US7612675B2 - RFID—sensor system for lateral discrimination - Google Patents

RFID—sensor system for lateral discrimination Download PDF

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US7612675B2
US7612675B2 US11/674,736 US67473607A US7612675B2 US 7612675 B2 US7612675 B2 US 7612675B2 US 67473607 A US67473607 A US 67473607A US 7612675 B2 US7612675 B2 US 7612675B2
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jamming
signal
reader
disposed
rfid
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US20070194931A1 (en
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Ronald N. Miller
Christian Richard
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Ubitrak Inc
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Assigned to THE KENDALL 1987 REVOCABLE TRUST reassignment THE KENDALL 1987 REVOCABLE TRUST ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CHIPCO INTERNATIONAL
Assigned to UBITRAK INC. reassignment UBITRAK INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: RICHARD, CHRISTIAN
Assigned to CHIPCO INTERNATIONAL reassignment CHIPCO INTERNATIONAL ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: UBITRAK INC.
Assigned to THE KENDALL 1987 REVOCABLE TRUST reassignment THE KENDALL 1987 REVOCABLE TRUST ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CHIPCO INTERNATIONAL
Assigned to THE KENDALL 1987 REVOCABLE TRUST reassignment THE KENDALL 1987 REVOCABLE TRUST CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE EXECUTION DATE PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 023940 FRAME 0588. ASSIGNOR(S) HEREBY CONFIRMS THE ASSIGNMENT. Assignors: CHIPCO INTERNATIONAL
Assigned to TECHNOLOGY CAPITAL, LLC reassignment TECHNOLOGY CAPITAL, LLC BENEFICIARY DESIGNATION Assignors: THE KENDALL 1987 REVOCABLE TRUST
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V15/00—Tags attached to, or associated with, an object, in order to enable detection of the object
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63F—CARD, BOARD, OR ROULETTE GAMES; INDOOR GAMES USING SMALL MOVING PLAYING BODIES; VIDEO GAMES; GAMES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • A63F1/00—Card games
    • A63F1/06—Card games appurtenances
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/74—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems
    • G01S13/75—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems using transponders powered from received waves, e.g. using passive transponders, or using passive reflectors
    • G01S13/751—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems using transponders powered from received waves, e.g. using passive transponders, or using passive reflectors wherein the responder or reflector radiates a coded signal
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/87—Combinations of radar systems, e.g. primary radar and secondary radar
    • G01S13/878—Combination of several spaced transmitters or receivers of known location for determining the position of a transponder or a reflector
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F17/00—Coin-freed apparatus for hiring articles; Coin-freed facilities or services
    • G07F17/32—Coin-freed apparatus for hiring articles; Coin-freed facilities or services for games, toys, sports, or amusements
    • G07F17/3202—Hardware aspects of a gaming system, e.g. components, construction, architecture thereof
    • G07F17/3216—Construction aspects of a gaming system, e.g. housing, seats, ergonomic aspects
    • G07F17/322—Casino tables, e.g. tables having integrated screens, chip detection means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
    • H04K3/00—Jamming of communication; Counter-measures
    • H04K3/40—Jamming having variable characteristics
    • H04K3/41—Jamming having variable characteristics characterized by the control of the jamming activation or deactivation time
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
    • H04K3/00—Jamming of communication; Counter-measures
    • H04K3/40—Jamming having variable characteristics
    • H04K3/44—Jamming having variable characteristics characterized by the control of the jamming waveform or modulation type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
    • H04K3/00—Jamming of communication; Counter-measures
    • H04K3/80—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by its function
    • H04K3/86—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by its function related to preventing deceptive jamming or unauthorized interrogation or access, e.g. WLAN access or RFID reading
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
    • H04K3/00—Jamming of communication; Counter-measures
    • H04K3/80—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by its function
    • H04K3/94—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by its function related to allowing or preventing testing or assessing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
    • H04K2203/00—Jamming of communication; Countermeasures
    • H04K2203/10—Jamming or countermeasure used for a particular application
    • H04K2203/20—Jamming or countermeasure used for a particular application for contactless carriers, e.g. RFID carriers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
    • H04K2203/00—Jamming of communication; Countermeasures
    • H04K2203/30—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by the infrastructure components
    • H04K2203/32—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by the infrastructure components including a particular configuration of antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
    • H04K2203/00—Jamming of communication; Countermeasures
    • H04K2203/30—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by the infrastructure components
    • H04K2203/34—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by the infrastructure components involving multiple cooperating jammers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
    • H04K3/00—Jamming of communication; Counter-measures
    • H04K3/40—Jamming having variable characteristics
    • H04K3/42—Jamming having variable characteristics characterized by the control of the jamming frequency or wavelength
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
    • H04K3/00—Jamming of communication; Counter-measures
    • H04K3/40—Jamming having variable characteristics
    • H04K3/45—Jamming having variable characteristics characterized by including monitoring of the target or target signal, e.g. in reactive jammers or follower jammers for example by means of an alternation of jamming phases and monitoring phases, called "look-through mode"

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to RFID technology, and particularly to HF-RFID coupler sensor systems operating by transformer action.
  • Casino managers are interested in the capability of recording all of the bets being placed within their premises in real time. This requires a precise and reliable means for identifying the various gaming chips disposed inside, or in close proximity to, the betting zones, as delineated by the markings disposed on the surface of the gaming tables. What is needed is the ability to automatically flag in real-time, or in near rear time, any unusual and suspicious events. A system is also needed that continuously tracking the performance of individual players. This system could also be used to assess the short, medium and long-term performance of casino personnel.
  • the objects are gaming chips, tokens, or plaques
  • the surface is a casino gaming table such as Baccarat, Mini-baccarat, Blackjack or Pai Gow Poker
  • the demarked areas of interest are called “betting spots” or areas associated with each player's bet.
  • the table top is delineated with graphics and other indicia on a covering material called a “layout”.
  • the chips may be stacked in columns up to 20 high.
  • allowance must also be made for the placement of “double down” or “split” bets which are placed just outside the “betting spot”.
  • the player betting areas are adjacent and also include adjacent “banker/player/tie” locations.
  • RFID radio frequency identification
  • RFID technology is commonly based on radiated fields (far fields) operating at approved frequencies such as 433 MHz, 915 MHz, 2.4 GHz etc. While promising, this technology has a major drawback. It is not particularly precise in terms of spatial resolution. As a result, its potential is limited to gaming surfaces with single betting areas, such as poker tables, or to tables with betting areas separated by relatively large spaces. Because of both its operating principle and the frequencies at which it operates, this technology is subject to effects that disturb the local field. For example antennas may be detuned by parasitic capacitance (people and metal objects). Signals may be attenuated by the human body. Further, signal propagation may be affected by multi-path phenomena.
  • RFID based technology is inadequate when applied to gaming surfaces having multiple betting areas in close proximity to each other, such as the ones used in blackjack or baccarat.
  • the problem is exacerbated when the gaming chips are disposed on the separation lines between betting areas, such as roulette tables.
  • inductively coupled RFID in the HF frequency band.
  • the terms “Induction field” or “induction coupler” refer to the domain of interacting short range magnetic fields (H fields) that operate by “transformer action” rather than electromagnetic radiation.
  • Magnetic coupling RFID based technology typically operates at approved frequencies in the 125 KHz or 13.56 MHz bands. Because of the inherent “near field” characteristics of this technology, the signal dies off very rapidly beyond the intended coverage area and surrounding environment variations have much less of an impact.
  • an RFID inlay i.e., the “tag,” is disposed within the gaming chip.
  • the inlay is an electronics assembly substrate that connects a planar coupler coil or loop and the semiconductor RFID die.
  • the term “read,” or “reading chips,” refers to an RFID Reader electronics unit transmitting one or more interrogation messages to the RFID tag disposed within the gaming chip.
  • the interrogation message supplies a wireless “induction field” that provides power to the passive RFID inlay.
  • the class of RFID used is “passive” where tags are powered solely by capturing energy from the Reader-generated impinging field.
  • the RFID inlay receives the interrogation message(s) and provides a response to the reader.
  • RTF Reader Talks First
  • the transformer based induction coupler technology represents an improvement over the radiated far-field RFID technology, it is not accurate enough to discriminate between closely spaced betting zones.
  • chips may be stacked on top of each other. Any approved system must provide communication with a chip on the top of a stack that may be 25 chips high.
  • the lateral fall-off characteristics of the coupler-generated H field which can be computed by using the Biot-Savart law.
  • the magnetic field produced by an embedded loop is roughly spherically shaped. Accordingly, the magnetic field extends approximately the same distance laterally as it does vertically. In particular, the field strength required to reach the top of the chip stack will also result in the field impinging on the neighboring betting spot. This phenomena is commonly referred to as “cross read” or “cross talk.”
  • an induction coupling RFID system that addresses the needs described above.
  • an RFID system that is configured to communicate with each chip in a stack of chips that may include 20-25 chips, while simultaneously preventing cross-read or cross-talk.
  • an RFID reader system having a lateral resolution of at least 0.25 inches is required.
  • the present invention is directed to an induction coupling RFID system that addresses the needs described above.
  • the RFID system of the present invention provides a magnetic interrogation signal configured to communicate with each chip in a stack of chips that may include 20-25 chips.
  • the interrogation signal of the system of the present invention provides a lateral resolution of at least 0.25 inches.
  • One aspect of the present invention is directed to a system for reading at least one object having a programmable RFID device embedded therein.
  • the object is disposed in a predetermined reading region.
  • the system includes a reader loop disposed in the predetermined reading region.
  • the reader loop is configured to transmit a reader interrogation signal to the at least one object disposed in the predetermined reading region and receive an RFID signal from the at least one object in response to the reader interrogation signal.
  • a jamming device is disposed proximate the reader loop.
  • the jamming device is configured to generate a jamming signal that prevents an external reader device disposed outside the predetermined reading region from interrogating the at least one object disposed in the predetermined reading area.
  • the present invention is directed to an RFID sensor system for reading at least one object having a programmable RFID device embedded therein.
  • the at least one object is disposed in at least one of N-predetermined reading regions.
  • N is an integer value greater than or equal to two.
  • the system includes N-RFID reader arrays.
  • Each RFID reader array is disposed in a corresponding one of the N-predetermined reading regions.
  • Each M th RFID reader array of the N-reader arrays includes an M th reader loop configured to read the at least one object disposed in the M th region and an M th jamming device disposed proximate the M th reader loop.
  • the M th jamming device is configured to generate a jamming signal that prevents reader loops disposed in adjacent reading regions of the N-predetermined reading regions from reading the at least one object disposed in the M th region.
  • M is an integer value in a range of integers from 1 to N.
  • a control system is coupled to the N-RFID reader arrays. The control system is configured to energize each reader loop in accordance with a predetermined reading sequence and energize each jamming device in accordance with a predetermined jamming sequence.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a gaming table
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram of the magnetic flux lines of a coiled inductive coupler
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram of the magnetic flux densities of a coiled inductive coupler
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of the jamming concept
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a coil set used in the jamming concept of FIG. 4 ;
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of an alternative coil set used in the jamming concept of FIG. 4 ;
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram of the magnetic flux lines of a ferrite solenoid combined with ferrite director material
  • FIG. 8 is a diagram of the magnetic flux lines of a wounded ferrite solenoid combined with a ferrite field flattening plate
  • FIG. 9 is a diagram of the magnetic flux lines of two coiled inductive couplers combined in an active field shaping configuration
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic representation of the placement of ferrite solenoids under a gaming surface
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic representation of the internal circuits of a modified RFID gaming chip
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic representation of the positioning of the coiled inductive couplers of the circuit shown in FIG. 11 ;
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic representation of the internal circuits of another modified RFID gaming chip
  • FIG. 14 is a schematic representation of the flux density profiles of adjacent coiled inductive couplers
  • FIG. 15 is a schematic representation of the signal envelop received at each coiled inductive coupler
  • FIG. 16 is a block diagram in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 17 is a timing diagram in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 18-21 are example applications in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 22A-22C are detail views of a coupler PCB in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 23 is a perspective view of a coupler arrangement applied to a baccarat table in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 24 is a block diagram of the jammer circuit depicted in FIG. 16 .
  • FIG. 1 An exemplary embodiment of the system of the present invention is shown in FIG. 1 , and is designated generally throughout by reference numeral 10 .
  • a method and apparatus provide improved spatial resolution of magnetic coupling RFID technology used to identify the position of chips on precisely defined betting areas on a gaming surface, such as, for example, a gaming table.
  • the method and apparatus provide gaming surface modifications which allow the use of magnetically coupled RFID gaming chips where tight spacing is needed and no “cross reading” of chips in other betting zones is desired.
  • active field control methods that consist of jamming loops, field shaping loops, ferrite solenoids and enhanced RFID measurements within the chip are described.
  • a common gaming surface which uses magnetic coupling technology is shown in the form of a gaming table 10 having betting areas A and B.
  • the basic components of the gaming table 10 include a coil inductive coupler 12 with corresponding electronic circuitry 14 associated with each betting area (for the sake of clarity only those of betting area A are shown), a protective cover 16 with betting area markings 18 applied thereon and gaming chips 20 , all of which will be further detailed below.
  • the coiled inductive coupler 12 referred to as the primary coil, is installed within the gaming table 10 and produces the read zone covering its associated betting area A, B within which gaming chips 20 have to be identified and counted.
  • the electronic circuitry 14 produces the current flowing through the primary coil 12 and interprets (reads) the different signals induced by magnetic coupling in the primary coil 12 by gaming chips 20 placed inside an associated betting area A, B.
  • the protective cover 16 which may be, for example, a plastic sheet with felt carpeting, covers the primary coil 12 and its corresponding electronic circuitry 14 , and also provides a surface on which the betting area markings 18 may be applied and the chips 20 placed.
  • Each of the gaming chips 20 integrate a coiled inductive coupler, referred to as the secondary coil, through which currents induced by magnetic coupling from the gaming table 10 primary coil 12 and by the other gaming chips 20 secondary coils flow, and an integrated circuit containing the appropriate gaming chip identification data, the circuit being capable of generating signals which may be used to transmit such data by magnetic coupling.
  • the secondary coil a coiled inductive coupler
  • the circuit being capable of generating signals which may be used to transmit such data by magnetic coupling.
  • the magnetic flux 120 produced by the primary coil 12 is roughly spherically shaped and its “drop-off” characteristics are determined by physics and may be expressed in dB/mm.
  • the magnetic field inevitably has to extend laterally as well. This implies that when the diagonal of the betting area is smaller than the height of the top of a 25 chip stack, and that an adjacent betting area is situated quite close to the observed betting area, it is generally impossible to achieve the required “drop off” characteristics.
  • FIG. 3 it may be seen that the magnetic flux 120 produced by the primary coil 12 of betting area A extends laterally, although with reduced density, into adjacent betting are B.
  • magnetic coupling technology may be combined with one or more complementary components and method of use thereof, either based on active field control using jamming coils or ferrite induced field deformation or on additional measurement techniques, such as received signal strength information (RSSI).
  • RSSI received signal strength information
  • coil sets 42 comprising a primary coil 12 , referred to as the “read” coil, and one or more jamming coils 44 , one such set 42 being associated with each betting area A, B, may be used.
  • the jamming coils 44 of all or some of the coil sets 42 are activated apart from the set situated in the betting area being observed.
  • the jamming coils 44 may be “lateral” i.e.
  • concentric jamming coils 44 two “read” operations are required; one when the jamming coils 44 are energized and one when they are not.
  • the gaming chips 20 in the betting area may be found by subtracting the two lists of chips 20 obtained.
  • the jamming coil 44 is adjacent and in the same plane as the read coil 12 , and is in the form of circuit loops of various geometries, which may include field canceling crossover patterns referred to as a “jammer loop”.
  • the coil set 42 may comprise a first circular, oval or square read coil 12 with a second concentric circular, oval or square jamming coil 44 , which is in the same plane and co-axial to the read coil 12 .
  • FIG. 6 shows an example where both the read coil 12 and jamming coil 44 are concentric circular coils.
  • the coil set 42 may comprise an auxiliary coil associated with the read coil 12 , actively energized and phase coherent with the read coil 12 excitation, to shape the magnetic field of the read coil 12 .
  • Read coils 12 in the gaming table 10 are used to sense chips 20 in the betting areas A, B associated with each read coil 12 and are scanned in turn by a multiplexer.
  • jamming coils 44 Associated with each read coil 12 are jamming coils 44 disposed as described above. The jamming coils 44 are activated to help restrict the reading zone of the read coil 12 by either splitting the signal and shaping the resulting field pattern or by generating a separate independent jamming signal.
  • FIG. 4 there is shown the read coil flux 120 A associated with betting area A and the read coil flux 120 B associated with betting area B. As it may be seen, when activated the read coil 12 of betting area A generates a flux 120 A that extends into betting area B delimited by betting area markings 18 B.
  • the jamming coil 44 of betting area B When activated, the jamming coil 44 of betting area B generates a jamming flux 144 that prevents the chips 20 that are in Area B from responding to the read signals from betting area A coil 12 .
  • the relative levels of the jamming signals and read signals may be set adaptively by sensing the “jammer effectiveness” on fixed chips permanently installed in various locations within the gaming table surface and controlling the jammer and reader levels either on initial set-up or periodically during use.
  • the jamming signal 144 may only be, for example, an in-band 13.56 MHz continuous wave (CW) signal at a level or 10 dB below the normal reader coil 12 received level. It is to be understood that other jamming modulations are possible depending on the RFID chip technology used.
  • CW continuous wave
  • a further method is to use jamming coils 44 of various shapes to produce local area jamming signals that prevent chips 20 outside of the betting area being read from hearing and responding to the interrogation signals of the reader coil 12 .
  • Using multiple active coils or specially shaped ferrite solenoids modifies the gaming surface 16 magnetic field so as to increase the drop-off slope around each betting area, A, B. By doing so the magnetic field around each betting area A, B may actually assume a more “rectangular shape” rather than “quasi-spherical”. Moreover, by combining this technique with the multiplexing of the active coils or the solenoids it may also be possible to further enhance the position accuracy of this improvement.
  • a horizontal ferrite solenoid rod 12 ′ is used, instead of a coiled inductive coupler, below the plane of the gaming surface 16 and is placed in between two betting areas, here betting areas A and B.
  • This construction produces a magnetic flux pattern 120 such that it passes perpendicularly up through one read zone (for example betting area B) and down through a second laterally adjacent read zone (for example betting area A).
  • a ferrite director material 13 may be placed horizontally beneath the gaming surface 16 under each betting area A, B to widen the magnetic flux 120 .
  • a specially shaped ferrite solenoid 12 ′ with an excitation winding 15 is used, instead of a coiled inductive coupler 12 , below the plane of the gaming surface 16 and is placed in between two betting areas, here betting areas A and B.
  • This construction produces a magnetic flux pattern 120 such that it passes perpendicularly up through one read zone (for example betting area B) and down through a second laterally adjacent read zone (for example betting area A).
  • a ferrite director material 13 may be placed between the adjacent read zones, here betting areas A and B, to help ensure that the lines of magnetic flux 120 are more horizontal in the region where chips are not to be read. Flux 120 crossing through chips not in the read zones is minimized and consequently these chips may not be excited and read.
  • an active inductive coupler coils 12 ′′A, 12 ′′B are used under respective betting area A, B in order to shape the magnetic field.
  • active inductive coupler coil 12 ′′A generates flux 120 A.
  • active inductive coupler coil 12 ′′B is used to generate a small signal in phase, and at the same frequency, as that of active inductive coupler coil 12 ′′A, thus producing flux 120 B which “pushes” flux 120 A back towards betting area A.
  • the flux cancelling loop effect in the second Active Field Control embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIGS. 9B-9E by showing the incremental excitation of the reader 120 B.
  • the concept of using a “flux canceller loop” is related to a property of lines of magnetic flux and how “load modulation” functions in returning signal from the RFID tag.
  • the primary winding is the Reader coupler and the RFID tag coil is the secondary. Any impedance change in the secondary winding (caused by the RFID chip signaling) is “transformed” into a small back EMF in the Reader coupler which can be sensed by receiver circuitry in the Reader. This is the standard method of Tag to Reader communication in all HF RFID.
  • an in-phase reader signal is transmitted to coil 12 ′′A in the first player position.
  • a synchronous version of the reader signal is also directed to the flux canceller circuitry by way of line 136 (See FIG. 17 , for example).
  • the synchronous signal is attenuated and applied to the adjacent coupler loops, designated as coupler 12 ′′B in the illustrative examples provided in FIGS. 9A-9E .
  • the coupler loop 12 ′′B generates a field whose lines of flux push the lines of flux from the main Reader coupler 12 ′′A away from the chip location where the reader interrogation pulse for position A is not desired, i.e., at the adjacent position B.
  • the lines of flux of the auxiliary field generated by coupler 12 ′′B will intersect with the RFID chip at position B, and the chip will “load modulate” these flux lines, but it will not read the flux lines of the Reader coupler 12 ′′A. Note also that the signal generated by the RFID chip B returns via an attenuated path and is not detected by the Reader, and hence, is not recognized.
  • FIG. 9B shows coupler 12 ′′B turned OFF, i.e., the synchronous attenuated signal is not being applied to the coupler 12 ′′B.
  • FIG. 9C and FIG. 9D show 0.1 reader excitation and 0.2 reader excitation, respectively. As the excitation increases, the “pushing effect” becomes more apparent. The magnetic flux 120 ′′B from coupler 12 ′′B is pushing the magnetic flux 120 ′′A away from player position “B.” In FIG. 9E , reader 12 ′′B is experiencing a 0.5 reader excitation and the flux from reader 12 ′′A is effectively canceled at the player position B.
  • ferrite solenoid L 2 interrogates betting areas A and B. Since the end zones contain only one betting area each, namely betting areas A and G, the exact count of chips in each of the zones may be found by logical deduction.
  • ferrite solenoid L 1 reads the chips contained in betting area A, creating list A
  • ferrite solenoid L 2 reads the chips contained in betting areas A and B, creating list AB. To obtain the list of chips contained solely in betting area B, that is list B, it suffice to subtract list A from list AB.
  • list C is obtained by subtracting list B from list BC obtained when ferrite solenoid L 3 reads the chips contained in betting areas B and C. This is repeated until the list of chips in each betting area is determined. It is to be understood that this method may be used with a lesser number of ferrite solenoids, for example using only ferrite solenoids L 1 , L 2 , L 4 , L 5 , L 6 and L 8 , but ferrite solenoid L 3 and L 7 may be used for redundancy purposes in this case.
  • a gaming chip 20 ′ contains two side by side overlapping inductive coupler coils 52 , 54 , and an RFID integrated circuit 56 capable of measuring the RSSI and communicating this measure as data along with its usual unique internal ID.
  • the inductive coupler coils 52 , 54 are overlapped, as shown in FIG. 12 , in such a way as to reduce mutual inductance.
  • a gaming chip 20 ′′ contains a single coupler coil 53 and an RFID integrated circuit 58 capable of measuring the RSSI and communicating this measure as data along with its usual unique internal identification number (ID), is used.
  • ID unique internal identification number
  • the gradient of the magnetic induction field of the reader coil 12 is sensed by differencing the levels measured from each inductive coupler coil 52 , 54 and dividing by their known separation distance. This gradient is then compared to calibrated radial measurements. Hence distance from the center of the betting area, which is usually circular in shape, may be determined.
  • the method to determine the position of a chip 20 ′′ containing a single inductive coupler coil 53 is to use the difference in RSSI as a measure of the values of the magnetic field produced by a single reader coil, which may be calibrated to the position of the gaming chip 20 ′′ on the gaming surface 16 .
  • signals from two or more interrogating read coils 12 may be used to measure the position of a chip 20 .
  • chip 20 senses the relative levels of the fields 120 A, 120 B and 120 C generated by read coils 12 A, 12 B and 12 C, respectively, as they are sequentially energized. This data, shown in FIG. 15 , may then be used to form a distance measurement from the intersection of the field patterns and may be calibrated to a position on the gaming surface 16 .
  • FIG. 16 a gaming table block diagram in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention is disclosed. While FIG. 16 shows player position 1 and player position 8 , those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that these numbers are arbitrary and the present invention may be applied to any gaming table arrangement including, but not limited to, Baccarat, Pai Gow poker, Black Jack, and the like. Further those skilled in the art will understand that each player position includes all of the components and sub-systems shown in player position 1 .
  • a coupler assembly (not shown in FIG. 16 ) is disposed within the player position reading area within the table top 121 .
  • the coupler assembly includes reader coupler loop 122 and concentric jamming loop 123 .
  • the coupler loop arrangement may be similar to the arrangement depicted in FIG. 6 .
  • the gaming table may employ the arrangement previously described in FIG. 5 and the associated text.
  • the reader loop 122 is coupled to impedance matching and reader resonance circuit 126 A.
  • network 126 is implemented using a capacitive network such that couplers 122 , 123 , and 124 are tuned to resonance at the center frequency of 13.56 MHz and adjusted for a rough impedance match to 50 Ohms.
  • a voltage standing wave ration (VSYWR) of 2, or better, is adequate.
  • a detuner circuit 125 is also coupled to circuit 126 A. Essentially, the detuner circuit 125 is employed to short out the resonance creating capacitor disposed in circuit 126 A.
  • the detuner circuit 125 is employed to short out the resonance creating capacitor disposed in circuit 126 A.
  • the Detuner 125 is implemented using an optically isolated PIN diode circuit. To reduce the current requirements on the PIN diode, it is placed across one of the tuning capacitors rather than in series with the loop. This effectively destroys the resonance of the loop but still leaves the loops closed.
  • Detuner circuit 125 is actuated by the switch and multiplexer (MUX) controller 129 via bus 127 .
  • bus 127 may be implemented by a controlling parallel discrete bus.
  • bus 127 may be implemented 127 by a serial multi-drop bus. For example the “One wire”TM from Dallas Semiconductor may be employed.
  • each player position includes three coupler matching circuits 126 .
  • the reader loop 122 is coupled to both the flux canceller multiplexer 130 A and the RFID multiplexer 130 B via matching circuit 126 A. The explanation for this is apparent in light of the discussion of FIGS. 9A-9E .
  • Concentric jamming loop 123 is coupled to jamming multiplexer 130 C by way of matching circuit 126 B.
  • fixed jammer loop 124 is directly coupled to jammer 131 via matching circuit 126 C.
  • the operation of multiplexers will be apparent in the discussion of the timing diagram provided in FIG. 17 . It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the pertinent art that modifications and variations can be made to multiplexers 103 A- 130 C of the present invention depending on system processing speed requirements.
  • multiplexers 103 A- 130 C may be implemented using an RF pin diode switch matrix, Power FETs or any other suitable arrangement.
  • Multiplexers 103 A- 130 C may also be implemented as a solid state switch in 3 planes characterized by at least 50 MHz with low insertion loss and cross talk.
  • RFID reader 132 provides a reader signal to read multiplexer 130 B and a synchronous read signal to flux canceller circuit 137 .
  • Flux canceller circuit 137 includes a network of 3 dB splitters configured to attenuate the synchronous read signal in the manner previously described herein.
  • RFID reader 132 may be of any suitable type.
  • reader 132 is implemented using a standard commercially available programmable HF RFID medium range Reader/Interrogator configured to supply up to 4 watts of output power.
  • the output power supply level of the present invention is programmable.
  • Jammer circuit 131 may be of any suitable type and configured to effectively jam the down link between the Reader 130 B and RFID inlay in the chip. To accomplish this, it is necessary to either disable the front end receiving circuit in the RFID die or to prevent decoding of the modulated signal sent by the Reader.
  • the down link signal is a very narrow band ASK modulated signal with modulation set at either 10% or 100% by the Reader.
  • the RFID device is required to accept either.
  • a Jamming signal for this in one implementation is a continuous wave (CW) signal of sufficient strength to cause the interference-to-signal (I/S) ratio as seen by the receiving detector to result in sufficient decode errors so that a valid command is not detected by the RFID die.
  • CW continuous wave
  • a jamming signal in another implementation is a similar ASK modulated fixed frequency signal that will also confuse the receiver. In both these cases the Jammer is not synchronized to the Reader.
  • the jamming signal may be of any suitable type depending on the front end of the RFID chip, for example, the jammer modulation may include a frequency modulated signal, an amplitude modulated signal, a phase modulated signal, a noise modulated signal, a pseudo-random noise modulated signal, an FM chirp signal, or a code modulated signal.
  • the jamming signal may also include a multiple-frequency signal adapted to defeat FSK receivers.
  • the jamming device of the present invention may be extended to the 915 MHz and/or the 5.8 GHz bands with suitable antennas.
  • the system of the present invention may also be implemented as an ISO 18000-3 Mode 2 compliant system.
  • the RFID devices and Readers require a slightly different jamming circuit.
  • the concept is the same—the RFID inlays in the gaming chips are “RTF” and will not respond unless recognizing valid Reader commands.
  • the downlink modulation technique employed in such systems is Pulse Jitter Modulation (PJM).
  • PJM is a form of Phase Shift Keying (PSK) that employs very small phase deviations, on the order of + ⁇ 1 deg to + ⁇ 2 deg from carrier.
  • PSK Phase Shift Keying
  • Jammer circuit 131 is configured to detect the Reader signal, phase lock to the carrier signal, and generate a signal slightly dithering in phase. This phase wander may be swept or alternated, but the rate is determined experimentally to be within the bandwidth of the PLL on board the RFID die. Its purpose is to disrupt the phase lock and defeat the detector from accurately following the desired Reader signal. In this instance the jamming signal must be synchronous with the Reader signal.
  • the RFID die within the gaming chips are configured to reject all messages from the Reader that are invalid, i.e. do not pass a cyclical redundancy check (CRC) or other such error measurements.
  • CRC cyclical redundancy check
  • FIG. 16 may employ both the flux cancellation chip resolution technique or the jamming techniques, or both systems to provide a lateral chip detection resolution between 0.25-0.50 inches.
  • the gaming table layout may require other areas to be “jammed” such as the peripheries where players keep their chips. This is accomplished by fixed continuously energized jammer loops. Switching and exact level set-up of these is usually not needed.
  • the cross-sectional view of table top 121 in FIG. 16 does not adequately illustrate the spatial separation between loops 122 , 123 and fixed jamming loop 124 .
  • the coupler loops 122 , 123 are disposed in reading areas, whereas jamming loop 124 is disposed in a non-reading area. Referring to the Mini-Baccarats layout depicted in FIG.
  • areas 104 , 105 , and 106 may be designated as reading areas.
  • areas 102 , 103 are player areas that, in some embodiments, are not read. Accordingly, loops 122 , 123 may be disposed under areas 104 , 105 , and 106 .
  • the fixed jammer loop 124 while disposed in each player position, is spatially separated within that “slice” of the table, and disposed under areas 102 , 103 .
  • RFID Reader 132 and Jammer 131 are ON, and controller 129 operates the RF MUX 130 A- 130 C and Detuner switches 125 in accordance with the sequence in FIG. 17 .
  • the timing diagram includes time intervals T n ⁇ 1 to T n+2 disposed along the vertical axis and a reader/jammer excitation pair Rx/Jx for each player position, wherein “x” is an integer value denoting the player position.
  • the reader coil at position 2 is turned ON and the jamming coil is detuned associated circuit 125 .
  • the jammer coils at these positions are turned ON and the reading coil detuned by the associated circuit 125 .
  • time interval T n ⁇ 1 has elapsed
  • the reader at position 3 is turned ON and the jammer at this position is detuned.
  • the adjacent positions, i.e., position 2 and position 4 have their jammers turned ON and their reader circuits detuned. This cycle repeats until each position is read.
  • the power level of the Reader RF signal is decreased under program control for every MUX operation to avoid spiking.
  • the Reader couplers are polled for all of the gaming chips in the field.
  • the UID for each chip in the reader field is obtained using an anti-collision protocol.
  • the UIDs obtained during this process are used to derive a chip inventory.
  • each chip in the field is processed on an individual basis by one reading a one-time-password stored in the on-board memory, and re-writing a new password as needed.
  • This action is determined by higher level networked elements of the Casino Gaming System “managing” tables. For example chips may be checked against a database for authentication. Communication to “the Network” is via 134 and is highly secured. For large tables such as 15-player Baccarat, 2 MUX systems and RFID Readers are used to increase speed of polling all player betting spots and the large quantities of chips in play.
  • a nine (9) player position mini-Baccarat gaming table in accordance with the present invention is disclosed.
  • numbered player areas 101 can be divided into seated and standing players (“back bettors”) Area 102 is for a seated player; areas 103 is for all back betters.
  • back bettors seated and standing players
  • Area 102 is for a seated player; areas 103 is for all back betters.
  • the casino has an interest in keeping account of the seated player betting and win-loss results since they are likely favored customers.
  • Each player has a betting area designated Player (wins) 104 ; Banker (wins) 105 , and Tie (wins) 106 . To bet, a player will place his chip or stacks of chips in these areas. As can be seen from FIG. 18 these areas are contiguous.
  • the betting areas for 15-player Baccarat are 111 , 112 , and 113 .
  • FIG. 20 shows a Black Jack table in accordance with the present invention.
  • Circular, square or other casino specific betting spots 109 are designated usually approximately 4′′ in diameter. Spacing will depend on the number of players/table. Seven is typically the largest table ( FIG. 18 ).
  • an implied zone 110 around each spot of approximately 1 chip diameter (11 ⁇ 4) on each side and touching the main spot is shown for second bets in “doubling down” or “splitting” situations.
  • the betting areas 115 are the marked circular areas.
  • FIGS. 22A-22C a detail view of a four (4) layer printed circuit board in accordance with the present invention is disclosed.
  • the Coupler Assembly is shown in FIG. 22C .
  • This unit consists of a 4-layer printed circuit board containing the Reader coupler loop and the concentric jammer coupler loop. Also, the tuning and matching circuits for each loop, the detuner Pin diode switch and a small spiral coupler coil 142 are contained on this board.
  • Element 146 is the SMB connector for the input RF cable from the Jammer 131 or flux canceller 137 signal and 147 is the SMB input RF cable connector for the Reader 132 signal send via the multiplexer unit 131 .
  • the inductive loop generating the electromagnetic field must have a diameter at least equal to the distance at which chips are to be read.
  • a feature of this design is that the coupler geometry is a “smoothed trapezoid” and not a circle as is typically used in other RFID Reader applications.
  • the long axis is sufficient to produce an exciting field covering stacked chips of more than 20 high when the Reader power is set at slightly less than 4 watts.
  • the trapezoidal shape is also ideally suited to the layout of the Baccarat table. The rounded shape is necessary to avoid flux crowding effects produced at the interiors of sharp corners.
  • a wide ground area 140 acts as an electrostatic shield for the current loop 144 on the inner layer. This minimizes the detuning affect of nearby objects and helps to limit the production of incidental far field radiation to well under the FCC (and other Jurisdictions) emission limits.
  • This ground pattern must have a gap 143 at the top so a “shorted turn” is not formed which will rob energy by eddy current action from the desired field.
  • the “ground” does contain mini-eddy current loops in the cross axis direction and these have a slight effect in reducing the vertical H field vector strength over the loop. This result is desired as it assists in reducing the Read field strength near the outside edge of the loop.
  • a similar ground pattern 141 is placed over the concentric inner loop 145 .
  • the same ground patterns are duplicated on the bottom layer of the PCB.
  • the outer loop is a single turn and sized to have an inductance of approximately 0.5 micro henries which can be easily “resonated” by common surface mounted capacitors.
  • the inner loop is a 2-turn loop.
  • the small spiral coil pattern 142 on the Coupler PCB is similar to the pattern of a chip inlay and with an attached RFID die is used as a “reference chip” for the Coupler Assembly.
  • This circuit will act as another chip in the field of the chips sensed for each player position and is used to get an absolute confirmation that the multiplexer is switched to the correct player position during the polling sequence.
  • the Unique Identifying number of each Coupler Assembly is associated with the player position and known by the controlling PC 133 .
  • this chip contains a die that is compatible with ISO 18000-3 which contains an excitation level sensing circuit. This is output as a 4 TEL bits with a 2 dB resolution in a preamble message to the Reader when queried. This information can be used by the PC and Reader in an adaptive feed back fashion to set the required excitation and jamming field levels since the sensing circuit can pick up either Reader or jammer fields.
  • FIG. 22B shows the coupler PCB inner layer.
  • Outer loop 144 is an implementation of the reader loop ( 122 ) depicted in FIG. 16 .
  • Inner loop 145 is an implementation of the concentric jamming loop ( 123 ) shown in FIG. 16 .
  • FIG. 23 shows a view of the table inner assembly 150 before the top surface 121 is installed. It shows the variable spacing of the Coupler Assemblies to be congruent with the Baccarat layout of the gaming surface.
  • the position number e.g. “position 7 ” 151 is shown.
  • the betting spots are 155 , 156 and 157 .
  • the Couplers are designed to sense total bets by the player as this is what the casino operator desired. Similar implementations with more couplers are possible using the same design principles disclosed herein to differentiate “Player, Banker, and Tie” bets.
  • Couplers may be placed virtually adjacent to each other and result in the System being able to accurately include a chip with a lateral distance accuracy of better than 1 ⁇ 2 chip diameter (0.5′′).
  • Note placement 153 illustrates an example of tight spacing.
  • the flux canceller circuitry may also be implemented using the coupler PCB and may be fed with Reader and Field Canceller signals in the polling sequence. Either loop can be used as a field canceller depending on the zones of read blockage required. An illustration of the principle of field cancelling is shown in FIGS. 9A-9E . Loop “A” the Read loop, and loops B the canceller loop, is shown in cross section and lines of flux are generated when the loops are excited with current. The “B” loop must be driven exactly in phase with the “A” loop. Chips are stacked on top of both “A” and “B”. Because the “A” field extents over and through the “B” zone the chips there are likely to be read.
  • a responding chip will modulate the lines of flux passing through it. This disturbance is “felt” at the generating loop. If the chip only modulates the lines from B as in panel 3 or 4 , its signal is sent back to the Reader along a path with attenuation. Other chips closer to “A” are sensed by loop “A” and sent back the Reader along a non-attenuated path. The very weak signals from “B” are below the Reader threshold and not recognized. Hence undesired responses from Chips over “B” are effectively blocked.
  • Coupler geometry is one of an oval or race track loop shape extending slightly beyond the betting spot along the 12 o'clock-6 o'clock axis.
  • a concentric jammer loop is also used.
  • Other geometries are considered similar and the jammer loops may be placed outside of the main Reader loops.
  • FIG. 24 a block diagram of the jammer circuit 131 depicted in FIG. 16 is disclosed.
  • the RFID tagged objects are singulated in a conveyor mechanism and presented in the tag read zone one-by-one for identification and sorting. High accuracy is essential.
  • the RFID technology of choice in the aforementioned sorting applications is 13.56 MHz HF inductive coupled tags. One reason for this relates to the restricted reading range of the Reader/Interrogator field.
  • Tag jammers have been designed to prevent Readers from surreptitiously reading tags. These jammers use various signals and spoofing communications to disrupt the operation of such Readers and have been developed to accommodate consumer privacy concerns.
  • jammer circuit assembly 131 may be implemented and packaged on a single printed circuit board.
  • conventional power supplies and conventional filter circuit details are not shown.
  • the Jammer must have sufficient filtering, waveform shaping and operating duty cycle limitations to comply with FCC, or other jurisdictional, emission requirements.
  • Jammer 131 includes a clock extractor circuit 1313 coupled to 50 ohm (HF sample) input 1309 .
  • the extracted clock signal is directed to frequency generator 1310 .
  • Frequency generator 1310 receives a reference signal from oscillator circuit 1311 .
  • a reference clock signal is provided to direct digital synthesizer (DDS) circuit 1302 .
  • DDS 1302 is configured to provide an in-phase signal (I) and a quadrature (Q) signal to modulator 1304 .
  • the DDS 1302 input to the RF switch is selected when the jamming waveform must be synchronized to the “victim” carrier signal.
  • the I/Q modulator 1304 output is provided to RF switch 1305 .
  • the RF switch also receives an input from RFID transceiver 1303 .
  • RF switch 1305 may select between two jamming signal sources, i.e., the output of RFID 1303 and the output of I/Q modulator 1304 .
  • RFID 1303 may be implemented using a commercial RFID transceiver. In this instance, the basic output of the transmitter portion of the RFID transceiver 1303 is employed. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that any suitable RFID transceiver may be employed, but there is shown by way of example a device manufactured by EM Microelectronic, RFID transceiver EM 4094.
  • DDS Synthesizer 1302 may also be implemented using any suitable device such as DDS synthesizer AD9854ASQ manufactured by Analog Devices.
  • DDS 1302 is typically controlled by microcontroller 1312 and directed to generate one of a large variety of modulated signals, as well as fixed frequency, swept frequency, or “chirped” carriers. Microcontroller 1312 also selects which jammer source to use by operating switch RF switch 1305 and setting the level of the output from the power amplifier 1306 .
  • a sample of a Reader/Interrogator output signal may be directly connected to 50 ohm input 1309 .
  • the input circuit can be a resonant tuner for a small inductive coupler loop designed to capture the Reader/Interrogator signal through the “air”. Some care must be taken to position this pick-up loop in a region of space that will not be exposed to the jammer output signal.
  • RF switch 1305 The output of RF switch 1305 is directed into pre-amp 1315 . After the output is amplified, it is subsequently directed into power amplifier 1306 . The amplified output is directed into directional coupler 1307 . As those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, a coupler is a four port device that is often used to provide an attenuated sample of the RF output for signal monitoring. The majority of the incident signal is thus provided to output 1316 .
  • the output 1316 of the jammer is typically implemented as a 50 ohm source that is connected to an appropriate inductive loop configured to generate the jamming field.
  • Two output samples are directed back to microcontroller 1312 via A/D converter 1308 .
  • one output sample is directed to the microcontroller 1312 from the directional coupler 1307 .
  • a second sample is directed from divider circuit 1314 .
  • Microcontroller 1312 uses the output samples to detect any impedance mismatch to the output loop, provide a warning signal, and reduce the output power level if the VSWR is too high.
  • the direct feed back path from the resistor divider 1314 is also used in a self test mode to verify correct Jammer operation.
  • the equipment and methods disclosed herein can be adapted to other situations where it is possible to position optical sensors closely adjacent to the object or multiple objects whose presence and ID must be determined and where a few inches of space is available to install the HF RFID coupling coils.
  • Examples include but not limited to: perfume bottles on retail display shelves; wine bottles; test tubes or other biological sample holders in racks, jewelry or diamonds in bags or on holders, chess pieces on a board, etc.
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