US7617381B2 - Demand paging apparatus and method for embedded system - Google Patents

Demand paging apparatus and method for embedded system Download PDF

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US7617381B2
US7617381B2 US11/603,160 US60316006A US7617381B2 US 7617381 B2 US7617381 B2 US 7617381B2 US 60316006 A US60316006 A US 60316006A US 7617381 B2 US7617381 B2 US 7617381B2
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demand paging
page fault
memory
demand
window
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US20070150695A1 (en
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Hyo-jun Kim
Ji-hyun In
Dong-hoon Ham
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Samsung Electronics Co Ltd
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Samsung Electronics Co Ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F12/00—Accessing, addressing or allocating within memory systems or architectures
    • G06F12/02—Addressing or allocation; Relocation
    • G06F12/08—Addressing or allocation; Relocation in hierarchically structured memory systems, e.g. virtual memory systems
    • G06F12/10—Address translation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F12/00—Accessing, addressing or allocating within memory systems or architectures
    • G06F12/02—Addressing or allocation; Relocation
    • G06F12/08—Addressing or allocation; Relocation in hierarchically structured memory systems, e.g. virtual memory systems

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  • Apparatuses and methods consistent with the present invention relate to demand paging for an embedded system and, more particularly, to a demand paging apparatus and method for an embedded system that enable a demand paging technique to be simply and efficiently used when the demand paging technique is applied, either to a system in which an operating system supporting demand paging is used, or to a system in which an operating system is not used.
  • demand paging refers to a technique in which, in an operating system using a virtual memory system, virtual memory is allocated to an auxiliary storage device such as a hard disk, and physical memory is mapped thereto at the request of a user, thereby enabling limited main memory to be used more efficiently.
  • demand paging is used in general-purpose operating systems such as Linux and Windows, in response to increasing size of code and data required by application programs, such a function is not supported in most embedded systems due to its complicated mechanism. The reason for this is because each memory system itself is closely associated with the operation of a general-purpose operating system. That is, unless operating system supporting demand paging is used, it is difficult to implement demand paging in practice.
  • FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating a related art demand paging apparatus in an operating system that supports demand paging, including physical memory 30 having a limited size, an auxiliary storage device 40 for generating virtual memory spaces for the demand paging, virtual address spaces 10 and 20 of respective processes for functioning as application programs, and an operating system 50 for managing the demand paging.
  • the operating system 50 When processes are generated, the operating system 50 generates virtual memory spaces for the respective processes in the auxiliary storage device 40 . Thereafter, when the processes attempt to access the virtual memory spaces, the operating system 50 allocates appropriate spaces to the physical memory 30 , reads the content of the virtual memory spaces from the auxiliary storage device 40 , and then maps the content to the virtual address spaces 10 and 20 of the respective processes, thereby executing an application program.
  • the virtual address spaces 10 and 20 of the respective processes are classified into a kernel region and a user region.
  • the kernel region a space having the same size as the space into which the code and static data of the operating system 50 are loaded is secured in the physical memory 30 .
  • the demand paging technique is applied to all of the remaining space. Therefore, all of the code and data are handled by the demand paging technique from the point of view of a user program.
  • FIG. 1B is a diagram illustrating a related art system that uses demand paging, including an address space 60 that is viewed and used by an application program 90 , physical memory 70 existing in a system and having a limited size, an auxiliary storage device 80 for storing the application program, and the application program 90 stored in the auxiliary storage device 80 , loaded into the physical memory 70 , and then mapped to the address space 60 .
  • the entire memory space is shared without being divided into regions corresponding to processes. Since the physical memory 70 may be mapped to the address space 60 unchanged, a program that has a size larger than that of the physical memory 70 of the system may not be executed. In general, the application program 90 stored in the auxiliary storage device 80 is loaded into the physical memory 70 through a boot loader and then executed.
  • the present invention provides a demand paging apparatus and method for embedded systems, in which a demand paging technique can be used both in a system using an operating system that supports demand paging and in a system using an operating system that does not support demand paging.
  • a demand paging apparatus for an embedded system, the apparatus including a nonvolatile storage device storing code and data which are handled by demand paging; physical memory processing information about a requested page that is read from the nonvolatile storage device; a demand paging window generating a fault for the page and, thus, causing demand paging to occur, the demand paging window being part of an address space to which an application program stored in the nonvolatile storage device refers; and a demand paging manager processing the page fault generated in the demand paging window.
  • the demand paging manager may be allocated part of the physical memory and generate a demand paging memory pool for performing the demand paging.
  • the demand paging memory pool may include a frame buffer being mapped to a virtual memory space in the demand paging window; a memory conversion table informing a Memory Management Unit (MMU) of information about the mapping; and a frame buffer list, that is, a data structure for managing the frame buffer.
  • MMU Memory Management Unit
  • the demand paging manager may include an interface module, initializing the demand paging manager and activating the memory management unit; a page cache management module initializing the frame buffer and the frame buffer list in response to a request from the interface module; a page fault processing module determining whether the page fault generated by the activated memory management unit was generated in a region of the demand paging window, thereby processing the page fault.
  • the interface module may include an Application Program Interface (API) receiving a request from the application program for generation of the demand paging window, along with information; a memory conversion table generation unit being allocated memory from the demand paging memory pool and generating the memory conversion table for the region of the demand paging window; a page fault handler installation unit registering the page fault processing module in a Central Processing Unit (CPU); and a memory management unit control unit controlling the memory management unit for calling the registered page fault processing module.
  • the information may include information about the size and address of a space occupied by the demand paging window, information about the size of the demand paging memory pool, and information about the locations of the code and data stored in the nonvolatile storage device.
  • the nonvolatile storage device may be NAND flash memory.
  • a demand paging method for an embedded system including generating a demand paging window in response to a request from an application program stored in a nonvolatile storage device, the demand paging window being a region in which demand paging occurs; initializing a demand paging manager for processing a page fault generated in the demand paging window, thereby activating a memory management unit; when the page fault has been generated in the demand paging window, calling a page fault processing module registered with a CPU using the activated memory management unit; determining whether the page fault has been generated in the demand paging window using the called page fault processing module; and if the page fault has been generated in the demand paging window, processing the page fault at the page fault processing module.
  • the initializing the demand paging manager may include receiving a request from the application program for generation of the demand page window, along with information; being allocated memory by an operating system and generating a memory conversion table for the region of the demand paging window; registering a page fault processing module, which is executed when a page fault interrupt is generated, with the CPU; and activating a memory management unit for calling the registered page fault processing module.
  • the information may include information about the size and address of a space occupied by the demand paging window, information about the size of memory requested to execute the demand paging, and information about the locations of code and data stored in the nonvolatile storage device.
  • the processing the page fault may include if the page fault was generated in the demand paging window, the demand paging manager being allocated a frame buffer within a demand paging memory pool; the page fault processing module reading a page from the nonvolatile storage device using the frame buffer; and modifying the memory conversion table according to the read page.
  • FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating a related art demand paging apparatus in an operating system that supports demand paging
  • FIG. 1B is a diagram illustrating a related art system that does not use demand paging
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the concept of a demand paging apparatus for embedded systems according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a view showing the construction of a demand paging manager and a physical memory that is part of the construction of the demand paging apparatus, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 4 is a view showing the construction of an interface module that is part of the construction of the demand paging apparatus, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating the concept of a demand paging method for an embedded system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a process of initializing the demand paging manager according to the exemplary embodiment.
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the concept of a demand paging apparatus for embedded systems according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • the demand paging apparatus for embedded systems includes a demand paging window 100 within an address space 110 , physical memory 200 , a nonvolatile storage device 300 , and a demand paging manager 400 .
  • the nonvolatile storage device 300 is a space for storing code and data that are subject to demand paging and maintains information stored therein even if power is cut off, such that the stored information may be reused when the supply of power is resumed, and refers to flash memory, Read-Only Memory (ROM), a magnetic tape, or a magnetic disk.
  • ROM Read-Only Memory
  • the flash memory is freely able to store and delete data and is classified as NOR flash memory or NAND flash memory according to the internal configuration thereof.
  • the NOR flash memory has a configuration in which the cells thereof are coupled in parallel to each other, while the NAND flash memory has a configuration in which the cells thereof are coupled in series to each other.
  • the NAND flash memory may have a lower manufacturing cost and may be able to realize higher capacity than the NOR flash memory, while the NOR flash memory may have a shorter data access time and better data stability than the NAND flash memory.
  • the exemplary embodiments do not require these aspects, and may be envisioned without these aspects as well.
  • NAND flash memory may be used as the nonvolatile storage device 300 to achieve the advantage of allowing the application program of the embedded system to directly control the function of demand paging.
  • the physical memory 200 is a storage type in which information about a requested page read from the nonvolatile storage device 300 is processed.
  • RAM is generally used as the physical memory 200 .
  • the demand paging window 100 is part of the address space 110 which the application program stored in the nonvolatile storage device 300 views and refers to.
  • the demand paging window 100 is a region in which a page fault for the read page is generated, thereby causing demand paging to occur.
  • the demand paging window 100 may be generated by a user program regardless of the operating system.
  • the demand paging manager 400 is initialized at the application program level, and the demand paging window 100 is registered therein. Since such a registration process may be repeated many times, a plurality of demand paging windows 100 may be simultaneously used. After the registration of the demand paging window 100 is completed, the demand paging manager 400 is requested to activate the demand paging window 100 , consequently the demand paging window 100 is activated.
  • the demand paging manager 400 functions to process the page fault generated from the demand paging window 100 .
  • the construction of the demand paging manager 400 is shown in detail in FIG. 3 , which is a view showing the construction of the demand paging manager 400 and a demand paging memory pool 200 A, which is part of the construction of the demand paging apparatus.
  • the demand paging manager 400 is allocated to part of the memory from the physical memory 200 and generates the demand paging memory pool 200 A for performing the demand paging.
  • the demand paging memory pool 200 A includes a frame buffer 220 , which is formed of the physical memory mapped to the virtual memory space within the demand paging window 100 , a memory conversion table 210 , which informs the Memory Management Unit (MMU) 500 of information about the mapping, and a frame buffer list 230 , which is a data structure for managing the frame buffer 220 .
  • the demand paging manager 400 includes an interface module 410 , a page cache management module 420 , and a page fault processing module 430 .
  • the demand paging window 100 must be generated by an application program independent of the operating system.
  • the demand paging manager 400 In order to process a page fault using the demand paging apparatus, the demand paging manager 400 must be initialized.
  • the interface module 410 performs related functions, thus activating the memory management unit.
  • the page cache management module 420 functions to initialize the frame buffer 220 and the frame buffer list 230 at the request of the interface module 410 . As a result, the frame buffer 220 and the frame buffer list 230 are generated.
  • the page fault processing module 430 is a kind of page fault handler which is called by the activated memory management unit. When a page fault interrupt is generated, the page fault processing module 430 functions to determine whether the interrupt has been generated in the region of the demand paging window 100 and to process the page fault.
  • the interface module 410 may be responsible for the initialization process, which is executed for the apparatus of the exemplary embodiment to perform a demand paging function, as described with reference to FIG. 4 .
  • FIG. 4 is a view showing the construction of the interface module 410 , which is part of the construction of the demand paging manager.
  • An Application Program Interface (API) 412 performs the function of receiving the request of an application program for the generation of the demand paging window 100 , along with information.
  • the information includes information about the size and address of the demand paging window 100 , information about the size of the demand paging memory pool 200 A, and information about the locations of the code and data stored in the nonvolatile storage device 300 .
  • a memory conversion table generation unit 414 functions to allocate memory from the demand paging memory pool 200 A and generate the memory conversion table 210 for the region of the demand paging window 100 . In this case, operation varies depending on whether the memory management unit 500 has been activated.
  • the demand paging manager 400 must newly update the memory conversion table 210 for the entire address space, and register the memory conversion table 210 with the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The reason for this is because the memory conversion table 210 is always necessary for activation of the memory management unit 500 . However, if the memory management unit 500 has already been activated, this means that the memory conversion table 210 registered with the system already exists for the entire address space, therefore the demand paging manager 400 does not need to newly update the entire table. Regardless of whether the memory management unit 500 was activated, there exists a memory conversion table 210 for the entire address space after the above process has been completed.
  • CPU Central Processing Unit
  • this process is a process of initializing the memory conversion table 210 to generate a page fault interrupt in the region of the demand paging window 100 .
  • a page fault handler installation unit 416 functions to register the page fault processing module 430 with the CPU. If a page fault interrupt is generated, the memory management unit calls a specific routine, which is called a page fault handler and registered with the CPU. Since the page fault processing module 430 performs a function corresponding to the page fault handler, the page fault processing module 430 must have already been registered with the CPU.
  • An MMU control unit 418 functions to control the memory management unit 500 , which calls the registered page fault processing module 430 .
  • the module performs functions. However, this does not mean that the module is limited to software or hardware.
  • the module may be configured to exist in a storage medium which is addressable and may be configured to execute on one or more processing units.
  • the module may include constituent elements, such as software constituent elements, object-oriented software constituent elements, class constituent elements and task constituent elements, processes, functions, attributes, procedures, subroutines, segments of program code, drivers, firmware, microcodes, circuits, data, databases, data structures, tables, arrays, and parameters. Functions provided within the constituent elements and the modules may be combined with a smaller number of constituent elements and modules or may be separated into additional constituent elements and modules.
  • the constituent elements and the modules may be implemented to execute on one or more CPUs within a device.
  • FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing the concept of the demand paging method for the embedded system according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing a process of initializing the demand paging manager.
  • the demand paging window 100 that is, the region in which demand paging is generated, is generated at operation S 110 . Thereafter, the demand paging manager 400 for processing a page fault generated from the demand paging window 100 is initialized, thereby activating the memory management unit 500 at operation S 120 .
  • an application program used by a user requests the demand paging manager 400 to generate the demand paging window 100 in the virtual address space 110 at operation S 122 .
  • the application program hands information over to the demand paging manager 400 . That is, information about the size and address of the virtual address space 110 that are occupied by the demand paging window 100 , information about the size of the demand paging memory pool 200 A which is required to execute the demand paging, and information about the locations of the code and data which are stored in the nonvolatile storage device 300 are handed over.
  • the page fault processing module 430 which is a handler for processing a page fault interrupt when the page fault interrupt is generated, is registered with the CPU at operation S 126 , and then the memory management unit 500 for calling the registered page fault processing module 430 is activated at operation S 128 , thereby completing the initialization.
  • the page fault processing module 430 which is the page fault handler registered with the CPU, is called using the activated memory management unit 500 at operation S 130 .
  • the called page fault processing module 430 determines whether a page fault has been generated in the demand paging window 100 at operation S 140 . If the page fault has been generated in the demand paging window 100 , the page fault processing module 430 performs the operation of processing the page fault at operation S 150 . If the page fault has been generated not in the demand paging window 100 but in another region, the page fault is processed using the existing registered page fault handler at operation S 160 .
  • Operation S 150 is described in greater detail below. If the page fault has been generated in the demand paging window 100 , the demand paging manager 400 is allocated the frame buffer 220 within the demand paging memory pool 200 A, and the page fault processing module 430 reads a page from the nonvolatile storage device 300 using the allocated frame buffer 220 .
  • the memory conversion table is modified according to the read page.
  • the nonvolatile storage device 300 described above in detail, may be NAND flash memory.
  • a related art operating system manages the entire space for a process using the demand paging technique
  • the demand paging window suggested in the exemplary embodiment allocates part of the physical memory space used by the application program, therefore the demand paging technique can be employed.
  • Space other than the region of the demand paging window may be used as in a related art physical memory system.
  • access to the code and data stored in a large size nonvolatile storage device can be made using limited size physical memory.
  • the application program plays a leading role of setting only part of the entire memory space of the application program for the demand paging window, code can be easily classified as code which will be executed in the demand paging window or code for which a fast response time must be guaranteed.
  • the present demand paging technique may be also used in an application program using a related art real-time operating system.
  • the scope of the present invention includes a computer-readable recording medium storing program code for executing the above-described demand paging method for an embedded system on a computer.
  • the demand paging apparatus and method for an embedded system of the exemplary embodiment(s) there may exist an advantage in that the demand paging technique may easily be used in systems in which an operating system that does not support the demand paging is used and in systems lacking an operating system.
  • the demand paging manager may be provided in a component form. Therefore the demand paging function can be controlled freely and directly not at the operating system level but at the application program level. Accordingly, since the extent of use of main memory by the system can be reduced, the manufacturing cost of related products may be reduced.
  • the foregoing advantages are not required in order to practice the invention, and the invention may be practiced without the foregoing advantages in a manner that does not depart from the scope of the invention.

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JP2007179537A (ja) 2007-07-12
EP1811384A2 (en) 2007-07-25
KR20070068801A (ko) 2007-07-02
CN100456266C (zh) 2009-01-28
EP1811384A3 (en) 2008-02-06
EP1811384B1 (en) 2011-02-09

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