US6581631B2 - Device with a diaphragm arrangement - Google Patents

Device with a diaphragm arrangement Download PDF

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Publication number
US6581631B2
US6581631B2 US09/959,264 US95926402A US6581631B2 US 6581631 B2 US6581631 B2 US 6581631B2 US 95926402 A US95926402 A US 95926402A US 6581631 B2 US6581631 B2 US 6581631B2
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
diaphragm arrangement
retaining element
diaphragm
crimped
arrangement
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
US09/959,264
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English (en)
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US20020134433A1 (en
Inventor
Stanislaus Tomczak
Roland Hoepel
Ralph Ittlinger
Volker Hudec
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Assigned to ROBERT BOSCH GMBH reassignment ROBERT BOSCH GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HOEPFL, ROLAND, HUDEC, VOLKER, ITTLINGER, RALPH, TOMCZAK, STANISLAUS
Publication of US20020134433A1 publication Critical patent/US20020134433A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US6581631B2 publication Critical patent/US6581631B2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M69/00—Low-pressure fuel-injection apparatus ; Apparatus with both continuous and intermittent injection; Apparatus injecting different types of fuel
    • F02M69/46—Details, component parts or accessories not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus covered by groups F02M69/02 - F02M69/44
    • F02M69/54—Arrangement of fuel pressure regulators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
    • F16K41/00—Spindle sealings
    • F16K41/10—Spindle sealings with diaphragm, e.g. shaped as bellows or tube
    • F16K41/12—Spindle sealings with diaphragm, e.g. shaped as bellows or tube with approximately flat diaphragm
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D16/00—Control of fluid pressure
    • G05D16/04—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power
    • G05D16/06—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power the sensing element being a flexible membrane, yielding to pressure, e.g. diaphragm, bellows, capsule
    • G05D16/063—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power the sensing element being a flexible membrane, yielding to pressure, e.g. diaphragm, bellows, capsule the sensing element being a membrane
    • G05D16/0633—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power the sensing element being a flexible membrane, yielding to pressure, e.g. diaphragm, bellows, capsule the sensing element being a membrane characterised by the properties of the membrane
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D16/00—Control of fluid pressure
    • G05D16/04—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power
    • G05D16/06—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power the sensing element being a flexible membrane, yielding to pressure, e.g. diaphragm, bellows, capsule
    • G05D16/063—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power the sensing element being a flexible membrane, yielding to pressure, e.g. diaphragm, bellows, capsule the sensing element being a membrane
    • G05D16/0644—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power the sensing element being a flexible membrane, yielding to pressure, e.g. diaphragm, bellows, capsule the sensing element being a membrane the membrane acting directly on the obturator
    • G05D16/0655—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power the sensing element being a flexible membrane, yielding to pressure, e.g. diaphragm, bellows, capsule the sensing element being a membrane the membrane acting directly on the obturator using one spring-loaded membrane
    • G05D16/0658—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power the sensing element being a flexible membrane, yielding to pressure, e.g. diaphragm, bellows, capsule the sensing element being a membrane the membrane acting directly on the obturator using one spring-loaded membrane characterised by the form of the obturator
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/7722—Line condition change responsive valves
    • Y10T137/7781—With separate connected fluid reactor surface
    • Y10T137/7835—Valve seating in direction of flow
    • Y10T137/7836—Flexible diaphragm or bellows reactor

Definitions

  • the invention is directed to a device with a diaphragm arrangement and more particularly to such a device in which a diaphragm is secured in place between two retaining elements crimped together.
  • European Patent EP 0 585 810 B1 shows a device for the diaphragm arrangement, having a first retaining element and a second retaining element.
  • the diaphragm arrangement is fastened between the two retaining elements.
  • An encompassing bead is formed onto the outer circumference of the diaphragm arrangement.
  • the bead is located in an encompassing groove provided in the lower retaining element.
  • the encompassing bead formed onto the diaphragm arrangement increases the effort and expense of producing the diaphragm arrangement considerably, and in this diaphragm arrangement, a multi-layer construction of the diaphragm arrangement is practically impossible.
  • Another disadvantage is that because of the encompassing groove, producing the lower retaining element requires considerably more effort and expense.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,825,835 shows a pressure valve with a diaphragm arrangement fastened between two retaining elements. There is an encompassing bead on the outer edge of the diaphragm arrangement. The bead rests in an encompassing groove provided on one of the two retaining elements. Because of the encompassing groove, it is very complicated to produce the retaining element that has the groove; in particular, the retaining element must be reshaped quite severely and made to assume a complicated shape. Because of the complicated shape of the retaining element, otherwise conventional materials cannot be used, and rapid wear of the stamping tool used in producing the retaining element must be feared.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 2,318,157 shows a device with a diaphragm arrangement fastened between two retaining elements.
  • the outer edge of the diaphragm arrangement is bent over the outer edge of the lower retaining element.
  • the diaphragm arrangement will become damaged at its fastening point during the crimping over of the retaining element. Because of the bending over of the diaphragm arrangement, diaphragms comprising multiple layers cannot be used.
  • German Published, Nonexamined Patent Application DE-OS 29 13 423 shows a device with a diaphragm arrangement fastened between two retaining elements.
  • a sealing ring is additionally provided. Because the additional sealing ring is only very inadequately compartmentalized, subsidence and resultant leaks must be feared. Another factor is that the sealing ring cannot provide sealing directly in the region of the diaphragm fastened in place.
  • German Published, Nonexamined Patent Application DE-OS 29 24 796 shows a device with a sealing ring fastened to the crimped connection.
  • the sealing ring is located in a sealing ring groove. Because of the requisite sealing ring groove, a diaphragm arrangement that is simple to produce cannot be used.
  • the device with a diaphragm arrangement according to the invention has the advantage over the prior art that at very little production effort and expense, especially when a crimped connection that is easy to manipulate is used, excellent fastening of the diaphragm arrangement and excellent sealing off of the crimped connection are attainable.
  • Another advantage is that because of the excellent restraint of the diaphragm arrangement in the region of the crimped connection, the component size of the device in the region of the crimped connection can be made rather small. In particular, only relatively slight wall thicknesses are required for the retaining elements without the need to fear impermissible deformation; or the hydraulic pressure inside the device can be chosen to be relatively high.
  • the diaphragm arrangement has a surface comprising an elastomer on at least one side.
  • the elastomer surface of the diaphragm arrangement, together with the elastomer material fastened in place in the compression chamber, has especially high frictional resistance; as a result, whenever the surface of the diaphragm arrangement, at least in the region of the elastomer material fastened in place, comprises an elastomer, an especially good, secure restraint of the diaphragm arrangement and thus an especially great and durable operating safety of the device are attained.
  • FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal section through an exemplary embodiment
  • FIG. 2 shows a detail marked II in FIG. 1 .
  • the device with a diaphragm arrangement according to the invention can be used whenever a diaphragm arrangement is fastened in place between two retaining elements crimped to one another.
  • the device is for instance a hydraulic pressure reservoir, in which a liquid is located on one side of the diaphragm arrangement, for instance, and a gas under pressure is located on the other side of the diaphragm arrangement.
  • the device can, however, also be a pressure valve, for example, in which the liquid whose hydraulic pressure is to be controlled is located on one side of the diaphragm arrangement, and atmospheric pressure, for instance, or a reference pressure is located on the other side of the diaphragm arrangement.
  • the pressure valve is used for instance for controlling or regulating a pressure of fuel in a fuel supply system of an internal combustion engine.
  • An Otto engine can for instance be considered as the internal combustion engine.
  • the fuel is for instance gasoline or Diesel fuel.
  • FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal section through a preferred, especially advantageous exemplary embodiment.
  • FIG. 2 is an enlargement of a detail marked II in FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 1 shows a device embodying the invention, in the exemplary embodiment chosen, the device is a pressure valve 2 .
  • the pressure valve 2 has a housing 4 which substantially comprises a first retaining element 6 and a second retaining element 8 .
  • the pressure valve 2 has an inflow connection 12 and a continuing connection 14 . In its middle region, the diaphragm arrangement 10 is joined in pressure-tight fashion to a valve body 16 .
  • the valve body 16 serves as a closing body.
  • the pressure valve 2 Above the diaphragm arrangement 10 , the pressure valve 2 has a control chamber 18 , and below the diaphragm arrangement 10 , the pressure valve 2 has a pressure chamber 20 .
  • the valve body 16 lifts more or less far from a valve seat, so that at elevated pressure the pressure medium can flow out of the pressure chamber 20 into the continuing connection 14 .
  • the two retaining elements 6 and 8 are joined firmly to one another and in pressure-tight fashion via a crimped connection 21 .
  • the first retaining element 6 has a cylindrical jacket face 6 . 1 .
  • the cylindrical jacket face 6 . 1 is bent over on the outside all the way around, so that a flange 6 . 2 extending essentially radially is formed there.
  • the flange 6 . 2 of the first retaining element 6 ends in an encompassing end face 6 . 6 .
  • the end face 6 . 6 points radially outward.
  • the first retaining element 6 is preferably produced from a piece of sheet metal by being stamped out and shaped. Viewed longitudinally of the pressure valve 2 , the width of the end face 6 .
  • the second retaining element 8 has an essentially cylindrical jacket face 8 . 1 .
  • the cylindrical jacket face 8 . 1 is bent over toward the outside and there forms a counterpart flange 8 . 2 .
  • the retaining element 8 is bent over yet again at an encompassing bent-over point 8 . 3 .
  • the second retaining element 8 is bent over, for instance by 160° (degrees) to 180° (degrees); in the ideal case, the angle is 180°.
  • the region, bent over by up to 180°, of the second retaining element 8 will hereinafter be called the crimped overlap 8 . 4 .
  • the crimped overlap 8 . 4 ends radially on the inside at an encompassing end 8 . 5 .
  • the second retaining element 8 is likewise preferably produced from a piece of sheet metal by stamping and shaping. Viewed longitudinally of the pressure valve 2 , the width of the encompassing end 8 . 5 is approximately equal to the thickness of the sheet metal from which the second retaining element 8 is produced.
  • the outer circumferential region 10 . 4 of the diaphragm arrangement 10 is fastened in place firmly and in pressure-tight fashion in the crimped connection 21 between the flange 6 . 2 and the counterpart flange 8 . 2 .
  • the diaphragm arrangement 10 protrudes past the end face 6 . 6 of the first retaining element 6 .
  • the part of the diaphragm arrangement 10 protruding radially past the end face 6 . 6 will hereinafter be called the projecting region 10 . 6 .
  • the projecting region 10 . 6 forms a face that forms an angle of approximately 90° (degrees) with the end face 6 . 6 .
  • an elastomer material 22 is put in place at the place where the end face 6 . 6 and the region of the diaphragm arrangement 10 that projects past the end face 6 .
  • a compression chamber 24 is created between the end face 6 . 6 and the projecting region 10 . 6 and a compression region 8 . 6 of the second retaining element 8 , because of the elastomer material 22 .
  • the elastomer material 22 is pressed into the compression chamber 24 or in other words squeezed in. Because even with great force the elastomer material 22 cannot be compressed arbitrarily, the compression chamber 24 , given adequate dimensioning of the elastomer material 22 placed in it, is larger than a chamber that would be created without the elastomer material 22 .
  • the volume of the elastomer material 22 determines the size of the compression chamber 24 .
  • the lever arm between the end 8 . 5 of the crimped overlap 8 . 4 and the bent-over point 8 . 3 is substantially greater than the mean spacing between the compression region 8 . 6 and the bent-over point 8 . 3 .
  • the result is a mechanical advantage and a stepup of the operative forces.
  • the elastomer material 22 is pressed with a force that is substantially greater than the force with which the crimped overlap 8 . 4 in the region of the end 8 . 5 is pressed against the flange 6 . 2 .
  • a very major squeezing of the elastomer material 22 takes place. Because of the major squeezing, the elastomer material 22 fills up the compression chamber 24 practically completely.
  • the elastomer material 22 presses with great force against the face of the projecting region 10 . 6 of the diaphragm arrangement 10 .
  • the elastomer material 22 presses the diaphragm arrangement 10 at its circumference against the counterpart flange 8 . 2 of the second retaining element 8 with great force.
  • the diaphragm arrangement 10 is restrained and sealed off substantially better than in previously known devices. This makes it possible to allow especially high hydraulic pressures in the pressure chamber 20 , and even dynamically highly fluctuating pressures, even if only relatively slight wall thickness for the retaining elements 6 and 8 are employed.
  • the diaphragm arrangement 10 can comprise multiple layers.
  • the diaphragm arrangement 10 includes an upper layer 10 . 1 , a middle layer 10 . 2 , and a lower layer 10 . 3 .
  • the three layers 10 . 1 , 10 . 2 , 10 . 3 are firmly bonded to one another, for instance by vulcanization. Since each of the three layers 10 . 1 , 10 . 2 and 10 . 3 has a constant thickness throughout, although each layer can have a different layer from the others, the diaphragm arrangement 10 can be produced very easily, for instance by being stamped out of a larger flat plate. Stamping the diaphragm arrangement 10 out of an easily produced plate would be practically impossible if an encompassing bead were formed onto the diaphragm arrangement.
  • the diaphragm arrangement 10 remains practically flat even in the region of the crimped connection 21 .
  • the diaphragm arrangement 10 need not be bent over in the region of the crimped connection 21 . This allows the use of even a diaphragm arrangement 10 that because of its composition would not withstand major bending without being damaged.
  • Encompassing channels could optionally be provided on the faces toward the diaphragm arrangement 10 of the flange 6 . 2 and of the counterpart flange 8 . 2 .
  • the channels 26 can improve the restraint of the diaphragm arrangement 10 . Because of the good hold via the elastomer material 22 , it is often possible to dispense with the channels 26 , which is why the channels 26 are not shown in solid lines in FIG. 2 but rather in dashed lines.
  • the upper layer 10 . 1 for instance comprises an elastomer. If the diaphragm arrangement 10 comprises an elastomer, at least where the elastomer material 22 presses against the diaphragm arrangement 10 , then especially high coefficients of friction occur between the diaphragm arrangement 10 and the elastomer material 22 in the compression chamber 24 , so that the restraint of the diaphragm arrangement 10 inside the crimped connection 21 can be still further improved thereby.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Diaphragms And Bellows (AREA)
  • Safety Valves (AREA)
  • Control Of Fluid Pressure (AREA)
  • Gasket Seals (AREA)
US09/959,264 2000-02-22 2001-02-20 Device with a diaphragm arrangement Expired - Fee Related US6581631B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10008227.0 2000-02-22
DE10008227 2000-02-22
DE10008227A DE10008227A1 (de) 2000-02-22 2000-02-22 Vorrichtung mit einer Membrananordnung
PCT/DE2001/000644 WO2001063373A1 (de) 2000-02-22 2001-02-20 Vorrichtung mit einer membrananordnung

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20020134433A1 US20020134433A1 (en) 2002-09-26
US6581631B2 true US6581631B2 (en) 2003-06-24

Family

ID=7631955

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US09/959,264 Expired - Fee Related US6581631B2 (en) 2000-02-22 2001-02-20 Device with a diaphragm arrangement

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US6581631B2 (ko)
EP (1) EP1177489A1 (ko)
JP (1) JP2003524251A (ko)
KR (1) KR20020005706A (ko)
DE (1) DE10008227A1 (ko)
WO (1) WO2001063373A1 (ko)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040118756A1 (en) * 2002-12-20 2004-06-24 Siemens Vdo Automotive Corporation Filter module with pressure regulator
US20100224806A1 (en) * 2007-08-29 2010-09-09 Keihin Corporation Pressure-reducing valve
US20120048237A1 (en) * 2010-08-31 2012-03-01 Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. Fuel pressure regulator
RU2671599C1 (ru) * 2017-10-05 2018-11-02 Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Государственная корпорация по космической деятельности "РОСКОСМОС" Регулятор давления мембранный
RU2799634C1 (ru) * 2023-02-02 2023-07-07 Сергей Александрович Бучик Газовый редуктор

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP4175516B2 (ja) * 2004-07-28 2008-11-05 京三電機株式会社 燃料圧力調整装置
DE102005002433A1 (de) * 2004-11-15 2006-05-18 Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg Membranspeicher
US8302622B2 (en) * 2010-02-24 2012-11-06 Continental Automotive Systems Us, Inc. Unbalanced inlet fuel tube for a fuel pressure regulator
ITVI20130150A1 (it) * 2013-06-07 2014-12-08 Zilio Ind S R L Vaso di espansione con precarica
ES2733448T3 (es) * 2016-01-04 2019-11-29 Danfoss As Cápsula para una válvula y válvula

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4646700A (en) * 1985-04-17 1987-03-03 Walbro Corporation Pressure regulator for liquid fuel system
US4960038A (en) * 1987-11-09 1990-10-02 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Diaphragm device
EP0611908A1 (en) * 1993-02-15 1994-08-24 Fedegari Autoclavi Spa Improved control member for diaphragm valve, in particular for steam valves
US5609138A (en) * 1995-06-17 1997-03-11 Robert Bosch Gmbh Pressure regulating device for a fuel delivery system
EP0796991A1 (de) * 1996-03-23 1997-09-24 Robert Bosch Gmbh Druckregelventil mit Anschlussverbindung
EP0870957A2 (de) * 1997-04-11 1998-10-14 Georg Fischer Rohrleitungssysteme GmbH Membranventil
US6029694A (en) * 1996-11-29 2000-02-29 Robert Bosch Gmbh Diaphragm pressure regulating valve assembly

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3943975A (en) * 1974-11-06 1976-03-16 Emerson Electric Co. Solenoid operated pilot controlled valve
DE4430472A1 (de) * 1994-08-27 1996-02-29 Bosch Gmbh Robert Druckregelventil
US5979409A (en) * 1998-09-22 1999-11-09 Siemens Automotive Corporation Integral returnless pressure regulator for a fuel injection system

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4646700A (en) * 1985-04-17 1987-03-03 Walbro Corporation Pressure regulator for liquid fuel system
US4960038A (en) * 1987-11-09 1990-10-02 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Diaphragm device
EP0611908A1 (en) * 1993-02-15 1994-08-24 Fedegari Autoclavi Spa Improved control member for diaphragm valve, in particular for steam valves
US5609138A (en) * 1995-06-17 1997-03-11 Robert Bosch Gmbh Pressure regulating device for a fuel delivery system
EP0796991A1 (de) * 1996-03-23 1997-09-24 Robert Bosch Gmbh Druckregelventil mit Anschlussverbindung
US6029694A (en) * 1996-11-29 2000-02-29 Robert Bosch Gmbh Diaphragm pressure regulating valve assembly
EP0870957A2 (de) * 1997-04-11 1998-10-14 Georg Fischer Rohrleitungssysteme GmbH Membranventil

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040118756A1 (en) * 2002-12-20 2004-06-24 Siemens Vdo Automotive Corporation Filter module with pressure regulator
US6942787B2 (en) * 2002-12-20 2005-09-13 Siemens Vdo Automotive Corporation Filter module with pressure regulator
US20100224806A1 (en) * 2007-08-29 2010-09-09 Keihin Corporation Pressure-reducing valve
US8408515B2 (en) * 2007-08-29 2013-04-02 Keihin Corporation Pressure-reducing valve
EP2182262A4 (en) * 2007-08-29 2017-05-31 Keihin Corporation Pressure reducing valve
US20120048237A1 (en) * 2010-08-31 2012-03-01 Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. Fuel pressure regulator
RU2671599C1 (ru) * 2017-10-05 2018-11-02 Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Государственная корпорация по космической деятельности "РОСКОСМОС" Регулятор давления мембранный
RU2799634C1 (ru) * 2023-02-02 2023-07-07 Сергей Александрович Бучик Газовый редуктор

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
KR20020005706A (ko) 2002-01-17
WO2001063373A1 (de) 2001-08-30
JP2003524251A (ja) 2003-08-12
EP1177489A1 (de) 2002-02-06
US20020134433A1 (en) 2002-09-26
DE10008227A1 (de) 2001-08-23

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Effective date: 20070624