US7357999B2 - Nanocomposite electrolyte membrane and fuel cell employing the same - Google Patents
Nanocomposite electrolyte membrane and fuel cell employing the same Download PDFInfo
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- US7357999B2 US7357999B2 US10/616,998 US61699803A US7357999B2 US 7357999 B2 US7357999 B2 US 7357999B2 US 61699803 A US61699803 A US 61699803A US 7357999 B2 US7357999 B2 US 7357999B2
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- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
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- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
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- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
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- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1009—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes with one of the reactants being liquid, solid or liquid-charged
- H01M8/1011—Direct alcohol fuel cells [DAFC], e.g. direct methanol fuel cells [DMFC]
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- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
- H01M8/1023—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon, e.g. polyarylenes, polystyrenes or polybutadiene-styrenes
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- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
- H01M8/1025—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon and oxygen, e.g. polyethers, sulfonated polyetheretherketones [S-PEEK], sulfonated polysaccharides, sulfonated celluloses or sulfonated polyesters
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- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
- H01M8/1027—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having carbon, oxygen and other atoms, e.g. sulfonated polyethersulfones [S-PES]
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- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
- H01M8/103—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having nitrogen, e.g. sulfonated polybenzimidazoles [S-PBI], polybenzimidazoles with phosphoric acid, sulfonated polyamides [S-PA] or sulfonated polyphosphazenes [S-PPh]
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- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
- H01M8/1032—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having sulfur, e.g. sulfonated-polyethersulfones [S-PES]
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- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
- H01M8/1034—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having phosphorus, e.g. sulfonated polyphosphazenes [S-PPh]
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- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1039—Polymeric electrolyte materials halogenated, e.g. sulfonated polyvinylidene fluorides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1041—Polymer electrolyte composites, mixtures or blends
- H01M8/1046—Mixtures of at least one polymer and at least one additive
- H01M8/1048—Ion-conducting additives, e.g. ion-conducting particles, heteropolyacids, metal phosphate or polybenzimidazole with phosphoric acid
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1069—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes
- H01M8/1081—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes starting from solutions, dispersions or slurries exclusively of polymers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a fuel cell, and more particularly, to a fuel cell to which organic fuel is fed directly.
- Fuel cells are known as power generators that produce electrical energy through electrochemical reactions of fuel with oxygen or air. Since they are not based on the Carnot cycle applied to thermal power generation, their theoretical power generation efficiency is very high. Fuel cells can be used as power sources for small electrical/electronic devices, including portable devices, as well as for industrial, domestic, and transportation applications.
- Fuel cells known so far can be classified into polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) cells, phosphoric acid cells, molten carbonate cells, solid oxide cells, and other kinds depending on the type of electrolyte.
- PEM polymer electrolyte membrane
- phosphoric acid cells phosphoric acid cells
- molten carbonate cells molten carbonate cells
- solid oxide cells solid oxide cells
- the working temperature of fuel cells and constituent materials therefor are determined depending on the type of electrolyte used in a cell.
- fuel cells can be classified into an external reformer type where fuel is supplied to the anode after being converted into hydrogen-rich gas by an external reformer and an internal reformer type or direct fuel supply type where fuel in gaseous or liquid state is directly supplied to the anode.
- Common fuels to be supplied directly to an anode of a fuel cell include natural gas and methanol.
- other hydrocarbon fuels and their derivatives may be supplied to the anode.
- DMFC direct methanol fuel cell
- DMFCs use aqueous methanol solution as fuel, and a proton exchange polymer membrane with ionic conductivity as an electrolyte.
- DMFCs do not require an external reformer, use fuel that is convenient to handle, and have the highest potential available as potable energy sources over other kinds of fuel cells.
- Electrochemical reactions occurring in a DMFC are as follows: fuel is oxidized at the anode, and oxygen is reduced into water through a reaction with hydrogen ions at the cathode.
- methanol reacts with water at the anode to produce one carbon dioxide molecule, six hydrogen ions, and six electrons.
- the produced hydrogen ions migrate to the cathode through a polymer electrolyte membrane and react with oxygen and electrons, which are supplied via an external circuit, at the cathode to produce water.
- oxygen and electrons which are supplied via an external circuit, at the cathode to produce water.
- the polymer electrolyte membrane with proton conductivity acts as a path for migrating the hydrogen ions, which are generated through the oxidation reaction at the anode, to the cathode and as a separator between the anode and the cathode.
- the polymer electrolyte membrane requires ionic conductivity that is high enough to rapidly migrate a large number of hydrogen ions, electrochemical stability, mechanical strength suitable for a separator, thermal stability at working temperature, ease of processing into a thin film so that its resistance to ionic conduction can be lowered, and anti-swelling property to liquid permeation.
- this polymer electrolyte membrane As a common material for this polymer electrolyte membrane, a highly fluorinated polymer with sulfonate groups, such as Nafion (a registered trademark of Dupont), having a fluorinated alkylene backbone and a fluorinated vinyl ether side chain with sulfonate groups has been used.
- This kind of polymer electrolyte membrane consists of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups and can contain an amount of water therein to provide good ionic conductivity.
- methanol reacts with water in a 1:1 ratio by mole at the anode. Therefore, it is ideal to provide a 1:1 mixture of methanol and water by mole, for example, a 64% aqueous solution of methanol by weight.
- aqueous methanol solution when such a high concentration of aqueous methanol solution is used as fuel, the unreacted methanol diffuses into and crosses over the hydrophilic polymer electrolyte membrane, thereby considerably reducing the performance of the fuel cell. To prevent cross-over of methanol, the amount of unreacted methanol must be reduced.
- a low concentration of aqueous methanol solution for example, of 6-16% by weight is used as fuel.
- a low concentration of aqueous methanol solution for example, of 6-16% by weight is used as fuel.
- use of such a low-methanol solution inevitably leads to a lower working efficiency of the fuel cell.
- a cathode catalyst is poisoned by the methanol, thereby the lifespan of the fuel cell decreases.
- 5,919,583 and 5,849,428 disclose electrolyte membranes containing inorganic particles with proton conductivity.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,985,315 discloses an electrolyte membrane containing amorphous materials having protonic conductivity.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,439 discloses the use of an electrode having double catalyst layers.
- the present invention provides a nanocomposite electrolyte membrane capable of suppressing cross-over of a polar organic liquid fuel and a fuel cell employing the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane.
- a nanocomposite electrolyte membrane for a fuel cell comprising: a polymer having cation exchange groups; and silicate nanoparticles dispersed in the polymer, the silicate nanoparticles having a layered structure, and the silicate nanoparticles being intercalated with the polymer, or layers of the silicate nanoparticles being exfoliated.
- a fuel cell comprising: a cathode where a reduction of an oxidizing agent occurs; an anode where an oxidation of fuel occurs; and the above-described nanocomposite electrolyte membrane interposed between the cathode and the anode.
- FIG. 1 is a graph comparatively showing the performance of a fuel cell according to an example of the present invention and a fuel fell according to a comparative example.
- An embodiment of a nanocomposite electrolyte membrane for a fuel cell according to the present invention includes a polymer having cation exchange groups and silicate nanoparticles dispersed in the polymer, the silicate nanoparticles having a layered structure, and the silicate nanoparticles being intercalated with the polymer, or layers of the silicate nanoparticles being exfoliated.
- silicate minerals composed of salts of silicon dioxide and metal oxides are collectively called silicate minerals.
- Silicates consist of larger negative ions, SiO 4 4 ⁇ , and smaller positive metallic ions.
- the basis of crystalline structure in silicates is a SiO 4 tetrahedron wherein silicon atom is coordinated with four oxygen ions.
- Silicates are classified into nesosilicates, sorosilicates, cyclosilicates, inosilicates, phyllosilicates, tectosilicates, etc. by the bonding and arrangement types of the tetrahedrons.
- a representative silicate having a layered structure, among the above-listed kinds of silicates, is phyllosilcates. In phyllosilicates, adjacent SiO 4 tetrahedrons share each other's three oxygen atoms, thus forming a layered structure.
- Silicate minerals having such a layered structure include clay minerals. Most clay minerals consist of silicon, aluminum and water and have a two- or three-layered structure similar to mica. Examples of two-layered clay minerals include kaolines, and examples of three-layered clay minerals include montmorillonite, illite, etc. Water, potassium, iron, magnesium, or other metals are incorporated into layered structures to form various clay minerals. Rock forming minerals other than quartz decompose into clay minerals.
- silicates having a layered structure examples include smectite, vermiculite, halloysite, sericite, mica, or a mixture of the forgoing materials.
- smectite examples include montmorillonite, saponite, beidellite, nontronite, hectorite, stevensite, etc.
- silicate nanoparticles refer to silicate particles having an average particle diameter of about 1-100 nm.
- silicate nanoparticles having a layered structure are uniformly dispersed in the polymer having cation exchange groups, wherein the silicate nanoparticles are intercalated with the polymer, or the layers in the nanoparticles may be exfoliated with a larger interlayer space.
- a nanocomposite electrolyte membrane according to the present invention soaks up water, permeation of polar organic fuel such as methanol, ethanol, etc., into the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane is suppressed. Therefore, the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane according to the present invention can effectively suppress crossover of polar organic fuels in a direct fuel cell using polar organic fuels, which are directly supplied to its anode.
- the amount of silicate nanoparticles in the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane is preferably in a range of, for example, about 1-30% by weight, more preferably, about 3-10% by weight, based on the weight of the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane.
- a polymer which can be used in a nanocomposite electrolyte membrane according to the present invention may have cation exchange groups selected from the group consisting of, for example, a sulfonate group, a carboxyl group, a phosphoric acid group, an imide group, a sulfonimide group, a sulfonamide group, and a hydroxyl group.
- Examples of a polymer with cation exchange groups includes a homopolymer and a copolymer made from trifluoroethylenes, tetrafluoroethylenes, styrene-divinyl benzenes, ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ -trifluorostyrenes, styrenes, imides, sulfones, phosphazenes, etherether ketones, polyphenylene sulfides, or aromatic groups, a derivative of the homopolymers and the copolymers, and a mixture of the foregoing polymers.
- a preferred polymer with cation exchange groups is a highly fluorinated polymer containing fluorine atoms that amount to at least 90% of the total number of fluorine and hydrogen atoms bound to carbon atoms of the backbone and side chains of the polymer.
- a more preferred polymer with cation exchange groups is a highly fluorinated polymer with sulfonate groups as proton exchange groups at the terminals of side chains and containing fluorine atoms that amount to at least 90% of the total number of fluorine and hydrogen atoms bound to carbon atoms of the backbone and side chains of the polymer.
- Any polymer with cation exchange groups for example, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,282,875; 4,358,545; 4,940,525; and 5,422,411, are available.
- Examples of a polymer with cation exchange groups include a homopolymer derived from monomers having the formula of MSO 2 CFR f CF 2 O[CFYCF 2 O] n CF ⁇ CF 2 and a copolymer derived from the monomers of the formula above and at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of ethylene, halogenated ethylene, perfluorinated ⁇ -olefin, perfluoroalkylvinyl ether.
- R f is a radical selected from fluorine and a C 1 -C 10 perfluoroalkyl group
- Y is a radical selected from fluorine and a trifluoromethyl group
- n is an integer from 1 to 3
- M is a radical selected from fluorine, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, and a —OMe where Me is a radical selected from alkaline metal and a quaternary ammonium group.
- polymer with cation exchange groups is a polymer having the carbon backbone substantially substituted with fluorine and pendant groups having the formula of —O—[CFR′ f ] b [CFR f ] a SO 3 Y where a is an integer from 0 to 3; b is an integer from 0 to 3; a+b is greater than or equal to 1; R f and R′ f are independently selected from halogen atom and a substantially fluorinated alkyl group; and Y is hydrogen or alkaline metal.
- Still another example of a polymer with cation exchange groups is a sulfonic fluoropolymer having the fluorinated backbone and pendent groups having the formula of ZSO 2 —[CF 2 ] a —[CFR f ] b —O— where Z is halogen, alkaline metal, hydrogen, or —OR where R is a C 1 -C 10 alkyl or aryl radical; a is an integer from 0 to 2; b is an integer from 0 to 2; a+b is not equal to zero; R f is selected from fluorine, chlorine, a C 1 -C 10 perfluoroalkyl group, and a C 1 -C 10 fluorochloroalkyl group.
- polymer with cation exchange groups is a polymer having the following formula:
- a 1 , A 2 , and A 3 are independently selected from an alkyl group, halogen atom, C y F 2y+1 where y is an integer greater than 0, —OR (where R is an alkyl group, a perfluoroalkyl group, or an aryl group), CF ⁇ CF 2 , CN, NO 2 , and OH; and X is selected from SO 3 H, PO 3 H 2 , CH 2 PO 3 H 2 , COOH, OSO 3 H, OPO 3 H 2 , OArSO 3 H (where Ar is an aromatic group), NR 3 + (where R is an alkyl group, a perfluoroalkyl group, or an aryl group), CH 2 NR 3 + (where R is an alkyl group, a perfluoroalkyl group, or an aryl group).
- the polymer with cation exchange groups used in a nanocomposite electrolyte membrane according to the present invention provides cationic conductivity, for example, proton conductivity, and acts as a binder for the silicate nanoparticles.
- the thickness of the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane according to the present invention is not limited. However, if the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane is too thin, the strength of the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane is greatly weakened. If the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane is too thick, internal resistance of the fuel cell is too high. In view of this, the thickness of the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane according to the present invention may be in a range of about 30-200 ⁇ m.
- a cationic surfactant is adsorbed onto the silicate nanoparticles.
- silicate nanoparticles are immersed in a cationic surfactant and washed with water to remove excess ions. During this process, the ion exchange process for the silicate nanoparticles take place, thus the interlayer distance in the nanoparticle increases.
- Examples of a cation surfactant include, but are not limited to, organic onium cations.
- Organic onium cations may be derived from ammonium salts.
- Examples of organic onium cations derived from ammonium salts include, but are not limited to, cetyl pyridium chloride, lauryl pyridium chloride, and n-hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide.
- silicate nanoparticles which have adsorbed adsorbed a cation surfactant are termed “swelled nanoparticles.”
- a polymer solution in an organic solvent is prepared.
- organic solvent examples include tetrahydrofuran (THF), di-methylformamide (DMF), n-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP), and isopropyl alcohol (IPA), which may be used alone or in combination.
- water or a mixture of water and an organic solvent selected from among the above examples may be used to prepare the polymer solution, instead of the organic solvent.
- the swelled nanoparticles are added to and dispersed in the polymer solution with stirring. During this process, intercalation of the polymer and/or exfoliation of the nanoparticles occur.
- Various methods can be applied to mold a nanocomposite electrolyte membrane using the polymer solution containing the swelled nanoparticles dispersed therein. After molding the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane, the organic solvent is evaporated to provide a complete nanocomposite electrolyte membrane.
- a nanocomposite electrolyte membrane according to the present invention can be applied to any kind of fuel cells which employ an electrolyte membrane containing polymer electrolyte, for example, PEMFC using hydrogen as fuel.
- the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane according to the present invention is more useful in direct methanol fuel cells using a mixed vapor of methanol and water or an aqueous methanol solution as a fuel.
- the present invention provides a fuel cell with the above-described nanocomposite electrolyte membrane according to the present invention between a cathode, where oxygen is reduced, and an anode, where fuel is oxidized.
- the cathode includes a catalyst layer for facilitating oxygen reduction.
- This catalyst layer contains catalyst particles and a polymer with cation exchange groups.
- a carbon supported platinum (Pt/C) catalyst can be used as the cathode catalyst.
- the anode includes a catalyst layer for facilitating the oxidation of fuel, such as hydrogen, natural gas, methanol, ethanol, etc.
- This anode catalyst layer contains catalyst particles and a polymer with cation exchange groups.
- Examples of a catalyst for the anode catalyst layer include, but are not limited to, a Pt/C catalyst, a carbon supported platinum-ruthenium (Pt—Ru/C) catalyst, etc.
- the Pt—Ru/C catalyst is more useful in fuel cells in which organic fuels, except for hydrogen, are directly supplied to their anode.
- Each catalyst for the cathode and the anode contains catalytic metal particles and a catalyst carrier.
- Suitable catalyst carriers include conductive solid powder, such as carbon powder, with micropores for incorporating catalytic metal particles therein.
- carbon powder include carbon black, Ketzen black, acetylene black, activated carbon powder, carbon nano-fibers, and a mixture of the forgoing materials.
- polymers having cation exchange groups can be used for the cathode and anode catalyst layers.
- the cathode catalyst and anode catalyst layers directly contact the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane.
- Each of the cathode and the anode may further include a gas diffusion layer.
- the gas diffusion layer contains porous materials with electrical conductivity and acts as a current collector and as an entry/exit path of reactants and reaction products.
- Examples of the gas diffusion layer include, but are not limited to, carbon paper, and preferably, waterproofed carbon paper, and more preferably, waterproofed carbon paper with a waterproofed carbon black layer.
- Waterproofed carbon paper for the gas diffusion layer contains a hydrophobic polymer, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), which is sintered.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- the waterproofed carbon black layer contains carbon black and a hydrophobic polymer, such as PTFE, as a binder.
- This waterproofed carbon black layer is attached to a surface of a waterproofed carbon paper as described above.
- the hydrophobic polymer of the waterproofed carbon black layer is sintered.
- Fuels which can be supplied to the anode of a fuel cell according to the present invention include hydrogen, natural gas, methanol, ethanol, etc.
- Preferred fuels include aqueous solutions of polar organic fuels, for example, methanol, ethanol, etc.
- a more preferred fuel is an aqueous methanol solution.
- a fuel cell according to the present invention is compatible with a higher concentration of aqueous methanol fuel because the cross-over of polar organic fuels is greatly suppressed by the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane, in contrast to conventional DMFCs that allow only to use a low-concentration methanol solution of 6-15% due to the problem of methanol cross-over.
- the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane of the fuel cell according to the present invention can suppress cross-over of a polar organic fuel, the fuel cell have a further extended lifespan and a further improved energy efficiency.
- Nafion solution available from Dupont was used as a polymer solution with cation exchange groups.
- Nafion solutions produced by Dupont are perfluorinated polymers with sulfonate groups as cation exchange groups.
- a mixture of 0.1 g of the swelled montmorillonite nanoparticles in a Nafion solution containing 1 g of Nafion was vigorously stirred at about 80° C. for about 70 hours to provide a slurry for forming a nanocomposite electrolyte membrane.
- the resulting slurry was deposited on a glass substrate and dried at about 130° C. for about 4 hours to form a nanocomposite electrolyte membrane having a thickness of about 150 ⁇ m.
- a fuel cell was manufactured from the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane of Example 1, an anode with a Pt—Ru catalyst, and a cathode with a Pt catalyst. Variation in cell voltage with respect to current density was measured for the fuel cell. The results are shown in FIG. 1 .
- the working temperature was about 50° C., a 2M methanol solution was used as a fuel, and air was used as an oxidizing agent.
- a fuel cell was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 2, except that Nafion 115 (available from Dupont) was used instead of the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane manufactured in Example 1. Variation in cell voltage with respect to current density was measured for the fuel cell under the same conditions as in Example 2. The results are shown in FIG. 1 .
- the ionic conductivity of the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane manufactured in Example 1 was measured using a 4-point probe method at 25° C., 50° C., and 75° C.
- the ionic conductivity of Nafion 117 was also measured. The results are shown in Table 1 below.
- the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane of Example 1 shows an ionic conductivity that is nearly equivalent to Nafion 117, indicating that the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane according to the present invention has a sufficient ionic conductivity for use in fuel cells, in spite of containing the nanoparticles.
- nanocomposite electrolyte membrane When methanol permeates a nanocomposite electrolyte membrane, the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane swells and increases in volume. Based on this phenomenon, anti-methanol permeation performance was measured, using the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane manufactured in Example 1, from a degree of swelling in a methanol solution.
- the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane of Example 1 was immersed, separately, in a 4M methanol solution and a 1:1 methanol and water solution by mole, each for 2 hours, and volume increases were measured.
- volume increases of Nafion 117 available from Dupont
- Table 2 The results are shown in Table 2 below. In Table 2, the percentages are the percentage volume increase with respect to the initial volume of the electrolyte membrane prior to immersion.
- the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane according to the present invention when applied to a fuel cell using a methanol solution as a fuel, cross-over of the methanol can be effectively suppressed, with improved working efficiency and longer lifespan of the fuel cell.
- a nanocomposite electrolyte membrane according to the present invention has an improved ability to suppress permeation of polar organic fuels, such as methanol, and appropriate ionic conductivity.
- a fuel cell with the nanocomposite electrolyte membrane according to the present invention can effectively prevent cross-over of methanol used as a fuel, thereby providing improved working efficiency and extended lifespan.
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Abstract
Description
Anode reaction: CH3OH+H2O→6H++6e −+CO2
Cathode Reaction: 1.5O2+6H++6e −→3H2O
Overall Reaction: CH3OH+1.5O2→2H2O+CO2
where m is an integer greater than 0; at least one of n, p, and q is an integer greater than 0; A1, A2, and A3 are independently selected from an alkyl group, halogen atom, CyF2y+1 where y is an integer greater than 0, —OR (where R is an alkyl group, a perfluoroalkyl group, or an aryl group), CF═CF2, CN, NO2, and OH; and X is selected from SO3H, PO3H2, CH2PO3H2, COOH, OSO3H, OPO3H2, OArSO3H (where Ar is an aromatic group), NR3 + (where R is an alkyl group, a perfluoroalkyl group, or an aryl group), CH2NR3 +(where R is an alkyl group, a perfluoroalkyl group, or an aryl group).
TABLE 1 | |||||
Sample | 25° C. | 50° C. | 75° C. | ||
Example 1 | 0.046 S/cm | 0.066 S/cm | 0.11 S/cm | ||
Nafion 117 | 0.060 S/cm | NA | 0.12 S/cm | ||
NA; Not available |
TABLE 2 | ||||
1:1 methanol and water | ||||
Sample | 4M methanol solution | solution by mole | ||
Example 1 | 0.80% | 40% | ||
Nafion 117 | 62% | 124% | ||
Claims (30)
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KR10-2002-0079187A KR100486728B1 (en) | 2002-12-12 | 2002-12-12 | Nanocomposite electrolyte membrane and fuel cell employing the same |
KR2002-79187 | 2002-12-12 |
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US20070265174A1 (en) * | 2004-03-26 | 2007-11-15 | Florida State University Research Foundation, Inc. | Hydrophobic Fluorinated Polyelectrolyte Complex Films And Associated Methods |
US7713629B2 (en) * | 2004-03-26 | 2010-05-11 | Florida State University Research Foundation | Hydrophobic fluorinated polyelectrolyte complex films and associated methods |
US20100173224A1 (en) * | 2004-03-26 | 2010-07-08 | Florida State University Research Foundation, Inc. | Hydrophobic fluorinated polyelectrolyte complex films and associated methods |
US8071255B2 (en) | 2004-03-26 | 2011-12-06 | Florida State University Research Foundation | Hydrophobic fluorinated polyelectrolyte complex films and associated methods |
US20100126342A1 (en) * | 2008-11-25 | 2010-05-27 | Lopez Leonardo C | Polymer inorganic clay composites |
US8268042B2 (en) * | 2008-11-25 | 2012-09-18 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Polymer inorganic clay composites |
DE102009028308A1 (en) * | 2009-08-06 | 2011-02-10 | Volkswagen Ag | Membrane electrode unit, useful in fuel cell, comprises a polymer electrolyte membrane made of a polymer, two electrodes sandwiching polymer electrolyte membrane, an electrolyte wetting polymer electrolyte membrane and silicate derivative |
US9700850B2 (en) | 2013-04-12 | 2017-07-11 | General Electric Company | Ion exchange membranes containing inorganic particles |
US10221289B2 (en) | 2013-04-12 | 2019-03-05 | Bl Technologies, Inc. | Ion exchange membranes containing inorganic particles |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP2004193136A (en) | 2004-07-08 |
KR20040051287A (en) | 2004-06-18 |
KR100486728B1 (en) | 2005-05-03 |
JP3768991B2 (en) | 2006-04-19 |
CN1288784C (en) | 2006-12-06 |
US20080008918A1 (en) | 2008-01-10 |
CN1507098A (en) | 2004-06-23 |
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Effective date: 20200415 |