of the exclusion zone may comprise determining a desired variation in the size of the exclusion zone which is non-uniform around the perimeter of the exclusion zone. Additionally, or alternatively, determining a desired local size of the part of the exclusion zone may comprise determining a desired movement of one or more portion of the perimeter of the exclusion zone towards or away from a central region of the exclusion zone. The method may comprise determining the desired movement of the said one or more portions independently of other portions of the perimeter.
  • the request may be transmitted from the second wireless communications system or from a third wireless communications system, or both.
  • the method may include transmitting the request to an exclusion zone controller, or to the first wireless communications system, or both.
  • the method may include requesting a reduction in the size of the exclusion zone.
  • the method may include estimating, in the second wireless communications system, the interference which the second wireless communications system is inflicting on the first wireless communications system.
  • the estimation may be carried out in response to a request for the estimation from the exclusion zone controller.
  • the method may include sending the estimation from the second wireless communications system to the first wireless communications system, and/or to the exclusion zone controller, optionally with a request for confirmation.
  • the method may further include receiving the confirmation at the second wireless communications system from the first wireless communications system and sending the confirmation to the exclusion zone controller.
  • the method may include sending an estimation from the second wireless communications system to the exclusion zone controller without confirmation.
  • the confirmation may be taken into account to improve the precision and make the measurement more accurate and reliable. It may be the case that exclusion zone size calculations are based on only one of the estimation and the measured value, which may be more feasible, simple and practical. The problem is that the estimated interference might not be accurate enough in some circumstances, say for the operators of an FSS network.
  • apparatus for reducing interference in a first wireless communications system the first wireless communications system being operable in use to take part in a spectrum assignment process involving at least a second wireless communications system, the apparatus comprising
  • the apparatus may include using any suitable means of indicating the size of the exclusion zone to radio equipment within the zone.
  • the apparatus comprises beacon circuitry configured to transmit a local beacon signal the strength of which indicates the local size of the part of the exclusion zone, and wherein the exclusion zone circuitry is configured to adjust the strength of the local beacon signal in order to vary the local size of the part of the exclusion zone.
  • the apparatus comprises map circuitry configured to indicate the local size of the exclusion zone on a map which is accessible by mobile communications apparatus.
  • the apparatus comprises coordinate circuitry configured to indicate the local size of the exclusion zone by transmitting coordinates indicating a boundary of the exclusion zone.
  • the apparatus may comprise communications circuitry configured to transmit a request for a variation of the local size of the part of the exclusion zone to external circuitry.
  • the communications circuitry may be configured to transmit a request for an increase or a decrease in the size of the exclusion zone.
  • the apparatus may comprise communications circuitry configured to transmit to external circuitry a signal which is indicative of the level of interference inflicted on the first wireless communications system.
  • the external circuitry may be an exclusion zone controller or the second wireless communications system.
  • the communications circuitry may be configured to transmit the signal in response to a request, received from the external circuitry, for an indication of the level of interference.
  • the communications circuitry is configured to transmit the signal periodically.
  • the communications circuitry is configured to transmit the signal in response to a change in a measured level of interference.
  • the apparatus may be configured to determine a desired local size of the part of the exclusion zone (particularly in the case that the exclusion zone controller forms part of the apparatus) and/or to receive a signal which is indicative of a desired local size of the part of the exclusion zone from external circuitry.
  • the apparatus may comprise communications circuitry configured to receive (e.g. from the exclusion zone controller) a signal which is indicative of a desired local size of the part of the exclusion zone, and wherein the exclusion zone circuitry is configured to vary the local size of the exclusion zone to match the desired local size.
  • the exclusion zone circuitry may be configured to vary the local size dynamically.
  • the apparatus may include measurement circuitry configured to confirm or otherwise an estimated level of interference inflicted on the first wireless communications system by the second wireless communications system, in response to a request for such confirmation received from the second wireless communications system.
  • the control circuitry may be configured to increase the desired local size of the part of the exclusion zone in response to an increase in the level of interference and to decrease the desired local size of the part of the exclusion zone in response to a decrease in the level of interference.
  • the controller may comprise memory circuitry configured to store a predefined mapping table of the level of interference against the desired local size of the part of the exclusion zone, wherein the control circuitry is configured to use the mapping table to determine the desired local size of the part of the exclusion zone.
  • control circuitry is configured to determine a desired strength of a local beacon signal.
  • the communications circuitry is configured to transmit a signal which is indicative of the desired strength of the local beacon signal.
  • the communications circuitry is configured to transmit a signal which is indicative of a location of a boundary of the exclusion zone on a map.
  • the communications circuitry is configured to transmit a signal which is indicative of coordinates of a boundary of the exclusion zone.
  • the communications circuitry is configured to receive a signal which is indicative of a measured level of interference inflicted on the first wireless communications system.
  • the control circuitry may be configured to calculate a difference between the measured level of interference and a maximum acceptable level of interference.
  • the communications circuitry is configured to receive a signal which is indicative of a calculated difference between a measured level of interference and a maximum acceptable level of interference.
  • the control circuitry may be configured to determine the desired local size of the exclusion zone in dependence on the calculated difference.
  • the control circuitry is configured to determine the desired local size of the exclusion zone in dependence only on a measured level of interference (i.e. without reference to a maximum acceptable level of interference).
  • the control circuitry may be configured to request the signal which is indicative of the level of interference inflicted on the first wireless communications system to be transmitted to the controller.
  • the signal which is indicative of the level of interference inflicted on the first wireless communications system may be received from one or both of the first and second wireless communications systems, or from another source.
  • the control circuitry may be configured periodically to send the request.
  • control circuitry is configured to request the signal from the first wireless communications system.
  • the signal may be requested in response to a request for a change in the local size of the exclusion zone from the first wireless communications system.
  • control circuitry may be configured to request the signal from the second wireless communications system.
  • control circuitry is configured to request the second wireless communications system to provide an estimation of the interference it is inflicting on the first wireless communications system.
  • the estimation may be requested in response to a request for a change in the size of the exclusion zone received from the second wireless communications system.
  • the communications circuitry is configured to receive an estimated level of interference which the second wireless communications system is inflicting on the first wireless communications system, e.g. without the estimation having been requested.
  • the control circuitry may be configured to determine the desired local size of the part of the exclusion zone in dependence on the estimated level of interference.
  • control circuitry may be configured to calculate a difference between the level of interference inflicted on the first wireless communications system by the second wireless communications system and a maximum acceptable level of interference on the first wireless communications system.
  • the apparatus may include memory circuitry configured to store the maximum acceptable level of interference.
  • the control circuitry may be configured to calculate the current maximum acceptable level of interference.
  • apparatus for interacting with a first wireless communications system, the first wireless communications system being operable in use to take part in a spectrum assignment process involving at least a second wireless communications system, the first wireless communications system defining an exclusion zone in proximity to the first wireless communications system, the exclusion zone indicating that any mobile communications apparatus located within the exclusion zone is not permitted to communicate with the second wireless communications system using a portion of spectrum which was pre-assigned to the first wireless communications system and which is currently re-assigned to the second wireless communications system as part of the spectrum assignment process, the apparatus comprising
  • the apparatus may form part of the second wireless communications system or a third wireless communications system.
  • the variations in the size of the exclusion zone may be variations made locally to the size of the exclusion zone.
  • the variations may be made non-uniformly around the perimeter of the exclusion zone.
  • varying the local size of the part of the exclusion zone may comprise effecting local variations in the size of the exclusion zone. This may comprise varying the size of the exclusion zone non-uniformly around the perimeter of the exclusion zone. Additionally or alternatively, it may comprise moving one or more portions of the perimeter of the exclusion zone towards or away from a central region of the exclusion zone independently of other portions of the perimeter.
  • Intelligent exclusion zone adjustments on a fast and localised basis may provide means to assist Short Term and Long Term Spectrum Assignments and Spectrum Co-existence and Sharing among multiple systems. Local adjustments may avoid the need for further Long Term Spectrum Assignment by providing high efficiency for the Short Term Spectrum Assignment process reducing the cost required for signaling to a LT Spectrum Assignment process.
  • the method may include performing a localised adjustment of the exclusion zone, which may lead to a fine tuning for an overall slower exclusion zone size control process. Reducing the local size of the exclusion zone may make it possible for secondary systems to exploit higher transmission powers in the shared spectrum band leading to better QoS in the secondary system.
  • the local adjustments may provide for more flexible use of spectrums, fine tuning to ST and LT Spectrum Assignment, improved overall network coverage and throughput, and improved sub-channel use and interference levels.
  • a local exclusion zone controller may be provided for the localised exclusion zone adjustments, in addition to a main exclusion zone controller.
  • the local and fast exclusion zone controller may inform the main (i.e. central) exclusion zone controller about its decisions.
  • the main exclusion zone controller may take into account the latest size adjustments in the calculation of a new effective and overall size (e.g. radius) of the exclusion zone before making a further decision.
  • Any aspect may include performing multiple and possibly simultaneous local variations. Communications between the exclusion zone controller and base stations may be fast and direct, avoiding the gateway.
  • the exclusion zone controller may store a set of base stations in a particular network which are most likely to be affected by spectrum assignments involving other networks.
  • the exclusion zone controller may signal the latest size of the exclusion zone to the gateways and all higher layer network entities including that in change of Spectrum Co-existence and Sharing.
  • a computer program which, when run on a computer, causes the computer to perform the method of any of the first to third aspects.
  • a ninth aspect there is provided a computer program of any of the seventh to eighth aspects, carried by a carrier medium.
  • the carrier medium may be a recording medium, or a transmission medium.
  • a computer program which, when run on a computer, causes the computer to perform a method of reducing interference in a first wireless communications system, the first wireless communications system being operable in use to take part in a spectrum assignment process involving at least a second wireless communications system, the method comprising defining an exclusion zone in proximity to the first wireless communications system, the exclusion zone indicating that any mobile communications apparatus located within the exclusion zone is not permitted to communicate with the second wireless communications system using a portion of spectrum which was pre-assigned to the first wireless communications system and which is currently re-assigned to the second wireless communications system as part of the spectrum assignment process; and varying the local size of part of the exclusion zone in dependence on a level of interference inflicted on the first wireless communications system.
  • a computer program which, when run on a computer, causes the computer to perform a method of operating a controller for use with a first wireless communications system, the first wireless communications system being operable in use to take part in a spectrum assignment process involving at least a second wireless communications system, the first wireless communications system defining an exclusion zone in proximity to the first wireless communications system, the exclusion zone indicating that any mobile communications apparatus located within the exclusion zone is not permitted to communicate with the second wireless communications system using a portion of spectrum which was pre-assigned to the first wireless communications system and which is currently re-assigned to the second wireless communications system as part of the spectrum assignment process, the method comprising
  • a computer when run on a computer, causes the computer to perform a method of interacting with a first wireless communications system, the first wireless communications system being operable in use to take part in a spectrum assignment process involving at least a second wireless communications system, the first wireless communications system defining an exclusion zone in proximity to the first wireless communications system, the exclusion zone indicating that any mobile communications apparatus located within the exclusion zone is not permitted to communicate with the second wireless communications system using a portion of spectrum which was pre-assigned to the first wireless communications system and which is currently re-assigned to the second wireless communications system as part of the spectrum assignment process, the method comprising transmitting a request for a variation of the size of the exclusion zone.
  • Any circuitry may include one or more processors, memories and bus lines. One or more of the circuitries described may share circuitry elements.
  • the present invention includes one or more aspects, embodiments or features in isolation or in various combinations whether or not specifically stated (including claimed) in that combination or in isolation.
  • FIG. 1 shows a simplified architecture proposed for a spectrum assignment scenario
  • FIG. 2 shows a hierarchical structure illustrating an employed time granularity
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the concept of an exclusion zone
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an exclusion zone controller requesting a gateway of a first radio access network for interference evaluations
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the gateway sending the interference evaluations to the exclusion zone controller
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the exclusion zone controller increasing the size of the exclusion zone
  • FIG. 7 illustrates the exclusion zone controller reducing the size of the exclusion zone
  • FIG. 8 illustrates the exclusion zone controller requesting interference evaluations from a gateway of a second radio access network
  • FIG. 9 illustrates the gateway of the second radio access network requesting confirmation of the interference evaluations from the gateway of the first radio access network
  • FIG. 10 illustrates the gateway of the first radio access network confirming the interference evaluations
  • FIG. 11 illustrates the gateway of the second radio access network sending the confirmed interference evaluations to the exclusion zone controller
  • FIG. 12 illustrates the exclusion zone controller increasing the size of the exclusion zone
  • FIG. 13 illustrates the exclusion zone controller reducing the size of the exclusion zone
  • FIGS. 14A , 14 B and 14 C illustrate signaling which takes place in first, second and third arrangements respectively;
  • FIG. 15 illustrates the exclusion zone controller triggering LT Spectrum Assignment
  • FIG. 16 is a flowchart representing a method of dynamically adjusting the size of the exclusion zone according to the first arrangement
  • FIG. 17 is a flowchart representing a method of dynamically adjusting the size of the exclusion zone according to the second arrangement
  • FIG. 18 is a flowchart representing a method of dynamically adjusting the size of the exclusion zone according to the third arrangement
  • FIG. 19 illustrates a localised variation in the size of an exclusion zone
  • FIG. 20 illustrates localised short term exclusion zone management
  • FIG. 21 illustrates localised short term exclusion zone management
  • FIG. 22 illustrates shrinking the exclusion zones on a localised basis
  • FIG. 23 illustrates localised short term exclusion zone management
  • FIG. 24 illustrates base stations BS 11 and BS 15 sending requests for local shrinking the exclusion zone
  • FIG. 25 illustrates shrinking the exclusion zone on a localised basis
  • FIG. 26 illustrates the exclusion zone controller sending a request for current interference levels
  • FIG. 27 illustrates the exclusion zone controller receiving the requested current interference levels
  • FIG. 28 illustrates an increase in the size of the exclusion zone on a localised basis, as decided by the exclusion zone controller
  • FIG. 30 illustrates shrinking the exclusion zone on a localised basis
  • FIG. 31 illustrates localised short term exclusion zone management
  • FIGS. 32A , 32 B, 32 C and 32 D illustrate signaling which takes place in respective fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh arrangements
  • FIG. 33 is a flowchart representing a method of dynamically adjusting the size of the exclusion zone according to the fourth arrangement
  • FIG. 35 is a flowchart representing a method of dynamically adjusting the size of the exclusion zone according to the sixth arrangement
  • FIG. 36 is a flowchart representing a method of dynamically adjusting the size of the exclusion zone according to the seventh arrangement
  • FIG. 37 illustrates a spectrum sharing scenario which involves three wireless sensor networks.
  • FIGS. 4 to 18 relate to arrangements in which variations are made to the overall size of an exclusion zone.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a spectrum sharing scenario which includes first, second and third wireless communication systems, which in this case are radio access networks RAN 1 - 3 , and external circuitry, which in this case is an exclusion zone controller 12 .
  • the radio access networks RAN 1 - 3 are operable in use to take part in a spectrum assignment process.
  • the first radio access network RAN 1 consists of first to fifth network elements, which in this case are base stations BS 1 - 5 , and a gateway GW 1 .
  • the first radio access network RAN 1 defines an exclusion zone 10 surrounding itself.
  • the second radio access network RAN 2 consists of sixth to tenth base stations BS 6 - 10 and a gateway GW 2 .
  • the exclusion zone 10 indicates to any mobile communications apparatus located within the exclusion zone 10 , for example user equipment, that is not permitted to communicate with either the second radio access network RAN 2 or the third radio access network RAN 3 using a portion of spectrum which was pre-assigned to the first radio access network RAN 1 and which is currently, as part of the spectrum assignment process, re-assigned to either the second radio access network RAN 2 or the third radio access network RAN 3 .
  • the first radio access network RAN 1 defines the exclusion zone 10 by transmitting a beacon signal from its gateway GW 1 .
  • the strength of the beacon signal indicates the size of the exclusion zone 10 .
  • User equipment located within range of the gateway GW 1 periodically listens to the beacon signal. If the beacon signal strength is above a specified threshold for that user equipment, the user equipment determines that it is within the exclusion zone 10 and stops any spectrum sharing or operation in the spectrum assigned to the gateway GW 1 .
  • FIGS. 4-7 , 14 A and 16 A first arrangement will be described with reference to FIGS. 4-7 , 14 A and 16 .
  • the exclusion zone controller 12 is configured to send periodic requests to the first radio access network RAN 1 . In step S 1 of FIG. 16 , the exclusion zone controller 12 sends such a request.
  • the gateway GW 1 estimates the current maximum acceptable level of interference ⁇ inflicted on the base stations BS 1 - 5 of the first radio access network RAN 1 (i.e. interference on their corresponding cells).
  • the maximum acceptable level of interference ⁇ is the sum of the safe interference levels that may be experienced by each cell and is recorded before operation of the first radio access network RAN 1 as a result of a measurement campaign.
  • each cell i.e. the cell of the respective base station BS 1 - 5
  • the gateway GW 1 then adds all the received values to determine the estimated ⁇ value.
  • step S 3 the gateway GW 1 asks its assigned base stations BS 1 - 5 to measure their own real interference measurements and reports of the total interference inflicted on their respective cells (or an indication of total interference in each cell) to the gateway GW 1 .
  • step S 4 the base stations BS 1 - 5 provide this information to the gateway GW 1 .
  • step S 5 the gateway GW 1 computes the difference between the maximum acceptable level of interference (as determined in step S 2 ) and the sum of all the interferences measured and reported by the base stations BS 1 - 5 (in step S 3 ).
  • the gateway GW 1 signals this difference to the exclusion zone controller 12 , as shown in FIG. 5 .
  • the exclusion zone controller 12 determines a desired size of the exclusion zone 10 in dependence on the difference as determined in step S 5 .
  • the exclusion zone controller 12 stores a predefined mapping table of the difference (which is representative of the level of interference inflicted on the first radio access network RAN 1 ) against the desired size of the exclusion zone 10 , and uses the mapping table to look up a desired size of the exclusion zone 10 in accordance with the difference.
  • the desired size of the exclusion zone 10 is represented by a desired power of the beacon signal, and it is the power of the beacon signal which is stored in the mapping table.
  • the power of the beacon signal is proportional to the desired size of the exclusion zone 10 (the larger the desired size of the exclusion zone 10 , the higher the power of the beacon signal).
  • the exclusion zone controller 12 signals the desired power of the beacon signal to the gateway GW 1 (see FIG. 6 ) and, thus, the gateway GW 1 is able to adjust the power of the beacon signal in order to vary the size of the exclusion zone 10 (i.e. such that the actual beacon signal power matches the desired beacon signal power).
  • the exclusion zone controller 12 extends the exclusion zone 10 accordingly, as shown in FIG. 6 . If the difference is high (i.e. the level of interference is low), in step S 8 , the exclusion zone controller 12 may shrink the exclusion zone 10 , as shown in FIG. 7 .
  • FIG. 14A illustrates the signaling which takes in the first arrangement.
  • FIGS. 8-13 , 14 B and 17 A second arrangement will now be described with reference to FIGS. 8-13 , 14 B and 17 .
  • a secondary system the second radio access network RAN 2 , requests a change in the size of the exclusion zone 10 .
  • a primary system the first radio access network RAN 1 in this example, is assigned an exclusion zone 10 .
  • Two or more other radio access networks RAN 2 and RAN 3 are sharing spectrum with the first radio access network RAN 1 .
  • RAN 2 Due to higher traffic load, RAN 2 is in urgent need for spectrum resources, and the need is detected and a request sent to the exclusion zone controller 12 in step S 1 . To have a better access to the spectrum which was pre-assigned to the first radio access network RAN 1 and re-assigned to the second radio access network RAN 2 in the spectrum assignment process, it needs to have the exclusion zone 10 reduced.
  • step S 2 the exclusion zone controller 12 asks the gateway GW 2 assigned to the second radio access network RAN 2 to provide an estimation of the interference it thinks it is inflicting on the first radio access network RAN 1 .
  • step S 3 the gateway GW 2 estimates the current total level of interference inflicted on the cells of the first radio access network RAN 1 based on its current transmission power level and link gains.
  • step S 4 the gateway GW 2 asks the gateway GW 1 to confirm the estimation, as shown in FIG. 9 .
  • step S 5 the gateway GW 1 confirms the estimated level of interference coming from the direction of the second radio access network RAN 2 by signaling to the gateway GW 2 , as shown in FIG. 10 . If the gateway GW 1 does not confirm the estimation, the process will be stopped and the exclusion zone controller may decline the request for change.
  • step S 6 the gateway GW 2 sends the confirmed value to the exclusion zone controller 12 , as shown in FIG. 11 .
  • the exclusion zone controller 12 already has the knowledge of the maximum acceptable level of interference ⁇ which can be inflicted on the first radio access network RAN 1 and determines the difference between the maximum acceptable level of interference ⁇ and the reported value from the gateway GW 2 .
  • step S 7 the exclusion zone controller 12 uses a predefined mapping table of the difference as determined in step S 6 versus the size (e.g. area) of the exclusion zone 10 (i.e. the transmission power of the beacon signal) to determine the desired size of the exclusion zone 10 .
  • the exclusion zone controller 12 signals the desired power of the beacon signal to the gateway GW 1 and, thus, the gateway GW 1 is able to adjust the power of the beacon signal such that the actual beacon signal power matches the desired beacon signal power.
  • step S 8 the exclusion zone controller 12 extends the exclusion zone 10 , as shown in FIG. 12 , by increasing the beacon signal transmission power.
  • step S 9 if the difference is high, the exclusion zone controller 12 may shrink the exclusion zone 10 , as shown in FIG. 13 , by reducing the beacon signal transmission power.
  • FIG. 14B illustrates the signaling which takes place in the second arrangement.
  • step S 1 of FIG. 18 the exclusion zone controller 12 triggers a LT Spectrum Assignment, as shown in FIG. 15 .
  • FIG. 14C illustrates the signaling which takes in the third arrangement.
  • transceivers are fixed or they can move. They are distributed uniformly in a square region of dimension L ⁇ L. It is assumed that transceivers have the capability to listen to sub-channels and measure the interference received from other transceivers on each radio sub-band. It is assumed that the radio sub-channels are shared between the transceivers and that, if two transceivers choose the same radio sub-channel, it will have some impact on both depending on the radio channel between them.
  • N transceivers form a cluster of transceivers. It is assumed that overall available spectrum has been divided into P sub channels and each transceiver might transmit at each time in M sub-channels so that M ⁇ P.
  • the overall interference ⁇ i received from all the other transceivers can be determined as
  • the overall interference ⁇ i inflicted by BS i on the other base stations can be determined as
  • the total interference inflicted on all the transceivers within a cluster can be expressed as
  • d ki is the amount of data currently residing in the k th buffer of the i th base station.
  • FIGS. 19 to 36 relate to arrangements in which variations are made to the local size of an exclusion zone.
  • a local beacon signal transmitter is assigned to each base station which has the potential to become involved in spectrum negotiations (in this case, local beacon signal transmitters LB 3 and LB 4 are assigned to base stations BS 3 and BS 4 ).
  • Each local beacon signal is updated every time an update of the size of the exclusion zone 10 is necessary.
  • the interference experienced by each base station BS 3 , BS 4 is linked to the power strength of the beacon signal: the larger the level of interference, the larger the local size of the exclusion zone 10 and the stronger the beacon signal power.
  • a base station in the first radio access network RAN 1 sends a request for a local variation in the size of the exclusion zone 10 .
  • step S 1 base station BS 4 in the first radio access network RAN 1 gets involved in short term spectrum assignment negotiations with base stations BS 11 and BS 15 of the third radio access network RAN 3 , as shown in FIG. 20 .
  • step S 2 after completing the short term assignment process, the base station BS 4 realises that the interference level that the base stations BS 1 and BS 5 receive as a result of Short Term Spectrum Assignment is not significant. (As the base station BS 2 is located far away from the negotiation area and from the base station BS 4 , it is unlikely that it will be affected by the interference coming from the third radio access network RAN 3 . In order to avoid unnecessary signaling, base stations that are located far away from the negotiation area or the negotiating base station may be ignored.)
  • step S 3 the base station BS 4 signals its interest for a smaller local size for exclusion zone directly to the exclusion zone controller 12 , as shown in FIG. 21 , in order to get even better and more short term assignment deals in future from the third radio access network RAN 3 .
  • step S 4 the exclusion zone controller 12 maps the interference level to the size of a local variation in the exclusion zone 10 and, if it is less than the current local size, in step S 5 , it shrinks the exclusion zone 10 (for example by reducing the transmission power of the local beacon signal), as shown in FIG. 22 . Otherwise, it increases the size of the local variation in step S 6 .
  • a base station in the third radio access network RAN 3 sends a request for a local variation in the size of the exclusion zone 10 .
  • Step S 1 in this example, the base station BS 4 from the first radio access network RAN 1 gets involved in short term spectrum assignment negotiations with the base stations BS 11 and BS 15 of the third radio access network RAN 3 , as shown in FIG. 23 .
  • step S 3 the base stations BS 11 and BS 15 express their unhappiness with the SIR level by sending a request for a local reduction in the size of the exclusion zone 10 to the exclusion zone controller 12 , as shown in FIG. 24 .
  • a local reduction in the size of the exclusion zone 10 would the base stations BS 11 and BS 15 to transmit with higher power and get potentially better short term spectrum assignment deals. (Any mobile communications apparatus in the area can perform more spectrum sharing closer to the centre of the first radio access network RAN 1 .)
  • step S 4 the exclusion zone controller 12 asks for the interference level from the base stations that are most likely to be affected by this specific spectrum assignment process (in this case, for example, the base stations BS 1 and BS 5 ).
  • the exclusion zone controller 12 maps the current interference level to a local exclusion zone size. If the said size is below the current local size, in step S 5 , it shrinks the exclusion zone locally, as shown in FIG. 25 (i.e. by reducing the transmission power of the local beacon signal). Otherwise, in step S 6 , the exclusion zone controller 12 increases the size of the exclusion zone locally.
  • periodic monitoring is performed by the exclusion zone controller 12 .
  • step S 1 the exclusion zone controller 12 periodically monitors the situation with the base stations that are most likely to be affected by the ongoing short term spectrum assignment negotiations. For example, in FIG. 26 , the base stations BS 1 and BS 5 are most highly likely to be affected by the result of negotiations between the base station BS 4 and the base stations BS 15 or BS 11 . The exclusion zone controller 12 asks for the interference that the base stations BS 1 and BS 5 are currently experiencing in the band shared with the third radio access network RAN 3 , as shown in FIG. 26 .
  • step S 2 the base stations BS 1 and BS 5 send back the requested information to the exclusion zone controller 12 , as shown in FIG. 27 .
  • the exclusion zone controller 12 may still be made aware of the decision made locally. Avoiding reliance on the decision made by the exclusion zone controller 12 has the disadvantage of not being aware of what is going on with regard to RAN-wide with other local negotiations and local changes of exclusion zones, as the exclusion zone controller 12 has the information on this.
  • step S 1 the base station BS 4 gets involved in short term spectrum assignment negotiations with base stations BS 11 and BS 15 of the third radio access network RAN 3 , as shown in FIG. 29 .
  • step S 2 after completing the Short Term Spectrum Assignment process, the base station BS 4 of the first radio access network RAN 1 realises that the interference level that the base stations BS 1 and BS 5 receive as a result of Short Term Spectrum Assignment is not significant.
  • step S 3 the base station BS 4 maps the interference level to a local size of the exclusion zone 10 . If the said local size is less than the current local size, in step 4 , the base station BS 4 shrinks the exclusion zone 10 , for example by reducing the transmission power of the local beacon signal, as shown in FIG. 30 , by signaling the new beacon power level to its local beacon transmitter LB 4 . Otherwise, in step S 5 , the base station BS 4 increases the local size of the exclusion zone.
  • step S 6 the base station BS 4 then signals the new local size of the exclusion zone 10 to the exclusion zone controller 12 , as shown in FIG. 31 . This is to let the exclusion zone controller 12 have an accurate idea about the current size and formation of the exclusion zone 10 . Otherwise this is going to be problematic when a slow exclusion zone change is performed in line with LT Spectrum Assignment.
  • FIG. 37 illustrates a spectrum sharing scenario which involves three wireless sensor networks (RFID networks): wireless sensor network 1 , wireless sensor network 2 and wireless sensor network 3 .
  • Each wireless sensor network includes a number of sinks (wireless sensor node base stations), e.g. the sinks 1 - 5 shown in each network in FIG. 37 , and each wireless sensor network is in communication with a number of wireless sensors (RFID sensors/tags), e.g. the RFID or wireless sensors 1 - 5 shown in each network in FIG. 37 .
  • An exclusion shown 10 is shown surrounding the first wireless sensor network 1 .
  • the size of the exclusion zone 10 may be adjusted in any of the ways described herein, and the above disclosure applied equally to situation including wireless sensor networks as shown in FIG. 37 .
  • circuitry may have other functions in addition to the mentioned functions, and that these functions may be performed by the same circuit.

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