US5948029A - Steering control system for tracked vehicle - Google Patents
Steering control system for tracked vehicle Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US5948029A US5948029A US08/795,091 US79509197A US5948029A US 5948029 A US5948029 A US 5948029A US 79509197 A US79509197 A US 79509197A US 5948029 A US5948029 A US 5948029A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- signal
- steering
- speed
- vehicle
- generating
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
- B62D11/00—Steering non-deflectable wheels; Steering endless tracks or the like
- B62D11/02—Steering non-deflectable wheels; Steering endless tracks or the like by differentially driving ground-engaging elements on opposite vehicle sides
- B62D11/06—Steering non-deflectable wheels; Steering endless tracks or the like by differentially driving ground-engaging elements on opposite vehicle sides by means of a single main power source
- B62D11/10—Steering non-deflectable wheels; Steering endless tracks or the like by differentially driving ground-engaging elements on opposite vehicle sides by means of a single main power source using gearings with differential power outputs on opposite sides, e.g. twin-differential or epicyclic gears
- B62D11/14—Steering non-deflectable wheels; Steering endless tracks or the like by differentially driving ground-engaging elements on opposite vehicle sides by means of a single main power source using gearings with differential power outputs on opposite sides, e.g. twin-differential or epicyclic gears differential power outputs being effected by additional power supply to one side, e.g. power originating from secondary power source
- B62D11/18—Steering non-deflectable wheels; Steering endless tracks or the like by differentially driving ground-engaging elements on opposite vehicle sides by means of a single main power source using gearings with differential power outputs on opposite sides, e.g. twin-differential or epicyclic gears differential power outputs being effected by additional power supply to one side, e.g. power originating from secondary power source the additional power supply being supplied hydraulically
- B62D11/183—Control systems therefor
Definitions
- the invention relates to a steering control system for a tracked vehicle.
- Tracked vehicles are steered by driving one track faster or slower than the other. In some tracked vehicles this is accomplished by a differential steer system which includes an engine-driven variable displacement pump which drives a fixed displacement motor. Traditionally, such tracked vehicles have been steered by simply varying the swashplate angle directly with a steering command. Such a system has aggressive steering at low vehicle speeds which decreases the operator's ability to control the vehicle when fine steering control is required. In addition, such systems have not provided the flexibility to change the performance or functional characteristics of the system.
- an object of this invention is to provide a tracked vehicle steering control system which increases the operator's ability to control the vehicle at both low and high speeds.
- a further object of the invention is to provide such a system which functions so that steering wheel position is approximately proportional to turn curvature (inverse of radius of turn) for vehicle speeds within a certain speed range.
- Another object of the invention is to provide such a system wherein the steering becomes less aggressive at higher transport speeds.
- a tracked vehicle includes a differential steer system utilizing one variable displacement pump and one fixed displacement motor with an electromechanical steering linkage.
- a steering control system senses steering wheel position, vehicle speed, engine speed and forward/reverse vehicle direction. As a function of these sensed inputs, a control signal is generated and is used to control the swashplate angle of a variable displacement pump which drives a steering motor which drives a differential track drive mechanism.
- the steering motor adds rotation to one track and subtracts rotation from the other track. This is accomplished by means of a cross shaft with direct gearing to a planetary gear set on the left side of the vehicle and reverse gearing to a planetary gear set by means of a reverser gear on the right side of the vehicle.
- the system functions so that steering wheel position is approximately proportional to turn curvature (inverse of radius of turn) for vehicle speeds from between 2 and 14 kilometer per hour (kph), at a nominal engine speed. Above this vehicle speed, the steering becomes less aggressive for transport speeds. This allows an operator to have better control in both lower and higher gears. A change in engine speed does not change an operator's commanded radius of turn. As tractor speed decreases to zero, the tractor angular velocity in the turn will also decrease. If the clutch pedal is depressed and the vehicle is in gear, or the gear lever is moved to the neutral position, the tractor will coast to a stop. In this case, turning will slow but not stop. This allows the operator better control over their commanded turn when stopping and starting vehicle motion.
- This steering system blends the advantages of a tracked vehicle steering system with the advantages of a wheeled vehicle steering system, and it can be easily tailored to optimize drivability/controllability for various applications.
- This steering system provides control similar to a row crop tractor during field operation and counter rotation capability during slow to zero speed conditions.
- the steering wheel has fixed stops and has 600 degrees of rotation lock to lock.
- it is preferably self-centering, has a positive feel at the center, and requires low effort to steer.
- FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic diagram of a tracked vehicle drive and the control system of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a logic flow diagram of a main loop algorithm executed by a microprocessor of the control system of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 3 is a logic flow diagram of the steering control signal calculation algorithm which is called by the main loop algorithm of FIG. 2.
- This application includes a microfiche appendix including one microfiche and 63 frames.
- a drive train of a tracked vehicle includes an engine 10 with an output shaft 12 which drives a right angle gear 14 and a transmission 16.
- the transmission 16 drives a clutch 18 which, in turn, drives, via final or right angle drive 20, a left track drive wheel 22 via left steering planetary drive 24, and a right track drive wheel 26 via right steering planetary drive 28.
- the steering planetary drives 24 and 28 are preferably such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,390,751, issued Feb. 21, 1995 to Puetz et al., and assigned to the assignee of this application.
- a parking brake 30 is coupled to shaft 18, and left and right service brakes 32, 34 are coupled to the left and right drive wheels 22, 26, respectively.
- the right angle gear 14 drives a variable displacement steering pump 40, such as a 75 cc, 90 series pump made by Sauer-Sundstrand.
- the pump 40 powers a hydraulic fixed displacement steering motor 42, such as a 75 cc, 90 series motor, also made by Sauer-Sundstrand.
- the steering motor 42 drives, via a cross shaft 44 and gear 46, a ring gear 47 of left planetary drive 24, and via cross shaft 44, gear 48 and reverser gear 50, a ring gear 52 of right planetary drive 24.
- the swashplate (not shown) of steering pump 40 is controlled by a pressure controlled pilot valve or electronic displacement control (EDC) 60.
- EDC electronic displacement control
- the EDC is preferably a known two stage device with first stage including a flapper type valve and a second stage including a boost stage to the pump, such as is commercially available from Sauer-Sundstrand with minor modifications to the spool for cold weather and without a manual override function.
- a rotation speed sensor 62 such as a commercially available mag pickup, mounted in proximity to the right angle drive 14, provides an engine speed signal to a steering system unit (SSU) 70.
- the solenoids of valve 60 are controlled by pump command signals (pump -- cmd) signals generated by SSU 70.
- a steering wheel rotary position transducer 72 such as a rotary potentiometer, provides to SSU 70 a steering angle signal (steer -- angle) representing the position, relative to a centered position, of a spring centered, operator controlled steering wheel 74 which is preferably capable of turning through an angular range of 600 degrees.
- the steering wheel position transducer 72 preferably includes three rotary potentiometers (not shown), and a single steering angle signal, steer -- angle, may derived from the signals from the three potentiometers according to a subroutine, the details of which are shown in the microfiche appendix.
- a drive line rotation speed sensor 76 preferably a differential Hall-effect speed sensor such as used on production John Deere tractors, is mounted in proximity to the final drive 20, provides to the SSU 70 a final drive speed, vehicle or wheel speed signal (whl -- spd).
- a magnetic ring 78 is mounted for rotation with the motor 42, and a Hall-effect transducer 80 mounted near the magnetic ring 78 provides to the SSU 70 a motor speed signal and a motor direction signal.
- the SSU 70 includes a commercially available microprocessor (not shown) which executes a main loop algorithm 200, the steering control aspects of which are illustrated by FIG. 1.
- the main loop begins at step 202.
- various preset parameters and constants are retrieved from memory. The values of these parameters and constants are set forth in the microfiche appendix, but can be varied depending upon the specific application.
- drive line speed is determined from rotation speed sensor 76.
- veh -- dir is determined.
- the veh -- dir signal is +1 if the vehicle is moving forward or -1 if the vehicle is moving backwards.
- the veh -- dir signal may be derived by a subroutine from signals from the drive line or wheel speed sensor 76, from a transmission shift lever transducer 73, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,406,860, issued Apr. 18, 1995 to Easton et al., clutch engagement switches (not shown) and from a commanded gear signal from a powershift transmission control unit (not shown).
- the details of the veh -- dir signal determining subroutine are set forth in the program listing in the microfiche appendix.
- the veh -- dir signal could also be provided by a radar or ultrasonic vehicle speed sensing unit (not shown).
- Step 208 determines the steering control signal by calling the subroutine illustrated by the logic flow diagram of FIG. 3.
- Step 210 generates a solenoid command signal which is applied to the pressure controlled pilot valve or electronic displacement control (EDC) 60.
- EDC electronic displacement control
- Step 302 retrieves data for the steering angle (steer -- angle), vehicle speed (whl -- spd), engine speed (eng -- spd) and vehicle direction (veh -- dir).
- Step 304 directs the algorithm to step 324, which returns control to the main loop, if the commanded gear signal from transducer 73 indicates that the gear shift lever is in neutral or park and the vehicle is not moving, otherwise, the algorithm proceeds from step 304 to step 306.
- Step 306 directs the algorithm to step 308, which sets the wheel speed value, whl -- spd, equal to 1 kph (kilometers per hour) and directs the algorithm to step 314, if sensed whl -- spd value from sensor 76 is less than 1 kph, otherwise, the algorithm proceeds from step 306 to step 310.
- Step 310 directs the algorithm to step 312, which sets a vehicle speed calculation value, veh -- spd, equal to the whl -- spd value from speed sensor 76 and directs the algorithm to step 316, if the sensed whl -- spd value is not greater than a maximum speed (such as 16 kph for example), otherwise, the algorithm proceeds from step 310 to step 314.
- Step 314 calculates the vehicle speed value, veh -- spd according to the following equation:
- max -- veh -- spd is preset parameter such as 16 kph which can be varied depending upon the application
- whl -- spd is the speed value from sensor 76
- K2 is preset constant
- Step 316 calculates a turn speed value, turn -- spd according to the following equation:
- turn -- spd is a turning speed scaling variable
- veh -- spd is the value from step 312 or step 314
- offset is a constant
- nom -- eng -- spd is nominal engine speed scaling constant
- eng -- spd is engine speed (from sensor 14)
- adder is another constant.
- Step 318 calculates a gain modification value, gain -- mod according to the following equation:
- turn -- spd is the value from step 316
- turn -- spd -- div is a scaling constant
- Step 320 calculates a steer gain value, steer -- gain, which is a modified steering angle or steering wheel position value, according to the following equation:
- steer -- angle is the steering angle signal derived from transducer 72
- gain -- mod is the value from step 318.
- Step 322 calculates a motor command value, mot -- spd according to the following equation:
- steer -- gain is the value from step 320
- max -- mot -- spd is a preset maximum motor speed value
- veh -- dir is the vehicle direction value which is +1 if the vehicle is moving forward or -1 if the vehicle is moving backwards.
- step 324 returns control to the main loop which outputs the steering control signal to the steering pump control unit 60.
- the control signal is a function of the vehicle speed signal (veh -- spd), the engine speed signal (eng -- spd) and the steering signal (steer -- angle).
- a turn speed value is proportional to the vehicle speed multiplied by a ratio of a nominal engine speed divided by sensed engine speed.
- the control signal is proportional to a steering gain value multiplied by a ratio of the turn speed value divided by a preset turn speed divisor value.
- the control signal is proportional to a second power of the steering signal (steer -- angle).
- the various preset parameters and constants can be varied depending upon the application.
- the various constants and parameters can be adjusted to modify the rate at which turn curvature (inversely proportional to radius of turn) varies as a function of overall vehicle speed at a constant engine speed. Over a range of vehicle speeds, the turn curvature is approximately proportional to the position of the steering wheel relative to its centered position. This range can be adjusted by varying the minimum and maximum values referenced in steps 306 and 310 and by varying the offset and adder values in step 316.
- Turn curvature is approximately proportional to the position of the steering wheel relative to its centered position between vehicle speeds of 2 kph and 14 kph. Above this range, the steering becomes naturally less aggressive for transport speeds. Below this range, the steering becomes naturally more aggressive for counter rotation capability. This allows an operator to have better control over the full range of gears. Also, the minimum and maximum driveline or vehicle speed values can be adjusted so as to widen or narrow the vehicle speed range over which steering wheel position is approximately commanding a radius of turn.
- a change in engine speed does not change an operators commanded radius of turn.
- the tractor's speed decreases to zero, the tractor turning rate will also decrease. If the clutch pedal is depressed and the vehicle is in gear, or the gear lever is moved to the neutral position, the tractor will coast to a stop. In this case, turning will slow but not stop. This gives the operator better control over their commanded turn when stopping and starting vehicle motion during a turn.
- the pump command signal may be used as the command in a closed loop control algorithm using the motor speed signal from Hall-effect sensor 80 as the feedback signal.
- the pump command may also be used as the command in an open loop system.
- the pump command would be modified and scaled appropriately and sent to an output driver routine (not shown).
- the SSU 70 and output driver software output the commanded current level to the EDC 60.
- the EDC 60 controls the pump 40 swashplate angle which in turn controls the speed of the motor 42 and ultimately the differential speed between the two track drives 24 and 28.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Non-Deflectable Wheels, Steering Of Trailers, Or Other Steering (AREA)
- Steering Control In Accordance With Driving Conditions (AREA)
Priority Applications (9)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/795,091 US5948029A (en) | 1997-02-05 | 1997-02-05 | Steering control system for tracked vehicle |
CA002213729A CA2213729C (en) | 1997-02-05 | 1997-09-05 | Steering control system for tracked vehicle |
DE59808316T DE59808316D1 (de) | 1997-02-05 | 1998-01-23 | Lenksteuersystem für Raupenfahrzeuge |
EP98101123A EP0857641B1 (de) | 1997-02-05 | 1998-01-23 | Lenksteuersystem für Raupenfahrzeuge |
MXPA/A/1998/000932A MXPA98000932A (en) | 1997-02-05 | 1998-02-02 | Steering control system for a vehicle with rodamie bands |
AU52905/98A AU697106B2 (en) | 1997-02-05 | 1998-02-03 | Steering control system for tracked vehicle |
BR9800569A BR9800569A (pt) | 1997-02-05 | 1998-02-05 | Sistema de controle de direção para um veículo de esteira |
JP10024246A JPH10218005A (ja) | 1997-02-05 | 1998-02-05 | 無限軌道車両のためのステアリング制御装置 |
ARP980100511A AR011637A1 (es) | 1997-02-05 | 1998-02-05 | Disposicion de control de direccion para un vehiculo de oruga |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/795,091 US5948029A (en) | 1997-02-05 | 1997-02-05 | Steering control system for tracked vehicle |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US5948029A true US5948029A (en) | 1999-09-07 |
Family
ID=25164644
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US08/795,091 Expired - Lifetime US5948029A (en) | 1997-02-05 | 1997-02-05 | Steering control system for tracked vehicle |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5948029A (pt) |
EP (1) | EP0857641B1 (pt) |
JP (1) | JPH10218005A (pt) |
AR (1) | AR011637A1 (pt) |
AU (1) | AU697106B2 (pt) |
BR (1) | BR9800569A (pt) |
CA (1) | CA2213729C (pt) |
DE (1) | DE59808316D1 (pt) |
Cited By (28)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6039132A (en) * | 1998-04-01 | 2000-03-21 | Deere & Company | Steering control system for tracked vehicle |
US6092012A (en) * | 1997-08-26 | 2000-07-18 | Koyo Seiko Co., Ltd. | Power steering device |
US6148939A (en) * | 1998-12-22 | 2000-11-21 | Caterpillar Inc. | Variable gain steering control system for a work machine |
US6170584B1 (en) | 1999-09-29 | 2001-01-09 | Deere & Company | Tracked vehicle steering system with steering pump monitoring |
US6179072B1 (en) | 1999-10-13 | 2001-01-30 | Deere & Company | Supplemental charge for hydrostatic steering system |
US6208922B1 (en) | 1999-12-09 | 2001-03-27 | Deere & Company | Tracked vehicle closed loop steering system |
US6240351B1 (en) * | 1999-09-29 | 2001-05-29 | Deere & Company | Tracked vehicle steering system with failure detection |
US6298931B1 (en) * | 1999-12-09 | 2001-10-09 | Deere & Company | Tracked vehicle steering control system with non-centered steering wheel |
US6345674B1 (en) * | 2000-08-23 | 2002-02-12 | Deere & Company | Tracked vehicle steering control system with steering pump feedback |
US6484828B2 (en) * | 1997-01-23 | 2002-11-26 | Yanmar Agricultural Equipment Co., Ltd. | Mobile agricultural machine |
US6488113B1 (en) * | 2001-06-07 | 2002-12-03 | General Motors Corporation | Disable control for four wheel steer vehicle |
US6491118B1 (en) * | 2000-11-20 | 2002-12-10 | Deere & Company | Hydrostatic system with charge flow monitoring |
US6527070B2 (en) | 2001-01-23 | 2003-03-04 | Pdsco., Inc. | Brake-actuating steering and braking control system for tracked vehicles |
US20040226769A1 (en) * | 2002-11-14 | 2004-11-18 | Visteon Global Technologies, Inc. | Fuel efficient power steering control system and method |
US20060191732A1 (en) * | 2005-02-28 | 2006-08-31 | Caterpillar Inc. | Work machine hydraulics control system |
US20070179698A1 (en) * | 2006-01-17 | 2007-08-02 | Oehme Clifford H | Traction control method for a tracked vehicle |
US20080128189A1 (en) * | 2006-11-30 | 2008-06-05 | Caterpillar Inc. | Systems and methods for controlling slip of vehicle drive members |
US20090198416A1 (en) * | 2008-02-05 | 2009-08-06 | Crown Equipment Corporation | Materials handling vehicle having a control apparatus for determining an acceleration value |
US20100006353A1 (en) * | 2006-08-29 | 2010-01-14 | Pierre Bernard | Adaptable vehicle having interchangeable tracks and wheels |
US20100120578A1 (en) * | 2008-11-07 | 2010-05-13 | Hichem Bouguerra | Drive and steering control system for an endless track vehicle |
US9096264B2 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2015-08-04 | Cnh Industrial America Llc | Implement carrier with steerable tracks |
US9150104B2 (en) | 2012-10-30 | 2015-10-06 | Deere & Company | Vehicle steering-based speed control system and method |
US20150298737A1 (en) * | 2012-12-04 | 2015-10-22 | Mtd Products Inc | Vehicle drive control systems |
EP1918463A3 (en) * | 2006-10-31 | 2016-05-18 | Clark Equipment Company | Engine load management for power machines |
US10150470B2 (en) | 2016-08-24 | 2018-12-11 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Determining available dynamic turning radius |
US20190337517A1 (en) * | 2018-05-01 | 2019-11-07 | Caterpillar Inc. | Transmission control or steering control based on one or more operating inputs associated with a vehicle |
GB2589964A (en) * | 2019-09-25 | 2021-06-16 | Deere & Co | Wheel speed sensing system |
US11370481B2 (en) | 2019-11-07 | 2022-06-28 | Cnh Industrial America Llc | Steering system for an agricultural vehicle |
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- 1997-02-05 US US08/795,091 patent/US5948029A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-09-05 CA CA002213729A patent/CA2213729C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-01-23 DE DE59808316T patent/DE59808316D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-01-23 EP EP98101123A patent/EP0857641B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-02-03 AU AU52905/98A patent/AU697106B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-02-05 BR BR9800569A patent/BR9800569A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-02-05 AR ARP980100511A patent/AR011637A1/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-02-05 JP JP10024246A patent/JPH10218005A/ja not_active Withdrawn
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Cited By (50)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6484828B2 (en) * | 1997-01-23 | 2002-11-26 | Yanmar Agricultural Equipment Co., Ltd. | Mobile agricultural machine |
US6092012A (en) * | 1997-08-26 | 2000-07-18 | Koyo Seiko Co., Ltd. | Power steering device |
US6039132A (en) * | 1998-04-01 | 2000-03-21 | Deere & Company | Steering control system for tracked vehicle |
US6148939A (en) * | 1998-12-22 | 2000-11-21 | Caterpillar Inc. | Variable gain steering control system for a work machine |
AU762310B2 (en) * | 1999-09-29 | 2003-06-19 | Deere & Company | Tracked vehicle steering system with failure detection |
US6170584B1 (en) | 1999-09-29 | 2001-01-09 | Deere & Company | Tracked vehicle steering system with steering pump monitoring |
US6240351B1 (en) * | 1999-09-29 | 2001-05-29 | Deere & Company | Tracked vehicle steering system with failure detection |
EP1088742A3 (en) * | 1999-09-29 | 2005-10-26 | Deere & Company | Tracked vehicle steering system with failure detection |
EP1088741A3 (en) * | 1999-09-29 | 2005-10-19 | Deere & Company | Tracked vehicle steering system with steering pump monitoring |
AU762327B2 (en) * | 1999-09-29 | 2003-06-26 | Deere & Company | Tracked vehicle steering system with steering pump monitoring |
US6179072B1 (en) | 1999-10-13 | 2001-01-30 | Deere & Company | Supplemental charge for hydrostatic steering system |
EP1092611A1 (en) | 1999-10-13 | 2001-04-18 | Deere & Company | Hydrostatic vehicle steering system with supplemental charge pump |
US6298931B1 (en) * | 1999-12-09 | 2001-10-09 | Deere & Company | Tracked vehicle steering control system with non-centered steering wheel |
AU762612B2 (en) * | 1999-12-09 | 2003-07-03 | Deere & Company | Tracked vehicle steering control system with non-centered steering wheel |
US6208922B1 (en) | 1999-12-09 | 2001-03-27 | Deere & Company | Tracked vehicle closed loop steering system |
US6345674B1 (en) * | 2000-08-23 | 2002-02-12 | Deere & Company | Tracked vehicle steering control system with steering pump feedback |
US6491118B1 (en) * | 2000-11-20 | 2002-12-10 | Deere & Company | Hydrostatic system with charge flow monitoring |
US6527070B2 (en) | 2001-01-23 | 2003-03-04 | Pdsco., Inc. | Brake-actuating steering and braking control system for tracked vehicles |
US6488113B1 (en) * | 2001-06-07 | 2002-12-03 | General Motors Corporation | Disable control for four wheel steer vehicle |
US20040226769A1 (en) * | 2002-11-14 | 2004-11-18 | Visteon Global Technologies, Inc. | Fuel efficient power steering control system and method |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0857641A3 (de) | 2000-03-29 |
AR011637A1 (es) | 2000-08-30 |
MX9800932A (es) | 1998-08-30 |
AU697106B2 (en) | 1998-09-24 |
EP0857641A2 (de) | 1998-08-12 |
BR9800569A (pt) | 1999-07-13 |
CA2213729A1 (en) | 1998-08-05 |
JPH10218005A (ja) | 1998-08-18 |
CA2213729C (en) | 2000-11-14 |
AU5290598A (en) | 1998-08-20 |
EP0857641B1 (de) | 2003-05-14 |
DE59808316D1 (de) | 2003-06-18 |
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