Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
  • C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
  • C04B28/08—Slag cements
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B14/00—Use of inorganic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of inorganic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
  • C04B14/02—Granular materials, e.g. microballoons
  • C04B14/36—Inorganic materials not provided for in groups C04B14/022 and C04B14/04 - C04B14/34
  • C04B14/361—Soil, e.g. laterite
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
  • C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K17/00—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials
  • C09K17/40—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials containing mixtures of inorganic and organic compounds
  • C09K17/42—Inorganic compounds mixed with organic active ingredients, e.g. accelerators
  • C09K17/44—Inorganic compounds mixed with organic active ingredients, e.g. accelerators the inorganic compound being cement
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
  • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
  • E01C21/00—Apparatus or processes for surface soil stabilisation for road building or like purposes, e.g. mixing local aggregate with binder
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
  • E02D3/12—Consolidating by placing solidifying or pore-filling substances in the soil
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S106/00—Compositions: coating or plastic
  • Y10S106/90—Soil stabilization

Definitions

• This invention relates to a method of manufacturing a hydraulic composite using excavated soil.
• a further use of excavated soil is as a component of a grout used in shield tunnelling.
• the method is to convert the excavated soil from the excavation face into a grout by the addition thereto of a solidifying agent (such as cement) and a fluidifying agent and the use of the resulting mixture as a grout.
• a solidifying agent such as cement
• a fluidifying agent such as cement
• the clay and silt content of excavated soil causes problems.
• the fluidity of the grout declines rapidly with time and there can be problems with pumping and placement.
• large quantities of fluidifying agents are required.
• such grouts do not consume large quantities of excavated soil, which means that there is still a major disposal problem.
• the first admixture 1. blending an excavated soil with a solidifying quantity of a hydraulic material and a fluidifying quantity of water and at least one substance selected from the group consisting of hydroxycarboxylic acids, phosphonic acid derivatives and saccharides and derivatives thereof (hereinafter referred to as "the first admixture"), to create a first mixture; and
• the hydraulic material is any such material known to the art.
• Hydraulic material is meant a material which on the addition of water reacts to form a hard, solid mass. Hydraulic materials which are useful in the working of this invention include the various types of cement, such as portland cement, slag cement and high alumina cement. Such materials are the preferred hydraulic materials, but other materials include quicklime, slaked lime and fine-grained calcined dolomite.
• solidifying amount is meant that quantity of hydraulic material which, in conjunction with water and excavated soil, will produce a solid mass.
• quantity of hydraulic material will of course be different in different circumstances, depending on the natures of the soil (highly variable), the hydraulic material and the first admixture, but the skilled person can readily ascertain in every case how much constitutes a solidifying amount.
• Excavated soil generally contains water, and the skilled person can readily ascertain whether and how much additional water is needed.
• the first admixture which is selected from the group consisting of hydroxycarboxylic acids, phosphonic acid derivatives and saccharides and derivatives thereof may be selected from one or more of any such materials known to the art.
• Suitable hydroxycarboxylic acids include gluconic acid, glucaric acid, glucoheptonic acid, arabinonic acid, malic acid, citric acid and their salts.
• the salts include, for example, salts of alkali metals such as sodium and potassium, salts of alkaline earth metals such as calcium and magnesium, and salts of non-metallic materials such as ammonium and triethanolamine.
• Phosphonic acid derivatives include aminometaphosphonic acid, aminotrimethyl phosphonic acid, methylene phosphonic acid, 1-hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-diphosponic acid, phosphonocarboxylic acid derivatives and their salts.
• Saccharides and their derivatives include galactose, mannose, xylose, arabinose, and ribose, disaccharides such as maltose, sucrose, and lactose, trisaccharides such as maltotriose and raffinose, and sugar alcohols such as oligosaccharide and sorbitol.
• the cement-dispersing agents are preferably water-reducing agents, air-entraining water-reducing agents, high-range water-reducing agents, high-range air-entraining water-reducing agents, and fluidifiers. They include such materials as lignin sulfonic acids, hydroxycarboxylic acids and their salts, saccharides, melamine sulfonate-formaldehyde condensates, naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde condensates, polycarboxylic acids, polyalkyl sulfonic acids, aromatic aminosulfonic acids or their derivatives and/or their salts.
• excavated soil there is no limitation on the type of excavated soil which may be used in this invention.
• such soil will include such materials as sand, silt and clay.
• the relative quantity of the various materials used in the process of this invention may vary according to the natures of these materials, and the skilled person can readily ascertain appropriate proportions in any given case.
• a solidifying quantity of hydraulic material may readily be determined by simple experimentation on a sample of excavated soil.
• a typical proportion of first admixture is from 0.01-5% by weight of hydraulic material, but, as hereinabove mentioned, the quantity will depend on the nature of the materials involved, and it will be understood that it is sometimes possible and even desirable to work outside this range.
• the cement-dispersing agent may generally also be added in a quantity of from 0.01-5% by weight of the hydraulic material, but again it may be possible and/or desirable to work outside this range.
• An additional useful component is a water-soluble polymer.
• Particularly useful examples include cellulose ethers, polyacrylates, polyethylene oxides, Curdlan (a bacterially-produced saccharide) and natural oligosaccharides such as xanthan gum and welan gum.
• the invention is readily carried out using conventional materials and equipment. It is quick and convenient (the time between hydraulic material addition and cement-dispersing agent addition is of the order of 5 minutes' maximum.
• This invention allows the utilisation of large quantities of excavated soil in a very useful manner.
• the resultant products are considerably more dimensionally stable than equivalent known products and are less prone to cracking.
• the invention therefore permits the formulation of backfilling compositions and grouts of good quality.
• the invention therefore also provides a method of filling an excavated cavity by preparing from soil excavated therefrom and placing a hydraulic composite, wherein said composite is prepared by first blending into the soil to create a first mixture a solidifying quantity of a hydraulic material, a fluidifying quantity of water and at least one substance selected from the group consisting of hydroxycarboxylic acids, phosphonic acid derivatives and saccharides and derivatives thereof, and into this first mixture blending a cement-dispersing agent, this latter blending being carried out at a time between the addition of the hydraulic material and the commencement of set of the hydraulic material.
• the invention additionally provides a grout which is a hydraulic composite which comprises excavated soil, a solidifying quantity of hydraulic material, a fluidifying quantity of water, at least one substance selected from the group consisting of hydroxycarboxylic acids, phosphonic acid derivatives and saccharides and derivatives thereof, and a cement-dispersing agent.
• the invention further provides a method of grouting in a shield tunnelling method wherein an excavation face is grouted with a grout manufactured from excavation earth derived from the excavation face, the grout being prepared from excavation soil by the method of
• Bentonite Korean: Kunibond (proprietary name) manufactured by Kunimine Kogyo Co., Ltd.
• F1 sodium citrate as an oxycarboxylic acid
• F2 sodium gluconate
• F3 gluconic acid
• F4 malic acid
• F5 starch syrup
• F6 glucose
• F7 methylene phosphonic acid as a phosphonic acid derivative
• Cement-dispersing Agent Four kinds are used. These are sodium melamine sulfonate formaldehyde condensate (abbreviated as R1), sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate (abbreviated as R2), calcium polycarboxylate ether (abbreviated as R3) and sodium polyalkyl sulfonate (abbreviated as R4).
• R1 sodium melamine sulfonate formaldehyde condensate
• R2 sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate
• R3 calcium polycarboxylate ether
• R4 sodium polyalkyl sulfonate
• the first admixture is added to water, cement and excavated soil in a mortar mixer, agitating and mixing are carried out for 2 minutes, after which the cement-dispersing agent is added and agitating and mixing are again carried out for 2 minutes.
• the hydraulic composite manufactured according to a) is left standing for the designated amount of time, mixed for 30 seconds with the mixer before measurement, and the fluidity is measured by the flow test of JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard) R 5201.
• Evaluation is made by observing the segregation condition after the flow test by visual inspection. In unsatisfactory situations, the aggregate remians in the pumping hose and eventually clogs it.
• Test results are given in Table 2 and Table 3.
• Table 2 and Table 3 show the time-dependent changes (mm) in fluidity and unconfined compressive strengths (kgf/cm 2 ) of the individual combinations of the varieties of mix proportions given in Table 1, and first admixtures and cement-dispersing agents.
• Table 2 comparison examples are given in Tests No. 1 to No. 10 and examples in Tests No. 11 and 12.
• the dosages of first admixtures and cement-dispersing agents in the table indicate the percentages of solids by weight of cement.
• Table 3 comparison examples are given in Tests No. 13 to No. 15, and examples in Tests No. 16 to No. 42. In this case also, the dosages of first admixtures and cement-dispersing agents indicate the percentages of solids by weight of cement.
• Table 2 and Table 3 Comparison Examples No. 13 and No. 14 do not contain first admixtures and cement-dispersing agents and No. 15 contains only cement-dispersing agent.
• Tests No. 2 to No. 10 and Tests No. 13 to No. 15 are examined, the desired fluidities are found to have been obtained after finishing mixing with, moreover, after elapse of 90 minutes, almost no decline in fluidity in comparison with conventional technology.
• Test No. 21 the dosage of first admixture is lower and it is seen that the length of time in which fluidity is maintained is shortened.
• Tests No. 11, No. 12 and No. 16 to No. 42 show no segregation compared with conventional technology and it is seen that there is no problem with pumpability.
• Length changes are measured on curing indoors at a humidity of 60%.
• the rate of length change in Test No. 11 at 30-day age is 4.2 ⁇ 10 -3 , and there is hardly any change after that. This value is higher than the change rate for a concrete material, but is not high for a soil cement material. Furthermore, one of the features is that stabilising of the rate of change is observed.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Structural Engineering (AREA)
• Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Civil Engineering (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Soil Sciences (AREA)
• Architecture (AREA)
• Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
• Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
• Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
• Paleontology (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Soil Conditioners And Soil-Stabilizing Materials (AREA)
• Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
• Consolidation Of Soil By Introduction Of Solidifying Substances Into Soil (AREA)

Priority Applications (1)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Related Parent Applications (1)

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Cited By (23)

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Citations (7)

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• 1994
  • 1994-07-05 JP JP15369694A patent/JP3172932B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 1995
  • 1995-06-30 CH CH01931/95A patent/CH689392A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1995-07-03 FR FR9508089A patent/FR2722189B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1995-07-03 GB GB9513494A patent/GB2291084B/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1995-07-04 DE DE19524326A patent/DE19524326B4/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1995-07-05 IT IT95RM000457A patent/IT1278508B1/it active IP Right Grant
• 1997
  • 1997-07-08 US US08/888,304 patent/US5716448A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime

Patent Citations (8)

Non-Patent Citations (21)

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