Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
  • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
  • C07D209/10—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
  • C07D209/12—Radicals substituted by oxygen atoms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
  • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
  • A61K31/404—Indoles, e.g. pindolol
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

• This invention pertains generally to the field of therapeutic agents, and more specifically to certain 4(1-(sulfonyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)4-(hydroxy)-cyclohexa-2,5-dienone compounds, and analogs thereof, which are, inter alia, antiproliferative agents, anticancer agents, and/or thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase inhibitors.
• the present invention also pertains to compositions comprising such compounds, and the use of such compounds and compositions, both in vitro and in vivo, for example, in the treatment of proliferative conditions, cancer, and/or conditions mediated by thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase.
• Ranges are often expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by the use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiments.
• Phenolic xenobiotics can be modified by cellular systems in a number of ways, e.g., oxidation, glucuronidation, sulphation, methylation, acetylation, etc., and the instability of certain phenolic protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitors has been documented.
• PTK phenolic protein tyrosine kinase
• the antitumor PTK inhibitor erbstatin shown below, is known to have a short half-life ( ⁇ 30 min) in fetal calf serum (see, e.g., Umezawa et al., 1991), and the lack of correlation between the activity of tyrphostins, shown below, against isolated enzymes and their effects in vitro and in vivo, is noteworthy (see, e.g., Rambas et al., 1994).
• Di- and tri-phenolic tyrphostins decompose in solution to more active PTK inhibitors (see, e.g., Faaland et al., 1991), whereas tyrphostins devoid of hydroxy groups have a rapid onset of cellular activity (see, e.g., Reddy et al., 1992), implicating metabolic oxidation to a quinone (or other) moiety as a possible bioactivating step.
• a hydroxylated flavone-substituted quinol i.e., a chromone substituted quinol
• an oxidized estrone see, e.g., Milic et al., 1999.
• One aspect of the invention pertains to novel active compounds as described herein.
• compositions comprising an active compound as described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• Another aspect of the invention pertains to an active compound as described herein for use in a method of treatment of the human or animal body.
• Another aspect of the invention pertains to use of an active compound as described herein for the manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment of, for example, a proliferative condition (e.g., cancer), a condition mediated by thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase, etc.
• a proliferative condition e.g., cancer
• thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase e.g., thioredoxin reductase
• Another aspect of the invention pertains to a method of inhibiting thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase, in vitro or in vivo, comprising contacting a cell with an effective amount of an active compound as described herein.
• Another aspect of the invention pertains to a method of regulating cell proliferation, in vitro or in vivo, comprising contacting a cell with an effective amount of an active compound as described herein.
• Another aspect of the invention pertains to a method of (a) inhibiting cell proliferation; (b) inhibiting cell cycle progression; (c) promoting apoptosis; or (d) a combination of one or more of these, in vitro or in vivo, comprising contacting a cell with an effective amount of a compound as described herein.
• Another aspect of the invention pertains to a method for the treatment of, for example, a proliferative condition (e.g., cancer), a condition mediated by thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase, etc., comprising administering to a subject suffering from said condition a therapeutically-effective amount of an active compound, as described herein.
• a proliferative condition e.g., cancer
• thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase e.g., thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase
• kits comprising (a) the active compound, preferably provided as a pharmaceutical composition and in a suitable container and/or with suitable packaging; and (b) instructions for use, for example, written instructions on how to administer the active compound.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds obtainable by a method of synthesis as described herein, or a method comprising a method of synthesis as described herein.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds obtained by a method of synthesis as described herein, or a method comprising a method of synthesis as described herein.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to novel intermediates, as described herein, which are suitable for use in the methods of synthesis described herein.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of such novel intermediates, as described herein, in the methods of synthesis described herein.
• One aspect of the present invention pertains compounds having the following formula:
• one, two, or three of the ring atoms may be chiral (for example, depending on the bonds ⁇ and ⁇ , and the substituents, R 2 , R 3 , R 5 and R 6 ) and if so, may be in R or S configuration.
• the resulting optical isomers are encompassed by the corresponding structure, which is silent as to configuration.
• the bond marked ⁇ is independently a single bond or a double bond.
• the bond marked ⁇ is independently a single bond or a double bond.
• ⁇ is independently a double bond and ⁇ is independently a double bond (and the compound is substituted cyclohexa-2,5-dienone):
• ⁇ is independently a single bond and ⁇ is independently a single bond (and the compound is substituted cyclohexan-2-one):
• ⁇ is independently a single bond and ⁇ is independently a double bond (and the compound is substituted cyclohex-2-enone):
• a “double” bond includes both a simple double bond, such as the double bond in cyclohexene, and an aromatic “double” bond, such as, for example, the carbon-carbon bonds in benzene.
• the ring substituents, R 2 , R 3 , R 5 , and R 6 may be selected to improve the physical or biological properties of the compound, for example, to improve water solubility and/or bioavailability.
• each of R 2 , R 3 , R 5 , and R 6 is independently a ring substituent and is:
• said monovalent monodentate substituent (e.g., mentioned above in reference to R 2 , R 3 , R 5 , and R 6 ) is independently as defined below for R P , or a thiol or thioether group (for example, as described below under the heading “Quinol Ring Substituents: Thiols and Thioethers”).
• said monovalent monodentate substituent is independently selected from:
• said monovalent monodentate substituent is independently selected from:
• said monovalent monodentate substituent is independently selected from: hydroxy, halo, C 1-7 alkoxy, thiol, and thioether.
• said monovalent monodentate substituent is independently selected from:
• said monovalent monodentate substituent is independently selected from: halo, thiol, and thioether.
• said monovalent monodentate substituent is independently selected from:
• one or more of said monovalent monodentate substituent(s), R 2 , R 3 , R 5 , and R 6 is a thiol (—SH) or a thioether group.
• thiols and thioethers are excluded from the alternatives for said monovalent monodentate substituents, R 2 , R 3 , R 5 , and R 6 .
• one or both of R 3 and R 5 is a thiol or thioether group.
• exactly one of R 3 and R 5 is a thiol or thioether group.
• each of R 3 and R 5 is a thiol or thioether group.
• R 3 and R 5 are thiol or thioether group; then: ⁇ is a single bond; and ⁇ is a single bond.
• R 3 is a thiol or thioether group; then: ⁇ is a single bond.
• R 5 is a thiol or thioether group; then: ⁇ is a single bond.
• each of R 3 and R 5 is a thiol or thioether group; then: ⁇ is a single bond; and ⁇ is a single bond.
• ⁇ is a single bond
• ⁇ is a single bond
• one or more of said monovalent monodentate substituent, R 2 , R 3 , R 5 , and R 6 is a thiol or a thioether group.
• ⁇ is a single bond
• ⁇ is a single bond
• one or both of R 3 and R 5 is a thiol or thioether group.
• ⁇ is a single bond
• ⁇ is a single bond
• R 3 and R 5 is a thiol or thioether group.
• ⁇ is a single bond
• ⁇ is a single bond
• each of R 3 and R 5 is a thiol or thioether group.
• ⁇ is a single bond
• ⁇ is a single bond
• each of R 3 and R 5 is a thioether group, and: R 3 and R 5 are linked.
• R 3 and R 5 may, together, form a part of a peptide comprising the sequence -Cys-(X) y -Cys-, where X is an amino acid (e.g., ⁇ -amino acid), and y is an integer from 1 to 6 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6), and the —SH groups of the two cysteine residues are attached to the cyclohexa-2,5-dienone ring.
• Such compounds may be considered to be mono- and di-thiol adducts of the corresponding cyclohex-2,5-dienone (see below).
• the thiol and thioether group may collectively be denoted —SR S .
• R S is —H or an organic group (typically from 1 to 30 atoms other than hydrogen) which optionally bears one or more substituents, such as hydroxy, carboxy, carboxylate, acyloxy, amino, amido, and acyl amido groups.
• —SR S is a thioether group derived from a thiol-containing compound, such as, for example, a thiol-containing amino acid, e.g., cysteine, homocysteine, etc., or a thiol-containing peptide, e.g., a peptide comprising a thiol-containing amino acid, for example, glutathione and peptides (e.g., comprising from 4 to 100, preferably from 4 to 20, more preferably 4 to 10, amino acids) comprising the sequence -Cys-(X) y -Cys-, where X is an amino acid (e.g., ⁇ -amino acid), and y is an integer from 1 to 6 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6); as well as and esters (e.g., methyl esters) and amides (e.g., acetic acid amides) thereof.
• a thiol-containing compound such
• n is e.g., 1, 2, or 3
• cyclohexa-2,5-dienone compounds described herein undergo addition reactions with thiols, to yield thiol mono- and/or di-adducts (see “Synthesis” below). Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the addition reaction is reversible, and that such adducts may undergo elimination reaction, e.g., in vivo, to yield the original cyclohexa-2,5-dienone compound.
• the thiol mono- and/or di-adducts may act as prodrugs for the corresponding cyclohexa-2,5-dienone compounds; the thiol mono- and/or di-adducts may also have improved properties, e.g., water solubility, as compared to the corresponding cyclohexa-2,5-dienone compounds.
• each of R 2 , R 3 , R 5 , and R 6 is independently a ring substituent and is:
• R 5 and R 6 are —H; and ⁇ , ⁇ , R 2 , R 3 , Ar, and R O are as defined herein, but R 2 and R 3 do not also form a fused ring:
• R 2 and R 3 are —H; and ⁇ , ⁇ , R 5 , R 6 , Ar, and R O are as defined herein, but R 5 and R 6 do not also form a fused ring:
• R 2 and R 6 are —H; and ⁇ , ⁇ , R 3 , R 5 , Ar, and R O are as defined herein:
• R 3 and R 5 are —H; and ⁇ , ⁇ , R 2 , R 6 , Ar, and R O are as defined herein:
• R 2 , R 3 , R 5 and R 6 are —H; and ⁇ , ⁇ , Ar, and R O are as defined herein:
• R 2 , R 3 , R 5 and R 6 are —H; ⁇ is a double bond; ⁇ is a double bond; and Ar and R O are as defined herein:
• R 2 , R 3 , R 5 and R 6 are —H; ⁇ is a single bond; ⁇ is a single bond; and Ar and R O are as defined herein:
• R 2 , R 3 , R 5 and R 6 are —H; ⁇ is a single bond; ⁇ is a double bond; and Ar and R O are as defined herein:
• one or more ring substituents e.g., R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , or R 6
• an adjacent ring substituent i.e., selected from the remainder of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6
• ring substituents together with the ring atoms to which these ring substituents are attached, form a fused ring (fused to the main ring).
• the fused ring (or, if there are two fused rings, one of them, or each of them) is a fused aromatic ring.
• the fused ring (or, if there are two fused rings, one of them, or each of them) is a fused aromatic ring with 5 or 6 ring atoms.
• the fused ring (or, if there are two fused rings, one of them, or each of them) is a fused aromatic ring with 6 ring atoms.
• the fused ring (or, if there are two fused rings, one of them, or each of them) is a fused aromatic ring with 6 ring carbon atoms.
• ring substituents together with the ring atoms to which they are attached, form an aromatic ring (fused to the main ring), that ring may itself be substituted with one or more aryl substituents, for example, as defined for R P .
• R 2 and R 3 together with the ring atoms to which they are attached, form a fused ring, as described above (e.g., a fused aromatic ring; a fused aromatic ring with 5 or 6 ring atoms; a fused aromatic ring with 6 ring atoms; a fused aromatic ring with 6 ring carbon atoms).
• R 2 and R 3 form a fused benzene ring; ⁇ is a double bond; and ⁇ , Ar, R O , R 5 , and R 6 are as defined herein:
• R 5 and R 6 do not also form a fused ring.
• R 2 and R 3 form a fused benzene ring; ⁇ is a double bond; R 5 is —H; and ⁇ , R 6 , Ar, and R O are as defined herein:
• R 2 and R 3 form a fused benzene ring; ⁇ is a double bond; R 6 is —H; and ⁇ , R 5 , Ar, and R O are as defined herein:
• R 2 and R 3 form a fused benzene ring; ⁇ is a double bond; R 5 and R 6 are —H; and ⁇ , Ar, and R O are as defined herein:
• R 2 and R 3 form a fused benzene ring; ⁇ is a double bond; R 5 and R 6 are —H; ⁇ is a double bond; and Ar and R O are as defined herein:
• R 5 and R 6 together with the ring atoms to which they are attached, form a fused ring, as described above (e.g., a fused aromatic ring; a fused aromatic ring with 5 or 6 ring atoms; a fused aromatic ring with 6 ring atoms; a fused aromatic ring with 6 ring carbon atoms).
• R 5 and R 6 form a fused benzene ring; ⁇ is a double bond; and ⁇ , R 2 , R 3 , Ar, and R O are as defined herein:
• R 2 and R 3 do not also form a fused ring.
• R 5 and R 6 form a fused benzene ring; ⁇ is a double bond; R 3 is —H; and ⁇ , R 2 , Ar, and R O are as defined herein:
• R 5 and R 6 form a fused benzene ring; ⁇ is a double bond; R 2 is —H; and ⁇ , R 3 , Ar, and R O are as defined herein:
• the oxy substituent, R O is independently: (a) —H; or: (b) other than —H.
• the group —OR O is independently:
• R O is independently:
• R O is unsubstituted.
• R O is substituted.
• R O is independently —H.
• R O is —H; and R 2 , R 3 , R 5 , R 6 , ⁇ , ⁇ , and Ar are as defined herein:
• R O is —H; ⁇ is a double bond; ⁇ is a double bond; and R 2 , R 3 , R 5 , R 6 , and Ar are as defined herein:
• R O is —H; ⁇ is a single bond; ⁇ is a single bond; and R 2 , R 3 , R 5 , R 6 , and Ar are as defined herein:
• R O is —H; ⁇ is a single bond; ⁇ is a double bond; and R 2 , R 3 , R 5 , R 6 , and Ar are as defined herein:
• R O is —H
• R 2 , R 3 , R 5 and R 6 are —H
• ⁇ is a double bond
• ⁇ is a double bond
• Ar is as defined herein:
• R O is —H
• R 2 , R 3 , R 5 and R 6 are —H
• ⁇ is a single bond
• ⁇ is a single bond
• Ar is as defined herein:
• R O is —H
• R 2 , R 3 , R 5 and R 6 are —H
• ⁇ is a single bond
• ⁇ is a double bond
• Ar is as defined herein:
• R O is —H
• R 2 and R 3 form a fused benzene ring
• R 5 and R 6 are —H
• ⁇ is a double bond
• ⁇ is a double bond
• Ar is as defined herein:
• R O is independently other than —H.
• the group —OR O is converted (e.g.,hydrolyzed, metabolized, etc.) to give the group —OH, in vivo. Consequently, in one embodiment, the group —OR O is selected to be readily hydrolyzed in vivo.
• the group —OR O is independently:
• the group —OR O is independently (b).
• the group —OR O is independently (c).
• R O is independently:
• the group —OR O is independently (b).
• the group —OR O is independently (c).
• R O is unsubstituted.
• R O is substituted.
• R O is optionally substituted with one more of the following groups:
• R O is an amino-C 1-7 alkyl-acyl group, of the formula —C( ⁇ O)-J-K, wherein J is a C 1-7 alkylene group, and K is an amino group.
• R O is —C( ⁇ O)(CH 2 ) n —K, where n is an integer from 1 to 7, preferably 1 to 3, and K is an amino group.
• R O is —C( ⁇ O)CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 .
• the aryl group, Ar is a 1-(sulfonyl)-1H-indol-2-yl group.
• Ar is a group of the following formula:
• the sulfonyl substituent, R SO is C 1-7 alkyl, C 3-20 heterocyclyl, or C 5-20 aryl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is C 1-7 alkyl or C 5-20 aryl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is C 1-7 alkyl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is C 3-20 heterocyclyl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is C 5-20 aryl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is unsubstituted.
• R SO is substituted.
• R SO is C 1-7 alkyl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is C 1-6 alkyl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is C 1-5 alkyl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is C 1-4 alkyl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is C 1-3 alkyl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is methyl or ethyl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is methyl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is substituted.
• R SO is unsubstituted.
• R SO is —CF 3
• the sulfonyl group, —SO 2 R SO is “triflyl.”
• R SO is —C 4 F 9
• the sulfonyl group, —SO 2 R SO is “nonaflyl.”
• R SO is —CH 2 CF 3
• the sulfonyl group, —SO 2 R SO is “tresyl.”
• R SO is C 1-7 alkyl (or as defined above), optionally substituted with one more substituents as defined for R P .
• R SO is C 1-7 alkyl (or as defined above), optionally substituted with one more of the following groups:
• R SO is selected from:
• R SO is C 3-20 heterocyclyl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is C 5-20 heterocyclyl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is C 5-15 heterocyclyl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is C 5-12 heterocyclyl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is C 5-10 heterocyclyl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is C 5-9 heterocyclyl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is C 5-7 heterocyclyl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is C 5-6 heterocyclyl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is substituted.
• R SO is unsubstituted.
• R SO is C 5-20 aryl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is C 5-20 carboaryl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is C 5-10 aryl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is C 5-10 carboryl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is naphthyl or phenyl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is naphthyl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is C 5-6 aryl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is C 5-6 carboaryl ; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is phenyl; and is optionally substituted.
• R SO is unsubstituted.
• R SO is substituted.
• R SO is (an optionally substituted phenyl group):
• R SO is an unsubstituted phenyl group.
• R SO is a substituted phenyl group.
• p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.
• p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
• p is 0, 1, 2 or 3.
• p is 0, 1 or 2.
• p is 0 or 1.
• p is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.
• p is 1, 2, 3, or 4.
• p is 1, 2 or 3.
• p is 1 or 2.
• p is 0.
• p is 1.
• p is 2.
• p is 3.
• p is 4.
• p is 5.
• the phenyl group may be arranged in any combination. For example, if the phenyl group has a single substituent other than hydrogen, it may be in the 2-, 3-, or 4-position. Similarly, if the phenyl group has two substituents other than hydrogen, they may be in the 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4-, or 3,5-positions. If the phenyl group has three substituents other than hydrogen, they may be in, for example, the 2,3,4-, 2,3,5-, 2,3,6-, 2,4,5-, 2,5,6-, or 3,4,5-positions. If the phenyl group has four substituents other than hydrogen, they may be in, for example, the 3,4,5,6-, 2,4,5,6-, 2,3,5,6-, 2,3,4,6-, or 2,3,4,5-positions.
• p is 3 and the R P groups are in the 2-, 4-, and 6-positions.
• p is 3 and the R P groups are in the 3-, 4-, and 5-positions.
• p is 2 and the R P groups are in the 2- and 4-positions.
• p is 2 and the R P groups are in the 2- and 5-positions.
• p is 2 and the R P groups are in the 2- and 6-positions.
• p is 2 and the R P groups are in the 3- and 4-positions.
• p is 2 and the R P groups are in the 3- and 5-positions.
• p is 1 and R P is in the 2-, 3-, or 4-position.
• p is 1 and R P is in the 2- or 4-position.
• p is 1 and R P is in the 2-position.
• p is 1 and R P is in the 3-position.
• p is 1 and R P is in the 4-position.
• R SO is 4-Me
• the sulfonyl group, —SO 2 R SO is “tosyl.”
• R SO is 4-Cl
• the sulfonyl group, —SO 2 R SO is “closyl.”
• R SO is 4-Br
• the sulfonyl group, —SO 2 R SO is “brosyl.”
• R SO is 4-NO 2
• the sulfonyl group, —SO 2 R SO is “nosyl.”
• R SO is (an optionally substituted naphth-1-yl group or naphth-2-yl group):
• R SO is an unsubstituted naphth-1-yl group or naphth-2-yl group.
• R SO is a substituted naphth-1-yl group or naphth-2-yl group.
• R SO is an optionally substituted naphth-1-yl group.
• R SO is an unsubstituted naphth-1-yl group.
• R SO is a substituted naphth-1-yl group.
• R SO is an optionally substituted naphth-2-yl group.
• R SO is an unsubstituted naphth-2-yl group.
• R SO is a substituted naphth-2-yl group.
• q is 0, 1, 2 or 3.
• q is 0, 1 or 2.
• q is 0 or 1.
• q is 1, 2 or 3.
• q is 1 or 2.
• q is 0.
• q is 1.
• q is 2.
• q is 3.
• r is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
• r is 0, 1, 2 or 3.
• r is 0, 1 or 2.
• r is 0 or 1.
• r is 1, 2, 3, or 4.
• r is 1, 2 or 3.
• r is 1 or 2.
• r is 0.
• r is 1.
• r is 2.
• r is 3.
• r is 4.
• R SO is 5-dimethylaminonaphth-1-yl
• the sulfonyl group, —SO 2 R SO is “dansyl.”
• each R P is independently selected from:
• each R P is independently selected from:
• each R P is independently selected from:
• each R P is independently selected from:
• each R P is independently selected from:
• each R P is independently selected from:
• each R P is independently selected from:
• each R P is independently selected from:
• each of R 3N , R 4N , R 5N , R 6N , and R 7N is independently —H, or as defined above for R P .
• each of R 3N , R 4N , R 5N , R 6N , and R 7N is independently —H, or selected from:
• each of R 3N , R 4N , R 5N , R 6N , and R 7N is independently selected from:
• each of R 3N , R 4N , R 5N , R 6N , and R 7N is independently —H, or selected from:
• each of R 3N , R 4N , R 5N , R 6N , and R 7N is independently selected from:
• each of R 3N , R 4N , R 5N , R 6N , and R 7N is independently selected from:
• R 3N is —H.
• each of R 4N and R 7N is —H.
• each of R 3N , R 4N and R 7N is —H.
• each of R 4N , R 6N , and R 7N is —H.
• each of R 3N , R 4N , R 6N , and R 7N is —H.
• each of R 4N , R 5N , and R 7N is —H.
• each of R 3N , R 4N , R 5N , and R 7N is —H.
• each of R 5N , R 6N , and R 7N is —H.
• each of R 3N , R 5N , R 6N , and R 7N is —H.
• each of R 4N , R 5N , and R 6N is —H.
• each of R 3N , R 4N , R 5N , and R 6N is —H.
• each of R 3N , R 4N , R 5N , R 6N , and R 7N is —H.
• carbo “carbyl,” “hydrocarbon” and “hydrocarbyl,” as used herein, pertain to compounds and/or groups which have only carbon and hydrogen atoms (but see “carbocyclic” below).
• hetero refers to compounds and/or groups which have at least one heteroatom, for example, multivalent heteroatoms (which are also suitable as ring heteroatoms) such as boron, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium (more commonly nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur) and monovalent heteroatoms, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
• multivalent heteroatoms which are also suitable as ring heteroatoms
• oxygen, sulfur and selenium (more commonly nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur)
• monovalent heteroatoms such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
• saturated refers to compounds and/orgroups which do not have any carbon-carbon double bonds or carbon-carbon triple bonds.
• unsaturated refers to compounds and/or groups which have at least one carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-carbon triple bond.
• Compounds and/or groups may be partially unsaturated or fully unsaturated.
• aliphatic refers to compounds and/or groups which are linear or branched, but not cyclic (also known as “acyclic” or “open-chain” groups).
• ring refers to a closed ring of from 3 to 10 covalently linked atoms, more preferably 3 to 8 covalently linked atoms, yet more preferably 5 to 6 covalently linked atoms.
• a ring may be an alicyclic ring or an aromatic ring.
• alicyclic ring as used herein, pertains to a ring which is not an aromatic ring.
• carrier ring refers to a ring wherein all of the ring atoms are carbon atoms.
• Carboaromatic ring as used herein, pertains to an aromatic ring wherein all of the ring atoms are carbon atoms.
• heterocyclic ring refers to a ring wherein at least one of the ring atoms is a multivalent ring heteroatom, for example, nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon, oxygen, or sulfur, though more commonly nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
• the heterocyclic ring has from 1 to 4 heteroatoms.
• cyclic compound pertains to a compound which has at least one ring.
• cyclyl as used herein, pertains to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from a ring atom of a cyclic compound.
• a cyclic compound may be fused (e.g., as in naphthalene, decalin, etc.), bridged (e.g., as in norbornane, adamantane, etc.), spiro (e.g., as in spiro[3.3]heptane), or a combination thereof.
• Cyclic compounds with one ring may be referred to as “monocyclic” or “mononuclear,” whereas cyclic compounds with two or more rings may be referred to as “polycyclic” or “polynuclear.”
• carbocyclic compound refers to a cyclic compound which has only carbocyclic ring(s).
• heterocyclic compound refers to a cyclic compound which has at least one heterocyclic ring.
• aromatic compound refers to a cyclic compound which has at least one aromatic ring.
• carboaromatic compound as used herein, pertains to a cyclic compound which has only carboaromatic ring(s).
• heteromatic compound refers to a cyclic compound which has at least one heteroaromatic ring.
• monovalent monodentate substituents pertains to substituents which have one point of covalent attachment, via a single bond. Examples of such substituents include halo, hydroxy, and alkyl.
• multivalent monodentate substituents pertains to substituents which have one point of covalent attachment, but through a double bond or triple bond. Examples of such substituents include oxo, imino, alkylidene, and alklidyne.
• substituents refers to substituents which have two points of covalent attachment, and which act as a linking group between two other moieties. Examples of such substituents include alkylene and arylene.
• substituted refers to a parent group which bears one or more substitutents.
• substitutents refers to a chemical moiety which is covalently attached to, or if appropriate, fused to, a parent group.
• substituents are well known, and methods for their formation and introduction into a variety of parent groups are also well known.
• Alkyl refers to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon compound having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms (unless otherwise specified), which may be aliphatic or alicyclic, and which may be saturated or unsaturated (e.g., partially unsaturated, fully unsaturated).
• alkyl includes the sub-classes alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyenyl, cycloalkynyl, etc., discussed below.
• the prefixes denote the number of carbon atoms, or range of number of carbon atoms.
• C 1-4 alkyl refers to an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• groups of alkyl groups include C 1-4 alkyl (“lower alkyl”), C 1-7 alkyl, and C 1-20 alkyl.
• the first prefix may vary according to other limitations; for example, for unsaturated alkyl groups, the first prefix must be at least 2; for cyclic alkyl groups, the first prefix must be at least 3; etc.
• Examples of (unsubstituted) saturated alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (C 1 ), ethyl (C 2 ), propyl (C 3 ), butyl (C 4 ), pentyl (C 5 ), hexyl (C 6 ), heptyl (C 7 ), octyl (C 8 ), nonyl (C 9 ), decyl (C 10 ), undecyl (C 11 ), dodecyl (C 12 ), tridecyl (C 13 ), tetradecyl (C 14 ), pentadecyl (C 15 ), and eicodecyl (C 20 ).
• Examples of (unsubstituted) saturated linear alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (C 1 ), ethyl (C 2 ), n-propyl (C 3 ), n-butyl (C 4 ), n-pentyl (amyl) (C 5 ), n-hexyl (C 6 ), and n-heptyl (C 7 ).
• Examples of (unsubstituted) saturated branched alkyl groups include iso-propyl (C 3 ), iso-butyl (C 4 ), sec-butyl (C 4 ), tert-butyl (C 4 ), iso-pentyl (C 5 ), and neo-pentyl (C 5 ).
• Alkenyl refers to an alkyl group having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Examples of groups of alkenyl groups include C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-7 alkenyl, C 2-20 alkenyl.
• Examples of (unsubstituted) unsaturated alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl (vinyl, —CH ⁇ CH 2 ), 1-propenyl (—CH ⁇ CH—CH 3 ), 2-propenyl (allyl, —CH—CH ⁇ CH 2 ), isopropenyl (1-methylvinyl, —C(CH 3 ) ⁇ CH 2 ), butenyl (C 4 ), pentenyl (C 5 ), and hexenyl (C 6 ).
• Alkynyl refers to an alkyl group having one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds. Examples of groups of alkynyl groups include C 2-4 alkynyl, C 2-7 alkynyl, C 2-20 alkynyl.
• Examples of (unsubstituted) unsaturated alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl (ethinyl, —C ⁇ CH) and 2-propynyl (propargyl, —CH 2 C ⁇ CH).
• Cycloalkyl refers to an alkyl group which is also a cyclyl group; that is, a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an alicyclic ring atom of a carbocyclic ring of a carbocyclic compound, which carbocyclic ring may be saturated or unsaturated (e.g., partially unsaturated, fully unsaturated), which moiety has from 3 to 20 carbon atoms (unless otherwise specified), including from 3 to 20 ring atoms.
• the term “cycloalkyl” includes the sub-classes cycloalkyenyl and cycloalkynyl.
• each ring has from 3 to 7 ring atoms.
• groups of cycloalkyl groups include C 3-20 cycloalkyl, C 3-15 cycloalkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, C 3-7 cycloalkyl.
• cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from:
• Alkylidene refers to a divalent monodentate moiety obtained by removing two hydrogen atoms from an aliphatic or alicyclic carbon atom of a hydrocarbon compound having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms (unless otherwise specified). Examples of groups of alkylidene groups include C 1-20 alkylidene, C 1-7 alkylidene, C 1-4 alkylidene.
• alkylidene groups include, but are not limited to, methylidene ( ⁇ CH 2 ), ethylidene ( ⁇ CH—CH 3 ), vinylidene ( ⁇ C ⁇ CH 2 ), isopropylidene ( ⁇ C(CH 3 ) 2 ), cyclopentylidene.
• a substituted alkylidene group is benzylidene ( ⁇ CH-Ph).
• Alkylidyne refers to a trivalent monodentate moiety obtained by removing three hydrogen atoms from an aliphatic or alicyclic carbon atom of a hydrocarbon compound having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms (unless otherwise specified).
• groups of alkylidyne groups include C 1-20 alkylidyne, C 1-7 alkylidyne, C 1-4 alkylidyne.
• alkylidyne groups include, but are not limited to, methylidyne ( ⁇ CH) and ethylidyne ( ⁇ C—CH 3 ).
• a substituted alkylidene group is benzylidyne ( ⁇ C-Ph).
• Carbocyclyl refers to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from a ring atom of a carbocyclic compound, which moiety has from 3 to 20 ring atoms (unless otherwise specified). Preferably, each ring has from 3 to 7 ring atoms.
• the prefixes denote the number of ring atoms, or range of number of ring atoms.
• C 5-6 carbocyclyl as used herein, pertains to a carbocyclyl group having 5 or 6 ring atoms.
• groups of carbocyclyl groups include C 3-20 carbocyclyl, C 3-10 carbocyclyl, C 5-10 ocarbocyclyl, C 3-7 carbocyclyl, and C 5-7 carbocyclyl.
• carbocyclic groups include, but are not limited to, those described above as cycloalkyl groups; and those described below as carboaryl groups.
• Heterocyclyl refers to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from a ring atom of a heterocyclic compound, which moiety has from 3 to 20 ring atoms (unless otherwise specified), of which from 1 to 10 are ring heteroatoms.
• each ring has from 3 to 7 ring atoms, of which from 1 to 4 are ring heteroatoms.
• the prefixes e.g., C 3-20 , C 3-7 , C 5-6 , etc.
• the prefixes denote the number of ring atoms, or range of number of ring atoms, whether carbon atoms or heteroatoms.
• C 5-6 heterocyclyl as used herein, pertains to a heterocyclyl group having 5 or 6 ring atoms.
• groups of heterocyclyl groups include C 3-20 heterocyclyl, C 5-20 heterocyclyl, C 3-15 heterocyclyl, C 5-15 heterocyclyl, C 3-12 heterocyclyl, C 5-12 heterocyclyl, C 3-10 heterocyclyl, C 5-10 heterocyclyl, C 3-7 heterocyclyl, C 5-7 heterocyclyl, and C 5-6 heterocyclyl.
• non-aromatic monocyclic heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from:
• substituted (non-aromatic) monocyclic heterocyclyl groups include those derived from saccharides, in cyclic form, for example, furanoses (C 5 ), such as arabinofuranose, lyxofuranose, ribofuranose, and xylofuranse, and pyranoses (C 6 ), such as allopyranose, altropyranose, glucopyranose, mannopyranose, gulopyranose, idopyranose, galactopyranose, and talopyranose.
• furanoses C 5
• arabinofuranose such as arabinofuranose, lyxofuranose, ribofuranose, and xylofuranse
• pyranoses C 6
• allopyranose altropyranose
• glucopyranose glucopyranose
• mannopyranose gulopyranose
• idopyranose galactopyr
• heterocyclyl groups which are also heteroaryl groups are described below with aryl groups.
• Aryl refers to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an aromatic ring atom of an aromatic compound, which moiety has from 3 to 20 ring atoms (unless otherwise specified). Preferably, each ring has from 5 to 7 ring atoms.
• the prefixes denote the number of ring atoms, or range of number of ring atoms, whether carbon atoms or heteroatoms.
• C 5-6 aryl as used herein, pertains to ani aryl group having 5 or 6 ring atoms. Examples of groups of aryl groups include C 3-20 aryl, C 5-20 aryl, C 5-15 aryl, C 5-12 aryl, C 5-10 aryl, C 5-7 aryl, C 5-6 aryl, C 5 aryl, and C 6 aryl.
• the ring atoms may be all carbon atoms, as in “carboaryl groups.”
• carboaryl groups include C 3-20 carboaryl, C 5-20 carboaryl, C 5-15 carboaryl, C 5-12 carboaryl, C 5-10 carboaryl, C 5-7 carboaryl, C 5-6 carboaryl, C 5 carboaryl, and C 6 carboaryl.
• carboaryl groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from benzene (i.e., phenyl) (C 6 ), naphthalene (C 10 ), azulene (C 10 ), anthracene (C 14 ), phenanthrene (C 14 ), naphthacene (C 18 ), and pyrene (C 16 ).
• benzene i.e., phenyl
• C 10 naphthalene
• azulene C 10
• anthracene C 14
• phenanthrene C 14
• naphthacene C 18
• pyrene C 16
• aryl groups which comprise fused rings include, but are not limited to, groups derived from indane (e.g., 2,3-dihydro-1H-indene) (C 9 ), indene (C 9 ), isoindene (C 9 ), tetraline (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (C 10 ), acenaphthene (C 12 ), fluorene (C 13 ), phenalene (C 13 ), acephenanthrene (C 15 ), and aceanthrene (C 16 ).
• indane e.g., 2,3-dihydro-1H-indene
• indene C 9
• isoindene C 9
• tetraline (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene C 10
• acenaphthene C 12
• fluorene C 13
• phenalene C 13
• acephenanthrene C 15
• the ring atoms may include one or more heteroatoms, as in “heteroaryl groups.”
• heteroaryl groups include C 3-20 heteroaryl, C 5-20 heteroaryl, C 5-15 heteroaryl, C 5-12 heteroaryl, C 5-10 heteroaryl, C 5-7 heteroaryl, C 5-6 heteroaryl, C 5 heteroaryl, and C 6 heteroaryl.
• monocyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from:
• heterocyclic groups (some of which are also heteroaryl groups) which comprise fused rings, include, but are not limited to:
• Heterocyclic groups which have a nitrogen ring atom in the form of an —NH— group may be N-substituted, that is, as —NR—.
• pyrrole may be N-methyl substituted, to give N-methylpyrrole.
• N-substitutents include, but are not limited to C 1-7 alkyl, C 3-20 heterocyclyl, C 5-20 aryl, and acyl groups.
• Heterocyclic groups which have a nitrogen ring atom in the form of an —N ⁇ group may be substituted in the form of an N-oxide, that is, as —N( ⁇ O) ⁇ (also denoted —N + ( ⁇ O ⁇ ) ⁇ ).
• N-oxide that is, as —N( ⁇ O) ⁇ (also denoted —N + ( ⁇ O ⁇ ) ⁇ ).
• quinoline may be substituted to give quinoline N-oxide; pyridine to give pyridine N-oxide; benzofurazan to give benzofurazan N-oxide (also known as benzofuroxan).
• Cyclic groups may additionally bear one or more oxo ( ⁇ O) groups on ring carbon atoms.
• Monocyclic examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from:
• Polycyclic examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from:
• cyclic groups which bear one or more oxo ( ⁇ O) groups on ring carbon atoms include, but are not limited to, those derived from:
• alkyl, alkylidene, alkylidyne, heterocyclyl, and aryl groups may themselves optionally be substituted with one or more groups selected from themselves and the additional substituents listed below.
• Hydrogen —H. Note that if the substituent at a particular position is hydrogen, it may be convenient to refer to the compound as being “unsubstituted” at that position.
• Halo —F, —Cl, —Br, and —I.
• Ether —OR, wherein R is an ether substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group (also referred to as a C 1-7 alkoxy group, discussed below), a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group (also referred to as a C 3-20 heterocyclyloxy group), or a C 5-20 aryl group (also referred to as a C 5-20 aryloxy group), preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• R is an ether substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group (also referred to as a C 1-7 alkoxy group, discussed below), a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group (also referred to as a C 3-20 heterocyclyloxy group), or a C 5-20 aryl group (also referred to as a C 5-20 aryloxy group), preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• C 1-7 alkoxy —OR, wherein R is a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• Examples of C 1-7 alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, —OMe (methoxy), —OEt (ethoxy), —O(nPr) (n-propoxy), —O(iPr) (isopropoxy), —O(nBu) (n-butoxy), —O(sBu) (sec-butoxy), —O(iBu) (isobutoxy), and —O(tBu) (tert-butoxy).
• Acetal —CH(OR 1 )(OR 2 ), wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently acetal substituents, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group, or, in the case of a “cyclic” acetal group, R 1 and R 2 , taken together with the two oxygen atoms to which they are attached, and the carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a heterocyclic ring having from 4 to 8 ring atoms.
• Examples of acetal groups include, but are not limited to, —CH(OMe) 2 , —CH(OEt) 2 , and —CH(OMe)(OEt).
• Hemiacetal —CH(OH)(OR 1 ), wherein R 1 is a hemiacetal substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• R 1 is a hemiacetal substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• hemiacetal groups include, but are not limited to, —CH(OH)(OMe) and —CH(OH)(OEt).
• Ketal —CR(OR 1 )(OR 2 ), where R 1 and R 2 are as defined for acetals, and R is a ketal substituent other than hydrogen, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• Examples ketal groups include, but are not limited to, —C(Me)(OMe) 2 , —C(Me)(OEt) 2 , —C(Me)(OMe)(OEt), —C(Et)(OMe) 2 , —C(Et)(OEt) 2 , and —C(Et)(OMe)(OEt).
• Hemiketal —CR(OH)(OR 1 ), where R 1 is as defined for hemiacetals, and R is a hemiketal substituent other than hydrogen, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• hemiacetal groups include, but are not limited to, —C(Me)(OH)(OMe), —C(Et)(OH)(OMe), —C(Me)(OH)(OEt), and —C(Et)(OH)(OEt).
• Imino (imine): ⁇ NR wherein R is an imino substituent, for example, hydrogen, C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably hydrogen or a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• ester groups include, but are not limited to, ⁇ NH, ⁇ NMe, NEt, and ⁇ NPh.
• R is an acyl substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group (also referred to as C 1-7 alkylacyl or C 1-7 alkanoyl), a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group (also referred to as C 3-20 heterocyclylacyl), or a C 5-20 aryl group (also referred to as C 5-20 arylacyl), preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• R is an acyl substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group (also referred to as C 1-7 alkylacyl or C 1-7 alkanoyl), a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group (also referred to as C 3-20 heterocyclylacyl), or a C 5-20 aryl group (also referred to as C 5-20 arylacyl), preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• acyl groups include, but are not limited to, —C( ⁇ O)CH 3 (acetyl), —C( ⁇ O)CH 2 CH 3 (propionyl), —C( ⁇ O)C(CH 3 ) 3 (t-butyryl), and —C( ⁇ O)Ph (benzoyl, phenone).
• Thiolocarboxy thiolocarboxylic acid: —C( ⁇ O)SH.
• Imidic acid —C( ⁇ NH)OH.
• Ester (carboxylate, carboxylic acid ester, oxycarbonyl): —C( ⁇ O)OR, wherein R is an ester substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• ester groups include, but are not limited to, —C( ⁇ O)OCH 3 , —C( ⁇ O)OCH 2 CH 3 , —C( ⁇ O)OC(CH 3 ) 3 , and —C( ⁇ O)OPh.
• R is an acyloxy substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• acyloxy groups include, but are not limited to, —OC( ⁇ O)CH 3 (acetoxy), —OC( ⁇ O)CH 2 CH 3 , —OC( ⁇ O)C(CH 3 ) 3 , —OC( ⁇ O)Ph, and —OC( ⁇ O)CH 2 Ph.
• amido groups include, but are not limited to, —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NHCH 3 , —C( ⁇ O)N(CH 3 ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NHCH 2 CH 3 , and —C( ⁇ O)N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , as well as amido groups in which R 1 and R 2 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a heterocyclic structure as in, for example, piperidinocarbonyl, morpholinocarbonyl, thiomorpholinocarbonyl, and piperazinocarbonyl.
• acylamide groups include, but are not limited to, —NHC( ⁇ O)CH 3 , —NHC( ⁇ O)CH 2 CH 3 , and —NHC( ⁇ O)Ph.
• R 1 and R 2 may together form a cyclic structure, as in, for example, succinimidyl, maleimidyl, and phthalimidyl:
• Thioamido (thiocarbamyl) —C( ⁇ S)NR 1 R 2 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently amino substituents, as defined for amino groups.
• amido groups include, but are not limited to, —C( ⁇ S)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ S)NHCH 3 , —C( ⁇ S)N(CH 3 ) 2 , and —C( ⁇ S)NHCH 2 CH 3 .
• R 2 and R 3 are independently amino substituents, as defined for amino groups, and R1is a ureido substituent, for example, hydrogen, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably hydrogen or a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• ureido groups include, but are not limited to, —NHCONH 2 , —NHCONHMe, —NHCONHEt, —NHCONMe 2 , —NHCONEt 2 , —NMeCONH 2 , —NMeCONHMe, —NMeCONHEt, —NMeCONMe 2 , and —NMeCONEt 2 .
• Tetrazolyl a five membered aromatic ring having four nitrogen atoms and one carbon atom
• R 1 and R 2 are independently amino substituents, for example, hydrogen, a C 1-7 alkyl group (also referred to as C 1-7 alkylamino or di-C 1-7 alkylamino), a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably H or a C 1-7 alkyl group, or, in the case of a “cyclic” amino group, R 1 and R 2 , taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a heterocyclic ring having from 4 to 8 ring atoms.
• R 1 and R 2 are independently amino substituents, for example, hydrogen, a C 1-7 alkyl group (also referred to as C 1-7 alkylamino or di-C 1-7 alkylamino), a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably H or a C 1-7 alkyl group, or, in the case of a “cyclic” amino group, R 1 and R 2 ,
• Amino groups may be primary (—NH 2 ), secondary (—NHR 1 ), or tertiary (—NHR 1 R 2 ), and in cationic form, may be quaternary (— + NR 1 R 2 R 3 ).
• Examples of amino groups include, but are not limited to, —NH 2 , —NHCH 3 , —NHC(CH 3 ) 2 , —N(CH 3 ) 2 , —N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , and —NHPh.
• Examples of cyclic amino groups include, but are not limited to, aziridino, azetidino, pyrrolidino, piperidino, piperazino, morpholino, and thiomorpholino.
• Imino ⁇ NR, wherein R is an imino substituent, for example, for example, hydrogen, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably H or a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• imino groups include, but are not limited to, ⁇ NH, ⁇ NMe, and ⁇ NEt.
• amidine groups include, but are not limited to, —C( ⁇ NH)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ NH)NMe 2 , and —C( ⁇ NMe)NMe 2 .
• C 1-7 alkylthio groups include, but are not limited to, —SCH 3 and —SCH 2 CH 3 .
• Disulfide —SS—R, wherein R is a disulfide substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group (also referred to herein as C 1-7 alkyl disulfide).
• R is a disulfide substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group (also referred to herein as C 1-7 alkyl disulfide).
• C 1-7 alkyl disulfide groups include, but are not limited to, —SSCH 3 and —SSCH 2 CH 3 .
• Sulfonate (sulfonic acid ester): —S( ⁇ O) 2 OR, wherein R is a sulfonate substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• R is a sulfonate substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• sulfonate groups include, but are not limited to, —S( ⁇ O) 2 OCH 3 and —S( ⁇ O) 2 OCH 2 CH 3 .
• Sulfinate (sulfinic acid ester): —S( ⁇ O)OR; wherein R is a sulfinate substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• R is a sulfinate substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• sulfinate groups include, but are not limited to, —S( ⁇ O)OCH 3 and —S( ⁇ O)OCH 2 CH 3 .
• Sulfate —OS( ⁇ O) 2 OR; wherein R is a sulfate substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• R is a sulfate substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• sulfate groups include, but are not limited to, —OS( ⁇ O) 2 OCH 3 and —SO( ⁇ O) 2 OCH 2 CH 3 .
• sulfone groups include, but are not limited to, —S( ⁇ O) 2 CH 3 (methanesulfonyl, mesyl), —S( ⁇ O) 2 CF 3 (triflyl), —S( ⁇ O) 2 CH 2 CH 3 (esyl), —S( ⁇ O) 2 C 4 F 9 (nonaflyl), —S( ⁇ O) 2 CH 2 CF 3 (tresyl), —S( ⁇ O) 2 Ph (phenylsulfonyl, besyl), 4-methylphenylsulfonyl (tosyl), 4-chlorophenylsulfonyl (closyl), 4-bromophenylsulfonyl (brosyl), 4-nitrophenyl (nosyl), 2-naphthalenesulfonate (napsyl), and 5-dimethylamino-naphthalen-1-ylsulfonate (dansyl).
• R is a sulfine substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• sulfine groups include, but are not limited to, —S( ⁇ O)CH 3 and —S( ⁇ O)CH 2 CH 3 .
• Sulfonyloxy —OS( ⁇ O) 2 R, wherein R is a sulfonyloxy substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• R is a sulfonyloxy substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• sulfonyloxy groups include, but are not limited to, —OS( ⁇ O) 2 CH 3 (mesylate) and —OS( ⁇ O) 2 CH 2 CH 3 (esylate).
• Sulfinyloxy —OS( ⁇ O)R, wherein R is a sulfinyloxy substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• R is a sulfinyloxy substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• sulfinyloxy groups include, but are not limited to, —OS( ⁇ O)CH 3 and —OS( ⁇ O)CH 2 CH 3 .
• Sulfamino —NR 1 S( ⁇ O) 2 OH, wherein R 1 is an amino substituent, as defined for amino groups.
• R 1 is an amino substituent, as defined for amino groups.
• sulfamino groups include, but are not limited to, —NHS( ⁇ O) 2 OH and —N(CH 3 )S( ⁇ O) 2 OH.
• Sulfonamino —NR 1 S( ⁇ O) 2 R, wherein R 1 is an amino substituent, as defined for amino groups, and R is a sulfonamino substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• R 1 is an amino substituent, as defined for amino groups
• R is a sulfonamino substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• sulfonamino groups include, but are not limited to, —NHS( ⁇ O) 2 CH 3 and —N(CH 3 )S( ⁇ O) 2 C 6 H 5 .
• Sulfinamino —NR 1 S( ⁇ O)R, wherein R 1 is an amino substituent, as defined for amino groups, and R is a sulfinamino substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• R 1 is an amino substituent, as defined for amino groups
• R is a sulfinamino substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• sulfinamino groups include, but are not limited to, —NHS( ⁇ O)CH 3 and —N(CH 3 )S( ⁇ O)C 6 H 5 .
• Sulfamyl —S( ⁇ O)NR 1 R 2 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently amino substituents, as defined for amino groups.
• R 1 and R 2 are independently amino substituents, as defined for amino groups.
• sulfamyl groups include, but are not limited to, —S( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —S( ⁇ O)NH(CH 3 ), —S( ⁇ O)N(CH 3 ) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)NH(CH 2 CH 3 ), —S( ⁇ O)N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , and —S( ⁇ O)NH Ph.
• Sulfonamido —S( ⁇ O) 2 NR 1 R 2 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently amino substituents, as defined for amino groups.
• R 1 and R 2 are independently amino substituents, as defined for amino groups.
• sulfonamido groups include, but are not limited to, —S( ⁇ O) 2 NH 2 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 NH(CH 3 ), —S( ⁇ O) 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 NH(CH 2 CH 3 ), —S( ⁇ O) 2 N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , and —S( ⁇ O) 2 NHPh.
• a C 1-7 alkyl group may be substituted with, for example:
• a C 5-20 aryl group may be substituted with, for example:
• Hydroxy-C 1-7 alkyl refers to a C 1-7 alkyl group in which at least one hydrogen atom (e.g., 1, 2, 3) has been replaced with a hydroxy group.
• hydrogen atom e.g. 1, 2, 3
• examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, —CH 2 OH, —CH 2 CH 2 OH, and —CH(OH)CH 2 OH.
• Halo-C 1-7 alkyl group refers to a C 1-7 alkyl group in which at least one hydrogen atom (e.g., 1, 2, 3) has been replaced with a halogen atom (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I). If more than one hydrogen atom has been replaced with a halogen atom, the halogen atoms may independently be the same or different.
• Every hydrogen atom may be replaced with a halogen atom, in which case the group may conveniently be referred to as a C 1-7 per haloalkyl group.”
• groups include, but are not limited to, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , —CH 2 F, —CCl 3 , —CBr 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 F, —CH 2 CHF 2 , and —CH 2 CF 3 .
• Amino-C 1-7 alkyl refers to a C 1-7 alkyl group in which at least one hydrogen atom (e.g., 1, 2, 3) has been replaced with an amino group. Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, —CH 2 NH 2 , —CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , and —CH 2 CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 .
• Carboxy-C 1-7 alkyl refers to a C 1-7 alkyl group in which at least one hydrogen atom (e.g., 1, 2, 3) has been replaced with a carboxy group. Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, —CH 2 COOH and —CH 2 CH 2 COOH.
• C 1-7 alkoxy-C 1-7 alkyl refers to a C 1-7 alkyl group in which at least one hydrogen atom (e.g., 1, 2, 3) has been replaced with a C 1-7 alkoxy group.
• groups include, but are not limited to, —CH 2 OCH 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 , and, —CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 3
• C 5-20 aryl-C 1-7 alkyl The term “C 5-20 aryl-C 1-7 alkyl,” as used herein, pertains to a C 1-7 alkyl group in which at least one hydrogen atom (e.g., 1, 2, 3) has been replaced with a C 5-20 aryl group.
• Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl (phenylmethyl, PhCH 2 —), benzhydryl (Ph 2 CH—), trityl (triphenylmethyl, Ph 3 C—), phenethyl (phenylethyl, Ph-CH 2 CH 2 —), styryl (Ph-CH ⁇ CH—), cinnamyl (Ph-CH ⁇ CH—CH 2 —).
• Hydroxy-C 5-20 aryl refers to a C 5-20 aryl group in which at least one hydrogen atom (e.g., 1, 2, 3) has been substituted with an hydroxy group.
• groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from: phenol, naphthol, pyrocatechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, pyrogallol, phloroglucinol.
• Halo-C 5-20 aryl refers to a C 5-20 aryl group in which at least one hydrogen atom (e.g., 1, 2, 3) has been substituted with a halo (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I) group.
• halo e.g., F, Cl, Br, I
• groups include, but are not limited to, halophenyl (e.g., fluorophenyl, chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, or iodophenyl, whether ortho-, meta-, or para-substituted), dihalophenyl, trihalophenyl, tetrahalophenyl, and pentahalophenyl.
• C 1-7 alkyl-C 5-20 aryl refers to a C 5-20 aryl group in which at least one hydrogen atom (e.g., 1, 2, 3) has been substituted with a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• groups include, but are not limited to, tolyl (from toluene), xylyl (from xylene), mesityl (from mesitylene), and cumenyl (or cumyl, from cumene), and duryl (from durene).
• Hydroxy-C 1-7 alkoxy —OR, wherein R is a hydroxy-C 1-7 alkyl group.
• R is a hydroxy-C 1-7 alkyl group.
• hydroxy-C 1-7 alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, —OCH 2 OH, —OCH 2 CH 2 OH, and —OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH.
• Halo-C 1-7 alkoxy —OR, wherein R is a halo-C 1-7 alkyl group.
• R is a halo-C 1-7 alkyl group.
• halo-C 1-7 alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, —OCF 3 , —OCHF 2 , —OCH 2 F, —OCCl 3 , —OCBr 3 , —OCH 2 CH 2 F, —OCH 2 CHF 2 , and —OCH 2 CF 3 .
• Carboxy-C 1-7 alkoxy —OR, wherein R is a carboxy-C 1-7 alkyl group.
• Examples of carboxy-C 1-7 alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, —OCH 2 COOH, —OCH 2 CH 2 COOH, and —OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COOH.
• C 1-7 alkoxy-C 1-7 alkoxy —OR, wherein R is a C 1-7 alkoxy-C 1-7 alkyl group.
• Examples of C 1-7 alkoxy-C 1-7 alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, —OCH 2 OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 , and —OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 3 .
• C 5-20 aryl-C 1-7 alkoxy —OR, wherein R is a C 5-20 aryl-C 1-7 alkyl group.
• R is a C 5-20 aryl-C 1-7 alkyl group.
• examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, benzyloxy, benzhydryloxy, trityloxy, phenethoxy, styryloxy, and cimmamyloxy.
• C 1-7 alkyl-C 5-20 aryloxy —OR, wherein R is a C 1-7 alkyl-C 5-20 aryl group.
• R is a C 1-7 alkyl-C 5-20 aryl group.
• examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, tolyloxy, xylyloxy, mesityloxy, cumenyloxy, and duryloxy.
• Amino-C 1-7 alkyl-amino pertains to an amino group, —NR 1 R 2 , in which one of the substituents, R 1 or R 2 , is itself a amino-C 1-7 alkyl group (—C 1-7 alkyl-NR 3 R 4 ).
• the amino-C 1-7 alkylamino group may be represented, for example, by the formula —NR 1 —C 1-7 alkyl-NR 3 R 4 .
• Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, groups of the formula —NR 1 (CH 2 ) n NR 1 R 2 , where n is 1 to 6 (for example, —NHCH 2 NH 2 , —NH(CH 2 ) 2 NH 2 , —NH(CH 2 ) 3 NH 2 , —NH(CH 2 ) 4 NH 2 , —NH(CH 2 ) 5 NH 2 , —NH(CH 2 ) 6 NH 2 ), —NHCH 2 NH(Me), —NH(CH 2 ) 2 NH(Me), —NH(CH 2 ) 3 NH(Me), —NH(CH 2 ) 4 NH(Me), —NH(CH 2 ) 5 NH(Me), —NH(CH 2 ) 6 NH(Me), —NHCH 2 NH(Et), —NH(CH 2 ) 2 NH(Et), —NH(CH 2 ) 3 NH(Et), —
• a reference to carboxylic acid also includes the anionic (carboxylate) form (—COO ⁇ ), a salt or solvate thereof, as well as conventional protected forms.
• a reference to an amino group includes the protonated form (—N + HR 1 R 2 ), a salt or solvate of the amino group, for example, a hydrochloride salt, as well as conventional protected forms of an amino group.
• a reference to a hydroxyl group also includes the anionic form (—O ⁇ ), a salt or solvate thereof, as well as conventional protected forms of a hydroxyl group.
• Certain compounds may exist in one or more particular geometric, optical, enantiomeric, diasteriomeric, epimeric, stereoisomeric, tautomeric, conformational, or anomeric forms, including but not limited to, cis- and trans-forms; E- and Z-forms; c-, t-, and r- forms; endo- and exo-forms; R—, S—, and meso-forms; D- and L-forms; d- and I-forms; (+) and ( ⁇ ) forms; keto-, enol-, and enolate-forms; syn- and anti-forms; synclinal- and anticlinal-forms; ⁇ - and ⁇ -forms; axial and equatorial forms; boat-, chair-, twist-, envelope-, and halfchair-forms; and combinations thereof, hereinafter collectively referred to as “isomers” (or “isomeric forms”).
• isomers are structural (or constitutional) isomers (i.e., isomers which differ in the connections between atoms rather than merely by the position of atoms in space).
• a reference to a methoxy group, —OCH 3 is not to be construed as a reference to its structural isomer, a hydroxymethyl group, —CH 2 OH.
• a reference to ortho-chlorophenyl is not to be construed as a reference to its structural isomer, meta-chlorophenyl.
• a reference to a class of structures may well include structurally isomeric forms falling within that class (e.g., C 1-7 alkyl includes n-propyl and iso-propyl; butyl includes n-, iso-, sec-, and tert-butyl; methoxyphenyl includes ortho-, meta-, and para-methoxyphenyl).
• C 1-7 alkyl includes n-propyl and iso-propyl
• butyl includes n-, iso-, sec-, and tert-butyl
• methoxyphenyl includes ortho-, meta-, and para-methoxyphenyl
• keto/enol (illustrated below), imine/enamine, amide/imino alcohol, amidine/amidine, nitroso/oxime, thioketone/enethiol, N-nitroso/hyroxyazo, and nitro/aci-nitro.
• H may be in any isotopic form, including 1 H, 2 H (D), and 3 H (T); C may be in any isotopic form, including 12 C, 13 C, and 14 C; O may be in any isotopic form, including 16 O and 18 O; F may be in any isotopic form, including 18 F and 19 F; and the like.
• a reference to a particular compound includes all such isomeric forms, including (wholly or partially) racemic and other mixtures thereof.
• Methods for the preparation (e.g., asymmetric synthesis) and separation (e.g., fractional crystallisation and chromatographic means) of such isomeric forms are either known in the art or are readily obtained by adapting the methods taught herein, or known methods, in a known manner.
• a reference to a particular compound also includes ionic, salt, solvate, and protected forms of thereof, for example, as discussed below.
• a corresponding salt of the active compound for example, a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt.
• a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt examples are discussed in Berge et al., 1977, “Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts,” J. Pharm. Sci ., Vol. 66, pp. 1-19.
• a salt may be formed with a suitable cation.
• suitable inorganic cations include, but are not limited to, alkali metal ions such as Na + and K + , alkaline earth cations such as Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , and other cations such as Al +3 .
• Suitable organic cations include, but are n6t limited to, ammonium ion (i.e., NH 4 + ) and substituted ammonium ions (e.g., NH 3 R + , NH 2 R 2 + , NHR 3 + , NR 4 + ).
• Examples of some suitable substituted ammonium ions are those derived from: ethylamine, diethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, triethylamine, butylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine, benzylamine, phenylbenzylamine, choline, meglumine, and tromethamine, as well as amino acids, such as lysine and arginine.
• An example of a common quaternary ammonium ion is N(CH 3 ) 4 + .
• a salt may be formed with a suitable anion.
• suitable inorganic anions include, but are not limited to, those derived from the following inorganic acids: hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, sulfuric, sulfurous, nitric, nitrous, phosphoric, and phosphorous.
• Suitable organic anions include, but are not limited to, those derived from the following organic acids: 2-acetyoxybenzoic, acetic, ascorbic, aspartic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, cinnamic, citric, edetic, ethanedisulfonic, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, glucheptonic, gluconic, glutamic, gycolic, hydroxymaleic, hydroxynaphthalene carboxylic, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, lauric, maleic, malic, methanesulfonic, mucic, oleic, oxalic, palmitic, pamoic, pantothenic, phenylacetic, phenylsulfonic, propionic, pyruvic, salicylic, stearic, succinic, sulfanilic, tartaric, toluenesulfonic, and valeric.
• solvate is used herein in the conventional sense to refer to a complex of solute (e.g., active compound, salt of active compound) and solvent. If the solvent is water, the solvate may be conveniently referred to as a hydrate, for example, a mono-hydrate, a di-hydrate, a tri-hydrate, etc.
• chemically protected form is used herein in the conventional chemical sense and pertains to a compound in which one or more reactive functional groups are protected from undesirable chemical reactions under specified conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, radiation, solvent, and the like).
• specified conditions e.g., pH, temperature, radiation, solvent, and the like.
• well known chemical methods are employed to reversibly render unreactive a functional group, which otherwise would be reactive, under specified conditions.
• one or more reactive functional groups are in the form of a protected or protecting group (also known as a masked or masking group or a blocked or blocking group).
• a wide variety of such “protecting,” “blocking,” or “masking” methods are widely used and well known in organic synthesis.
• a compound which has two nonequivalent reactive functional groups both of which would be reactive under specified conditions, may be derivatized to render one of the functional groups “protected,” and therefore unreactive, under the specified conditions; so protected, the compound may be used as a reactant which has effectively only one reactive functional group.
• the protected group may be “deprotected” to return it to its original functionality.
• a hydroxy group may be protected as an ether (—OR) or an ester (—OC( ⁇ O)R), for example, as: a t-butyl ether; a benzyl, benzhydryl (diphenylmethyl), or trityl (triphenylmethyl) ether; a trimethylsilyl or t-butyldimethylsilyl ether; or an acetyl ester (—OC( ⁇ O)CH 3 , —OAc).
• an aldehyde or ketone group may be protected as an acetal (R—CH(OR) 2 ) or ketal (R 2 C(OR) 2 ), respectively, in which the carbonyl group (>C ⁇ O) is converted to a diether (>C(OR) 2 ), by reaction with, for example, a primary alcohol.
• the aldehyde or ketone group is readily regenerated by hydrolysis using a large excess of water in the presence of acid.
• an amine group may be protected, for example, as an amide (—NRCO—R) or a urethane (—NRCO—OR), for example, as: a methyl amide (—NHCO—CH 3 ); a benzyloxy amide (—NHCO—OCH 2 C 6 H 5 , —NH-Cbz); as a t-butoxy amide (—NHCO—OC(CH 3 ) 3 , —NH-Boc); a 2-biphenyl-2-propoxy amide (—NHCO—OC(CH 3 ) 2 C 6 H 4 C 6 H 5 , —NH-Bpoc), as a 9-fluorenylmethoxy amide (—NH-Fmoc), as a 6-nitroveratryloxy amide (—NH-Nvoc), as a 2-trimethylsilylethyloxy amide (—NH-Teoc), as a 2,2,2-trichloroethyloxy amide (—NH-Troc),
• a carboxylic acid group may be protected as an ester for example, as: an C 1-7 alkyl ester (e.g., a methyl ester; a t-butyl ester); a C 1-7 haloalkyl ester (e.g., a C 1-7 trihaloalkyl ester); a triC 1-7 alkylsilyl—C 1-7 alkyl ester; or a C 5-20 aryl-C 1-7 alkyl ester (e.g., a benzyl ester; a nitrobenzyl ester); or as an amide, for example, as a methyl amide.
• an C 1-7 alkyl ester e.g., a methyl ester; a t-butyl ester
• a C 1-7 haloalkyl ester e.g., a C 1-7 trihaloalkyl ester
• a thiol group may be protected as a thioether (—SR), for example, as: a benzyl thioether; an acetamidomethyl ether (—S—CH 2 NHC( ⁇ O)CH 3 ).
• SR thioether
• benzyl thioether an acetamidomethyl ether (—S—CH 2 NHC( ⁇ O)CH 3 ).
• prodrug refers to a compound which, when metabolised (e.g., in vivo), yields the desired active compound.
• the prodrug is inactive, or less active than the active compound, but may provide advantageous handling, administration, or metabolic properties.
• some prodrugs are esters of the active compound (e.g., a physiologically acceptable metabolically labile ester). During metabolism, the ester group (—C( ⁇ O)OR) is cleaved to yield the active drug.
• esters may be formed by esterification, for example, of any of the carboxylic acid groups (—C( ⁇ O)OH) in the parent compound, with, where appropriate, prior protection of any other reactive groups present in the parent compound, followed by deprotection if required.
• metabolically labile esters include those of the formula —C( ⁇ O)OR wherein R is:
• prodrugs are activated enzymatically to yield the active compound, or a compound which, upon further chemical reaction, yields the active compound.
• the prodrug may be a sugar derivative or other glycoside conjugate, or may be an amino acid ester derivative.
• the organic layer is separated and washed with 1N HCl (2 ⁇ 25 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (2 ⁇ 25 mL), water (25 mL), and brine (25 mL), and is dried over MgSO 4 , and is evaporated to dryness to yield the desired 1-sulfonyl-1H-indole.
• the resultant solution is added via cannular to a stirring solution of freshly prepared 4,4-dimethoxy-cyclohexa-2,5-dienone (0.54 g, 3.5 mmol) in THF (14 mL) at ⁇ 78° C. Following addition, the solution is stirred at ⁇ 78° C. for 2 hours. After this time, the resultant solution is poured into brine (25 mL) and extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (3 ⁇ 25 mL). The combined organic layer is washed with water (3 ⁇ 20 mL), brine (2 ⁇ 20 mL), and is dried over MgSO 4 , and is filtered and evaporated to dryness.
• the dark oil is redissolved in acetone (20 mL) and 10% aqueous acetic acid (20 mL) and heated at reflux for 1 hour. After this time, the solution is allowed to cool to room temperature and extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (3 ⁇ 25 mL). The combined organic layer is washed with water (3 ⁇ 20 mL), brine (2 ⁇ 20 mL), and is dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and evaporated to dryness. The product is purified by flash column chromatography (4:1 hexane:EtOAc) to yield the desired product.
• arylsulfonyl chlorides may be prepared, for example, by reaction of the appropriate substituted aromatic compound with chlorosulfonic acid. An example of such a method is described below.
• Oxy-substituted-sulfonyl compounds may be prepared from the corresponding methoxy compound.
• the methoxy compound may be demethylated, e.g., with boron tribromide in methylene chloride, and the resulting hydroxy compound may be reacted with a suitable alkyl halide compound, including substituted alkyl halides, such as iodoacetic acid, to give the corresponding oxy-substituted-sulfonyl compound.
• a suitable alkyl halide compound including substituted alkyl halides, such as iodoacetic acid
• Amino-substituted-sulfonyl compounds may be prepared from the corresponding acetyl-amino compound, which may itself be prepared from commercially available acetylaminobenzene sulfonylchloride, using methods described above.
• the acetyl-amino compound may converted to the free amino, e.g., by hydrolysis with hot dilute HCl, and the resulting hydroxy compound may be reacted with a suitable alkyl halide compound, including substituted alkyl halides, such as aminoalkyl iodide, to give the corresponding amino-substituted-sulfonyl compound.
• a suitable alkyl halide compound including substituted alkyl halides, such as aminoalkyl iodide
• the present invention provides active compounds, specifically, active antiproliferative agents, anticancer agents, and/or thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase inhibitors.
• active pertains to compounds which are capable of, e.g., inhibiting cell proliferation, treating cancer, inhibiting thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase, and specifically includes both compounds with intrinsic activity (drugs) as well as prodrugs of such compounds, which prodrugs may themselves exhibit little or no intrinsic activity.
• the present invention also provides active compounds which (a) regulate (e.g., inhibit) cell proliferation; (b) inhibit cell cycle progression; (c) promote apoptosis; or (d) a combination of one or more of these.
• the present invention also provides methods of (a) regulating (e.g., inhibiting) cell proliferation; (b) inhibiting cell cycle progression; (c) promoting apoptosis; or (d) a combination of one or more of these, in vitro or in vivo, comprising contacting a cell with (e.g., exposing a cell to) an effective amount of an active compound, as described herein.
• a candidate compound regulate e.g., inhibit
• assays which may conveniently be used to assess the activity offered by a particular compound are described in the examples below.
• a sample of cells e.g., from a tumour
• an active compound brought into contact with said cells, and the effect of the compound on those cells observed.
• effect the morphological status of the cells (e.g., alive or dead, etc.) may be determined.
• the active compound is found to exert an influence on the cells, this may be used as a prognostic or diagnostic marker of the efficacy of the compound in methods of treating a patient carrying cells of the same cellular type.
• antiproliferative agent as used herein, pertains to a compound which treats a proliferative condition (i.e., a compound which is useful in the treatment of a proliferative condition).
• cell proliferation refers to an unwanted or uncontrolled cellular proliferation of excessive or abnormal cells which is undesired, such as, neoplastic or hyperplastic growth, whether in vitro or in vivo.
• proliferative conditions include, but are not limited to, benign, pre-malignant, and malignant cellular proliferation, including but not limited to, neoplasms and tumours (e.g., histocytoma, glioma, astrocyoma, osteoma), cancers (e.g., lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, bowel cancer, colon cancer, breast carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, pancreas cancer, brain cancer, sarcoma, osteosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, melanoma), leukemias, psoriasis, bone diseases, fibroproliferative disorders (e.g., of connective tissues), and atherosclerosis.
• neoplasms and tumours e.g., histocytoma, glioma, astrocyoma, osteoma
• cancers e.g., lung cancer,
• the proliferative condition is colon cancer or renal cancer.
• the proliferative condition is colon cancer.
• the proliferative condition is renal cancer.
• the proliferative condition is melanoma.
• Any type of cell may be treated, including but not limited to, lung, gastrointestinal (including, e.g., bowel, colon), breast (mammary), ovarian, prostate, liver (hepatic), kidney (renal), bladder, pancreas, brain, and skin.
• gastrointestinal including, e.g., bowel, colon
• breast mammary
• ovarian prostate
• liver hepatic
• kidney renal
• bladder pancreas
• brain and skin.
• the cell is a colon cell (e.g., colon tumour cell, colon cancer cell) or a renal cell (e.g., renal tumour cell, renal cancer cell).
• a colon cell e.g., colon tumour cell, colon cancer cell
• a renal cell e.g., renal tumour cell, renal cancer cell
• the cell is a colon cell (e.g., colon tumour cell, colon cancer cell).
• a colon cell e.g., colon tumour cell, colon cancer cell.
• the cell is a renal cell (e.g., renal tumour cell, renal cancer cell).
• a renal cell e.g., renal tumour cell, renal cancer cell.
• the cell is a melanoma cell.
• Antiproliferative compounds of the present invention have application in the treatment of cancer, and so the present invention further provides anticancer agents.
• anticancer agent as used herein, pertains to a compound which treats a cancer (i.e., a compound which is useful in the treatment of a cancer).
• the anti-cancer effect may arise through one or more mechanisms, including but not limited to, the regulation of cell proliferation, the inhibition of cell cycle progression, the inhibition of angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels), the inhibition of metastasis (the spread of a tumour from its origin), the inhibition of invasion (the spread of tumour cells into neighbouring normal structures), or the promotion of apoptosis (programmed cell death).
• the present invention also provides active compounds which inhibit thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase activity.
• inhibiting thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase includes: inhibiting thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase activity; inhibiting the formation of thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase complexes; and inhibiting the activity of thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase complexes.
• thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase activity One of ordinary skill in the art is readily able to determine whether or not a candidate compound inhibits thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase activity.
• one assay which may conveniently be used in order to assess the thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase inhibition offered by a particular compound is described in the examples below.
• the present invention also provides methods of inhibiting thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase in a cell, comprising contacting said cell with (e.g., exposing said cell to) an effective amount of an active compound.
• a method may be practised in vitro or in vivo.
• the method is performed in vitro.
• the method is performed in vivo.
• the active compound is provided in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable composition.
• the present invention also provides active compounds which are anti-thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase agents, and which treat a condition mediated by thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase.
• a condition mediated by thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase pertains to a condition in which thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase and/or the action of thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase is important or necessary, e.g., for the onset, progress, expression, etc. of that condition, or a condition which is known to be treated by thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase inhibitors.
• the thioredoxins are ubiquitous proteins containing a conserved -Trp-Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys-Lys- redox catalytic site.
• Mammalian thioredoxin family members include thioredoxin-1 (Trx1), mitochondrial thioredoxin-2 (Trx2), and a larger thioredoxin-like protein, p32 TrxL .
• Thioredoxin is reduced by NADPH and thioredoxin reductase and, in turn reduces oxidized cysteine groups on proteins. When thioredoxin levels are elevated there is increased cell growth and resistance to the normal mechanism of programmed cell death.
• thioredoxin levels seen in many human primary cancers compared to normal tissue appears to contribute to increased cancer cell growth and resistance to chemotherapy.
• Mechanisms by which thioredoxin increases cell growth include an increased supply of reducing equivalents for DNA synthesis, activation of transcription factors that regulate cell growth, and an increase in the sensitivity of cells to other cytokines and growth factors.
• the mechanisms for the inhibition of apoptosis by thioredoxin are just now being elucidated. Because of its role in stimulating cancer cell growth and as an inhibitor of apoptosis, thioredoxin offers a target for the development of drugs to treat and prevent cancer. See, for example, the review article by Powis et al., 2000, and references cited therein.
• Thioredoxin was first described in 1964 as a small redox protein from Escherichia coli . Mammalian thioredoxin was reported in 1967 as a redox protein present in rat Novikoff hepatoma cells. Thioredoxin was subsequently rediscovered under other names, including: (i) adult T cell leukemia-derived factor (ADF), an interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor-inducing factor produced by human T-lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV 1)-infected T cells; and, (ii) early pregnancy factor, part of a complex in the serum of pregnant animals that increases the complement-dependent inhibition of lymphocyte binding to heterologous blood cells.
• ADF adult T cell leukemia-derived factor
• IL-2 interleukin-2 receptor-inducing factor produced by human T-lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV 1)-infected T cells
• early pregnancy factor part of a complex in the serum of pregnant animals that increases the complement-dependent inhibition of lymphocyte binding
• thioredoxin Trx
• thioredoxin family of proteins have as a conserved catalytic site -Trp-Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys-Lys- that undergoes reversible oxidation to the cysteine-disulfide (Trx-S 2 ) form through the transfer of reducing equivalents to a disulfide substrate (X—S 2 ).
• the oxidized thioredoxin is reduced back to the cysteine-thiol form [Trx-(SH) 2 ] by the NADPH-dependent flavoprotein thioredoxin reductase (TR).
• Mammalian thioredoxin reductases are homodimeric, flavin adenine dinucleotide-containing proteins with a penultimate C-terminal selenocysteine (SeCys) residue.
• thioredoxin reductases Although selenocysteine is essential for the full activity of mammalian thioredoxin reductases, human thioredoxin can be relatively efficiently reduced by the nonselenocysteine-containing bacterial thioredoxin reductase. To date, two human thioredoxin reductases have been cloned, TR1, found predominantly in the cytosol, and TR2, which has a putative mitochondrial import sequence.
• Trx-1 is a 104 amino acid protein with a molecular weight of 12 kDa that contains two catalytic site Cys residues -Trp-Cys 32 -Gly-Pro-Cys 35 -Lys- found in all thioredoxin proteins, as well as three additional Cys residues, Cys 62 , Cys 69 , and Cys 73 , that are not found in bacterial thioredoxins. Trx-1's from a number of other mammalian species, including chicken, rat, mouse, and bovine, have been cloned.
• Thioredoxin variously acts as a growth factor, and antioxidant, a cofactor, as a transcription factor regulator, and as an inhibitor of apoptosis.
• thioredoxin is overexpressed in the tumor compared to levels in the corresponding normal tissue.
• Recent immunohistochemical studies using paraffin-embedded tissue sections have shown that thioredoxin expression is increased in more than half of human primary gastric cancers.
• the thioredoxin levels showed a highly significant positive correlation (p ⁇ 0.001) with cell proliferation measured by nuclear proliferation antigen and a highly significant negative correlation (p ⁇ 0.001) with apoptosis measured by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase assay.
• SAGE serial analysis of gene expression
• Plasma and serum levels of thioredoxin which in normal individuals are between 10 and 80 ng/ml (0.86.6 nM), have been reported to be elevated almost 2-fold in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and to decrease following surgical removal of the tumor. Serum thioredoxin was not elevated in patients with other forms of liver disease such as chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis.
• thioredoxin The growth-stimulating and transforming effects of thioredoxin, together with the finding that it is overexpressed by a number of human primary tumors, raise the possibility that thioredoxin is a factor leading to aggressive tumor growth and poor patient prognosis. Because thioredoxin has also been shown to inhibit apoptosis caused by a number of anticancer drugs and to be a cause of resistance to the cytotoxic effects of some anticancer drugs, it is possible that increased thioredoxin could be a cause of resistance to chemotherapy. These findings make thioredoxin an attractive target for the development of drugs to inhibit cancer cell growth. Several such compounds have been identified.
• PX-12 (1-methylhydroxypropyl 2-imidazoloyl disulfide), which was identified as an inhibitor of thioredoxin binding to the Cys 73 residue.
• the median IC 50 for growth inhibition of a variety of cell lines by PX-12 is 8.1 ⁇ M.
• PX-12 has been shown to have in vivo antitumor activity against human tumor xenografts in scid mice and chemopreventive activity in min (multiple intestinal neoplasia) mice, which have a germline mutation in the APC gene seen in familial adenomatous polyposis.
• the growth inhibition by compound PX-12 in the NCl 60 human tumor cell line panel was significantly correlated with the expression of thioredoxin mRNA.
• NSC-131233 (2,5-bis[(dimethylamino)methyl]cyclopentanone) is an irreversible inhibitor of thioredoxin with a K I of 1.0 ⁇ M.
• the thioredoxins are a family of small redox proteins whose functions include the regulation of cell growth, programmed cell death, and the development of the organism. When thioredoxin levels are elevated in cells, there is increased cell growth and resistance to normal mechanisms of programmed cell death. An increase in thioredoxin levels seen in many human primary cancers compared to normal tissue may be a contributing factor leading to increased cancer cell growth and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. The mechanism for the increase in thioredoxin in cancer cells remains unknown at this time. Because of its role as a stimulator of cell growth and an inhibitor of apoptosis, thioredoxin is a target for the development of drugs to treat and, possibly, prevent cancer.
• the invention further provides methods of treatment for example, of a proliferative condition, cancer, a condition mediated by thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase, a condition known to be treated by thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase inhibitors, or other condition as described herein, comprising administering to a subject in need of treatment a therapeutically-effective amount of an active compound, preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.
• the invention further provides active compounds for use in a method of treatment of the human or animal body, for example, in the treatment of a proliferative condition, cancer, a condition mediated by thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase, a condition known to be treated by thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase inhibitors, or other condition as described herein.
• the invention further provides the use of an active compound for the manufacture of a medicament, for example, for the treatment of a proliferative conditions, cancer, a condition mediated by thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase, a condition known to be treated by thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase inhibitors, or other condition as described herein.
• treatment pertains generally to treatment and therapy, whether of a human or an animal (e.g., in veterinary applications), in which some desired therapeutic effect is achieved, for example, the inhibition of the progress of the condition, and includes a reduction in the rate of progress, a halt in the rate of progress, amelioration of the condition, and cure of the condition.
• Treatment as a prophylactic measure i.e., prophylaxis is also included.
• terapéuticaally-effective amount pertains to that amount of an active compound, or a material, composition or dosage form comprising an active compound, which is effective for producing some desired therapeutic effect, commensurate with a reasonable benefit risk ratio.
• treatment includes combination treatments and therapies, in which two or more treatments or therapies are combined, for example, sequentially or simultaneously.
• treatments and therapies include, but are not limited to, chemotherapy (the administration of active agents, including, e.g., drugs, antibodies (e.g., as in immunotherapy), prodrugs (e.g., as in photodynamic therapy, GDEPT, ADEPT, etc.); surgery; radiation therapy; and gene therapy.
• the treatment is combination treatment employing a compound as described herein, with cisplatin.
• Active compounds may also be used, as described above, in combination therapies, that is, in conjunction with other agents, for example, cytotoxic agents.
• Active compounds may also be used as cell culture additives to inhibit thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase, for example, in order to regulate cell proliferation in vitro.
• Active compounds may also be used as part of an in vitro assay, for example, in order to determine whether a candidate host is likely to benefit from treatment with the compound in question.
• Active compounds may also be used as a standard, for example, in an assay, in order to identify other active compounds, other antiproliferative agents, anticancer agents, thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase inhibitors, etc.
• kits comprising (a) the active ingredient, preferably provided in a suitable container and/or with suitable packaging; and (b) instructions for use, for example, written instructions about how to administer the active compound.
• the written instructions may also include a list of indications for which the active ingredient is a suitable treatment.
• the active compound or pharmaceutical composition comprising the active compound may be administered to a subject by any convenient route of administration, whether systemically/peripherally or topically (i.e., at the site of desired action).
• Routes of administration include, but are not limited to, oral (e.g, by ingestion); buccal; sublingual; transdermal (including, e.g., by a patch, plaster, etc.); transmucosal (including, e.g., by a patch, plaster, etc.); intranasal (e.g., by nasal spray); ocular (e.g., by eyedrops); pulmonary (e.g., by inhalation or insufflation therapy using, e.g., via an aerosol, e.g., through the mouth or nose); rectal (e.g., by suppository or enema); vaginal (e.g., by pessary); parenteral, for example, by injection, including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intracardiac, intrathecal, intraspinal, intracapsular, subcapsular, intraorbital, intraperitoneal, intratracheal, subcuticular,
• the subject may be a prokaryote (e.g., bacteria) or a eukaryote (e.g., protoctista, fungi, plants, animals).
• a prokaryote e.g., bacteria
• a eukaryote e.g., protoctista, fungi, plants, animals.
• the subject may be an animal, a mammal, a placental mammal, a marsupial (e.g., kangaroo, wombat), a monotreme (e.g., duckbilled platypus), a rodent (e.g., a guinea pig, a hamster, a rat, a mouse), murine (e.g., a mouse), a lagomorph (e.g., a rabbit), avian (e.g., a bird), canine (e.g., a dog), feline (e.g., a cat), equine (e.g., a horse), porcine (e.g., a pig), ovine (e.g., a sheep), bovine (e.g., a cow), a primate, simian (e.g., a monkey or ape), a monkey (e.g., marmoset, baboon), an
• the subject may be any of its forms of development, for example, a spore, a seed, an egg, a larva, a pupa, or a foetus.
• the active compound While it is possible for the active compound to be administered alone, it is preferable to present it as a pharmaceutical formulation (e.g., composition, preparation, medicament) comprising at least one active compound, as defined above, together with one or more other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients well known to those skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, excipients, adjuvants, fillers, buffers, preservatives, anti-oxidants, lubricants, stabilisers, solubilisers, surfactants (e.g., wetting agents), masking agents, colouring agents, flavouring agents, and sweetening agents.
• the formulation may further comprise other active agents, for example, other therapeutic or prophylactic agents.
• the present invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions, as defined above, and methods of making a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising admixing at least one active compound, as defined above, together with one or more other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients well known to those skilled in the art, e.g., carriers, diluents, excipients, etc. If formulated as discrete units (e.g., tablets, etc.), each unit contains a predetermined amount (dosage) of the active compound.
• pharmaceutically acceptable refers to compounds, ingredients, materials, compositions, dosage forms, etc., which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of the subject in question (e.g., human) without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• Each carrier, diluent, excipient, etc. must also be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation.
• Suitable carriers, diluents, excipients, etc. can be found in standard pharmaceutical texts, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th edition, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1990; and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 2nd edition, 1994.
• the formulations may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active compound with a carrier +which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active compound with carriers (e.g., liquid carriers, finely divided solid carrier, etc.), and then shaping the product, if necessary.
• carriers e.g., liquid carriers, finely divided solid carrier, etc.
• the formulation may be prepared to provide for rapid or slow release; immediate, delayed, timed, or sustained release; or a combination thereof.
• Formulations may suitably be in the form of liquids, solutions (e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous), suspensions (e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous), emulsions (e.g., oil-in-water, water-in-oil), elixirs, syrups, electuaries, mouthwashes, drops, tablets (including, e.g., coated tablets), granules, powders, losenges, pastilles, capsules (including, e.g., hard and soft gelatin capsules), cachets, pills, ampoules, boluses, suppositories, pessaries, tinctures, gels, pastes, ointments, creams, lotions, oils, foams, sprays, mists, or aerosols.
• solutions e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous
• suspensions e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous
• Formulations may suitably be provided as a patch, adhesive plaster, bandage, dressing, or the like which is impregnated with one or more active compounds and optionally one or more other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients, including, for example, penetration, permeation, and absorption enhancers. Formulations may also suitably be provided in a the form of a depot or reservoir.
• the active compound may be dissolved in, suspended in, or admixed with one or more other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients.
• the active compound may be presented in a liposome or other microparticulate which is designed to target the active compound, for example, to blood components or one or more organs.
• Formulations suitable for oral administration include liquids, solutions (e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous), suspensions (e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous), emulsions (e.g., oil-in-water, water-in-oil), elixirs, syrups, electuaries, tablets, granules, powders, capsules, cachets, pills, ampoules, boluses.
• Formulations suitable for buccal administration include mouthwashes, losenges, pastilles, as well as patches, adhesive plasters, depots, and reservoirs.
• Losenges typically comprise the active compound in a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth.
• Pastilles typically comprise the active compound in an inert matrix, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia.
• Mouthwashes typically comprise the active compound in a suitable liquid carrier.
• Formulations suitable for sublingual administration include tablets, losenges, pastilles, capsules, and pills.
• Formulations suitable for oral transmucosal administration include liquids, solutions (e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous), suspensions (e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous), emulsions (e.g., oil-in-water, water-in-oil), mouthwashes, losenges, pastilles, as well as patches, adhesive plasters, depots, and reservoirs.
• solutions e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous
• suspensions e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous
• emulsions e.g., oil-in-water, water-in-oil
• mouthwashes e.g., losenges, pastilles, as well as patches, adhesive plasters, depots, and reservoirs.
• Formulations suitable for non-oral transmucosal administration include liquids, solutions (e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous), suspensions (e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous), emulsions (e.g., oil-in-water, water-in-oil), suppositories, pessaries, gels, pastes, ointments, creams, lotions, oils, as well as patches, adhesive plasters, depots, and reservoirs.
• solutions e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous
• suspensions e.g., aqueous, non-aqueous
• emulsions e.g., oil-in-water, water-in-oil
• suppositories e.g., pessaries, gels, pastes, ointments, creams, lotions, oils, as well as patches, adhesive plasters, depots, and reservoirs.
• Formulations suitable for transdermal administration include gels, pastes, ointments, creams, lotions, and oils, as well as patches, adhesive plasters, bandages, dressings, depots, and reservoirs.
• Tablets may be made by conventional means, e.g., compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
• Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active compound in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with one or more binders (e.g., povidone, gelatin, acacia, sorbitol, tragacanth, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose); fillers or diluents (e.g., lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc, silica); disintegrants (e.g., sodium starch glycolate, cross-linked povidone, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose); surface-active or dispersing or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate); preservatives (e.g., methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl
• Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
• the tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active compound therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile.
• Tablets may optionally be provided with a coating, for example, to affect release, for example an enteric coating, to provide release in parts of the gut other than the stomach.
• Ointments are typically prepared from the active compound and a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base.
• Creams are typically prepared from the active compound and an oil-in-water cream base.
• the aqueous phase of the cream base may include, for example, at least about 30% w/w of a polyhydric alcohol, i.e., an alcohol having two or more hydroxyl groups such as propylene glycol, butane-1,3-diol, mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol and polyethylene glycol and mixtures thereof.
• the topical formulations may desirably include a compound which enhances absorption or penetration of the active compound through the skin or other affected areas. Examples of such dermal penetration enhancers include dimethylsulfoxide and related analogues.
• Emulsions are typically prepared from the active compound and an oily phase, which may optionally comprise merely an emulsifier (otherwise known as an emulgent), or it may comprises a mixture of at least one emulsifier with a fat or an oil or with both a fat and an oil.
• an emulsifier also known as an emulgent
• a hydrophilic emulsifier is included together with a lipophilic emulsifier which acts as a stabiliser. It is also preferred to include both an oil and a fat.
• the emulsifier(s) with or without stabiliser(s) make up the so-called emulsifying wax
• the wax together with the oil and/or fat make up the so-called emulsifying ointment base which forms the oily dispersed phase of the cream formulations.
• Suitable emulgents and emulsion stabilisers include Tween 60, Span 80, cetostearyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate and sodium lauryl sulphate.
• the choice of suitable oils or fats for the formulation is based on achieving the desired cosmetic properties, since the solubility of the active compound in most oils likely to be used in pharmaceutical emulsion formulations may be very low.
• the cream should preferably be a non-greasy, non-staining and washable product with suitable consistency to avoid leakage from tubes or other containers.
• Straight or branched chain, mono- or dibasic alkyl esters such as di-isoadipate, isocetyl stearate, propylene glycol diester of coconut fatty acids, isopropyl myristate, decyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate, 2-ethylhexyl palmitate or a blend of branched chain esters known as Crodamol CAP may be used, the last three being preferred esters. These may be used alone or in combination depending on the properties required. Alternatively, high melting point lipids such as white soft paraffin and/or liquid paraffin or other mineral oils can be used.
• Formulations suitable for intranasal administration, where the carrier is a liquid include, for example, nasal spray, nasal drops, or by aerosol administration by nebuliser, include aqueous or oily solutions of the active compound.
• Formulations suitable for intranasal administration, where the carrier is a solid include, for example, those presented as a coarse powder having a particle size, for example, in the range of about 20 to about 500 microns which is administered in the manner in which snuff is taken, i.e., by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close up to the nose.
• Formulations suitable for pulmonary administration include those presented as an aerosol spray from a pressurised pack, with the use of a suitable propellant, such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichoro-tetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide, or other suitable gases.
• a suitable propellant such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichoro-tetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide, or other suitable gases.
• Formulations suitable for ocular administration include eye drops wherein the active compound is dissolved or suspended in a suitable carrier, especially an aqueous solvent for the active compound.
• Formulations suitable for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a suitable base comprising, for example, natural or hardened oils, waxes, fats, semi-liquid or liquid polyols, for example, cocoa butter or a salicylate; or as a solution or suspension for treatment by enema.
• a suitable base comprising, for example, natural or hardened oils, waxes, fats, semi-liquid or liquid polyols, for example, cocoa butter or a salicylate; or as a solution or suspension for treatment by enema.
• Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing in addition to the active compound, such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
• Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous or non-aqueous, isotonic, pyrogen-free, sterile liquids (e.g., solutions, suspensions), in which the active compound is dissolved, suspended, or otherwise provided (e.g., in a liposome or other microparticulate).
• Such liquids may additional contain other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients, such as anti-oxidants, buffers, preservatives, stabilisers, bacteriostats, suspending agents, thickening agents, and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood (or other relevant bodily fluid) of the intended recipient.
• excipients include, for example, water, alcohols, polyols, glycerol, vegetable oils, and the like.
• suitable isotonic carriers for use in such formulations include Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Solution, or Lactated Ringer's Injection.
• concentration of the active compound in the liquid is from about 1 ng/ml to about 10 ⁇ g/ml, for example from about 10 ng/ml to about 1 ⁇ g/ml.
• the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, for example, ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilised) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use.
• sterile liquid carrier for example water for injections, immediately prior to use.
• Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets.
• appropriate dosages of the active compounds, and compositions comprising the active compounds can vary from patient to patient. Determining the optimal dosage will generally involve the balancing of the level of therapeutic benefit against any risk or deleterious side effects.
• the selected dosage level will depend on a variety of factors including, but not limited to, the activity of the particular compound, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the compound, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds, and/or materials used in combination, the severity of the condition, and the species, sex, age, weight, condition, general health, and prior medical history of the patient.
• the amount of compound and route of administration will ultimately be at the discretion of the physician, veterinarian, or clinician, although generally the dosage will be selected to achieve local concentrations at the site of action which achieve the desired effect without causing substantial harmful or deleterious side-effects.
• Administration can be effected in one dose, continuously or intermittently (e.g., in divided doses at appropriate intervals) throughout the course of treatment. Methods of determining the most effective means and dosage of administration are well known to those of skill in the art and will vary with the formulation used for therapy, the purpose of the therapy, the target cell(s) being treated, and the subject being treated. Single or multiple administrations can be carried out with the dose level and pattern being selected by the treating physician, veterinarian, or clinician.
• a suitable dose of the active compound is in the range of about 100 ⁇ g to about 100 mg per kilogram body weight of the subject per day.
• the active compound is a salt, an ester, an amide, a prodrug, or the like
• the amount administered is calculated on the basis of the parent compound and so the actual weight to be used is increased proportionately.
• Sorbsil silica gel C 60-H (40-60 ⁇ m) was used for flash chromatographic separations. All reactions were carried out under inert atmosphere using anhydrous reagents and solvents. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) was dried and purified before use by distillation from sodium-benzophenone. All other commerical materials were used as received.
• the title compound was prepared from 4,4-dimethoxy-cyclohexa-2,5-dienone and 1-(4-methoxy-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indole, according to Method C, described above.
• the title compound was prepared from 4,4-dimethoxy-cyclohexa-2,5-dienone and 1-(2,4,6-triisopropyl-benzene-sulfonyl-1H-indole, according to Method C, described above.
• Trx Thioredoxin (TR) (specific activity 43.6 ⁇ mol NADPH reduced/min/mg protein at 21° C.) was purified from human placenta as previously described (Oblong et al., 1993). Recombinant hTrx was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified as previously described (Gasdaska et al., 1994). The Trx and TR were stored at ⁇ 20° C. with 5 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) which was removed before use with a desalting column (PDIO, Pharmacla, Uppsala, Sweden).
• DTT dithiothreitol
• Microtitre plate colorimetric assays based on the increase in absorbance at 405 nm which occurs as dithionitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) is reduced by the enzyme-mediated transfer of reducing equivalents from NADPH, were used to measure TR/Trx-dependent insulin-reduction and TR activity (see, e.g., Kunkel et al., 1997).
• DTNB dithionitrobenzoic acid
• Thioredoxin reductase/thioredox independent insulin reducing activity was measured in an incubation with a final volume of 60 ⁇ L containing 100 mM HEPES buffer, pH 7.2, 5 mM EDTA (HE buffer), 1 mM NADPH, 1.0 ⁇ M thioredoxin reductase, 0.8 ⁇ M thioredoxin, and 2.5 mg/ml bovine insulin in flat-bottom 96-well microtitre plates.
• Compounds were diluted in HE buffer and added to the wells as 20 ⁇ L aliquots. Incubations were for 30 min at 37° C. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 100 ⁇ L of 6 M guanidine HCl, 50 mM Tris, pH 8.0, and 10 mM DTNB, and the absorbance measured at 405 nm.
• Tx/TR Thioredoxin/Thioredoxin Reductase-catalysed reduction of Insulin IC 50 (mM) Mean GI 50 Compound Tx/TR TR ( ⁇ M) SIQ-01 BW 114 0.152 ND 0.152 SIQ-03 JMB 40.2 0.527 ND 0.527 SIQ-04 JMB 69 ⁇ 0.1 ND ⁇ 0.1 SIQ-11 JMB 68 >1.0 ND >1.0 In Vivo Studies
• SIQ-01 The in vivo activity of SIQ-01 was studied.
• the maximum tolerated dose of SIQ-01 in mice is 30 mg/kg on a daily ( ⁇ 5) schedule.
• Combination treatment of SIQ-01 and cisplatin was active against the HCT116 colon carcinoma tumour when administered to tumour-bearing mice (15 mg SIC-01/kg administered by intraperitoneal injection on days 1-5 and 8-10; 4 mg cisplatin/kg administered subcutaneously on days 1 and 8), and gave a maximum T/C (Test/Control) of 49%.
• Treatment with cisplatin alone (same regimen) gave a maximum T/C (Test/Control) of 56%.
• thioredoxin is associated with resistance to cisplatin therapy, and that combination therapy with both a thioredoxin inhibitor (such as the compounds described herein) and cisplatin provides improved therapy, as compared to therapy with cisplatin alone.
• a thioredoxin inhibitor such as the compounds described herein
• cisplatin provides improved therapy, as compared to therapy with cisplatin alone.

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