US5391490A - Ubiquitin-specific protease - Google Patents

Ubiquitin-specific protease Download PDF

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US5391490A
US5391490A US08/186,434 US18643494A US5391490A US 5391490 A US5391490 A US 5391490A US 18643494 A US18643494 A US 18643494A US 5391490 A US5391490 A US 5391490A
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ubiquitin
protein
protease
peptide
ubp1
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Alexander J. Varshavsky
John W. Tobias
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
    • C12N15/62—DNA sequences coding for fusion proteins
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • C12N9/50—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25)
    • C12N9/58—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from fungi
    • C12N9/60—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from fungi from yeast
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/95—Fusion polypeptide containing a motif/fusion for degradation (ubiquitin fusions, PEST sequence)

Definitions

  • Ubiquitin is a small polypeptide of approximately 8,500 daltons which was originally isolated from calf thymus. Early studies of ubiquitin indicated that this 76-residue protein is present in all eukaryotic cells, and that its amino acid sequence is conserved to an extent unparalleled among known proteins (for a review see Finley and Varshavsky, Trends Biochem. Sci. 10:343 (1985)). While these observations clearly suggested that ubiquitin mediates a basic cellular function, the identity of this function remained obscure until relatively recently.
  • ubiquitin is to serve as a signal for protein degradation.
  • selective protein degradation was shown to require a preliminary, ATP-dependent step of ubiquitin conjugation to a targeted proteolytic substrate.
  • the coupling of ubiquitin to other proteins is catalyzed by a family of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, which form an isopeptide bond between the carboxyl-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the ⁇ -amino group of a lysine residue in an acceptor protein (see FIG. 1).
  • ubiquitin itself serves as an acceptor, with several ubiquitin moieties attached sequentially to an initial acceptor protein to form a chain of branched ubiquitin-ubiquitin conjugates. Formation of the multiubiquitin chain on a targeted protein has been shown to be essential for the protein's subsequent degradation (Chau et al., Science 24:1576-1583 (1989)).
  • a second, non-branched type of ubiquitin-protein conjugate contains ubiquitin whose carboxyl-terminal glycine residue is joined, via a peptide bond, to the ⁇ -amino group at the amino terminus of an acceptor protein.
  • the resulting conjugate is a linear fusion between ubiquitin and a "downstream" protein.
  • these ubiquitin fusions unlike the branched ubiquitin conjugates, can be encoded by appropriately constructed DNA molecules and synthesized on ribosomes as direct products of mRNA translation.
  • the resulting technique has provided, among other things, a definitive solution to the so-called "methionine problem".
  • This fundamental problem stems from the fact that, because of constraints imposed by the genetic code, all newly synthesized proteins in all organisms start with methionine.
  • the rules that govern subsequent fate of the amino-terminal region of a newly made protein e.g., whether the methionine will be retained, acetylated, otherwise modified or removed, or whether more extensive changes at the amino terminus would occur) are poorly understood, and therefore cannot be used to produce in vivo a specific protein or polypeptide bearing any desired (predetermined) amino-terminal residue.
  • the invention of the ubiquitin fusion methodology has provided a definitive, generally applicable, solution to the problem of producing any desired (predetermined) amino acid residue of the amino terminus of either a protein, polypeptide or peptide (these three terms are often used interchangeably in the art, with “peptides” usually, but not always, referring to relatively short polypeptides, on the order of ⁇ 50 residues or less).
  • UBP1 Ubiquitin-Protease 1
  • UBP1 protease deubiquitinates any fusion protein between ubiquitin and a protein or peptide other than ubiquitin, without limitation on the size of a non-ubiquitin component of the fusion.
  • UBP1 has a qualitatively different substrate specificity from that of the previously isolated YUH1 protease.
  • This invention also pertains to recombinant vectors expressing the UBP1 protease, to cells transformed with such vectors, and to specific versions of ubiquitin-protein fusions that facilitate isolation and manipulation of non-ubiquitin portions of these fusions using the UBP1 protease.
  • compositions and methods of this invention facilitate large-scale production of the UBP1 protease.
  • the availability of this new type of Ub-specific protease introduces an in vitro counterpart of the ubiquitin fusion methodology.
  • the UBP1 protease provides for more efficient methods of isolation and purification of various recombinant proteins or peptides.
  • FIG. 1 shows pathways of the ubiquitin system.
  • FIG. 2 shows an outline of the sib selection strategy used to isolate the yeast UBP1 gene.
  • FIG. 3 shows the map of the plasmid pJT60 that encodes the UBP1 protease.
  • FIG. 4 shows the nucleotide sequence of the UBP1 gene and the amino acid sequence of the UBP1 protease.
  • FIG. 5 shows the results of electrophoretic analysis of Ubiquitin-Met- ⁇ gal, ubiquitin-Met-DHFR and other ubiquitin fusions treated with Ub-specific protease UBP1.
  • FIG. 6 shows (A) a map of the expression vector pJTUP which encodes a sandwich fusion protein DHFR-Ubiquitin-Met- ⁇ gal; and (B) results of electrophoretic analysis of DHFR-ubiquitin-Met- ⁇ gal treated with the ubiquitin-specific protease UBP1.
  • UBP1 the Ub-specific protease of this invention, specifically cleaves ubiquitin from any non-ubiquitin protein or peptide to which the ubiquitin is joined.
  • UBP1 cleaves any ubiquitin fusion (except polyubiquitin) without upper or lower limits on the size of the non-ubiquitin portion of a ubiquitin fusion.
  • UBP1 cleaves at the junction between the ubiquitin and the non-ubiquitin protein or peptide; i.e., it cleaves the peptide bond in a ubiquitin fusion protein between the carboxy-terminal residue of a ubiquitin moiety and the ⁇ -amino group of any non-ubiquitin protein or peptide to which it is joined.
  • UBP1 also recognizes and cleaves "sandwich" ubiquitin fusions in which the ubiquitin moiety is located between a first and a second non-ubiquitin moiety.
  • the first non-ubiquitin moiety is a non-ubiquitin protein or peptide positioned upstream of the ubiquitin moiety in the sandwich ubiquitin fusion.
  • the second non-ubiquitin moiety is a non-ubiquitin protein or peptide positioned downstream of the ubiquitin moiety in the sandwich fusion protein.
  • UBP1 cleaves the sandwich fusion protein between the carboxy-terminal residue of the ubiquitin moiety and the ⁇ -amino group of the second non-ubiquitin moiety.
  • the first non-ubiquitin moiety in a sandwich ubiquitin fusion can be any peptide or protein.
  • the sandwich ubiquitin fusion proteins can be generated, for example, by ligating DNA fragments encoding the first and second non-ubiquitin moieties to the 5' and 3' ends, respectively, of a DNA sequence encoding ubiquitin. These coding sequences must be joined in frame, in a context appropriate for expression, such that no stop codons are generated which would prematurely terminate the translation of the mRNA encoding the sandwich fusion.
  • a sandwich ubiquitin fusion protein (DHFR-Ub-Met- ⁇ gal), in which the ubiquitin moiety is located between a first and a second non-ubiquitin moiety, has been constructed, expressed, and shown to be cleaved efficiently and specifically by UBP1.
  • the first non-ubiquitin moiety may facilitate affinity purification of the ubiquitin fusion protein.
  • the fusion protein can be expressed in a cell (e.g., E. coli) that lacks Ub-specific proteases, and a cellular lysate can be passed over an affinity column specific for the first non-ubiquitin moiety.
  • a protein which is useful for affinity purification is streptavidin (Sassenfeld, K. M., Trends Biotech. 8:88-93 (1990)). Following affinity purification of the fusion protein, the latter is contacted with the ubiqutin-specific protease of this invention. The second non-ubiquitin moiety is thereby liberated from the sandwich ubiquitin fusion construct.
  • the previously isolated YUH1 enzyme cleaves ubiquitin off a ubiquitin fusion only if the non-ubiquitin portion of a fusion is relatively short (shorter than about 60 residues; see above). Since, for instance, many of the pharmaceutically important proteins are much longer than 60 residues, the YUH1 protease cannot be used to deubiquitinate fusions of these proteins with ubiquitin. In contrast, the UBP1 protease can be used for this purpose, thereby allowing the generation of desired residues at the amino termini of either large or small proteins, polypeptides or peptides (as explained above, these terms are often used interchangeably in the art).
  • a variety of recombinant DNA approaches could, in principle, be used to isolate the UBP1 gene.
  • such an isolation procedure involves the construction of a cDNA or genomic DNA library from an organism known to produce UBP1.
  • Any eukaryotic organism is an appropriate source of nucleic acid for the construction of recombinant libraries since ubiquitin is known to be produced in every eukaryote tested. Furthermore, ubiquitin is the most highly conserved eukaryotic protein identified to date. Protocols for the production and screening of cDNA libraries or genomic DNA libraries are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • sib selection is a method of sequential fractionation of DNA clones which is particularly useful in the absence of a selectable phenotype or sequence information. This method is detailed in the Exemplification section which follows.
  • the isolated DNA sequence of the invention encodes the amino acid sequence set forth in FIG. 4, or modifications of this sequence in which amino acids have been deleted, inserted or substituted without essentially detracting from the activity and substrate specificity of the encoded product.
  • the UBP1 open reading frame starts at position 194 of the nucleotide sequence, and ends at position 2622, with a stop codon at position 2623.
  • This reading frame encodes a protein of 809 residues, indicated by one-letter designations.
  • This DNA can be isolated by the methods outlined above or the DNA can be made in vitro by conventional chemical DNA synthesis.
  • the isolated DNA of this invention can be used to express UBP1 in large quantities.
  • the DNA is inserted into a prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression vector, with appropriate regulatory signals, and used to transform cells.
  • a variety of appropriate vectors and regulatory signals have been previously developed for this purpose and are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • UBP1 can be expressed in eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells. Previous work has indicated that prokaryotes lack both ubiquitin and Ub-specific enzymes (see, for example Finley and Varshavsky, Trends Biochem. Sci. 10:343 (1985); and Ozkaynak et al., Nature 312:663 (1984)). Large quantities of the protease can be produced and isolated from either bacterial or yeast cultures using appropriate expression vectors well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the Ub-specific protease can be used to cleave ubiquitin off ubiquitin fusions in vitro.
  • the UBP1 protease is contacted with the ubiquitin fusion under conditions appropriate for proteolytic cleavage and the cleaved adduct is recovered.
  • UBP1 can be used in free form or it can be immobilized on a solid phase such as a bead.
  • UBP1 cleaves ubiquitin from large adducts as well as small.
  • proteins or peptides can be produced as ubiquitin fusions in appropriate systems in vivo, and the ubiquitin moiety can be removed in vitro using the Ub-specific protease.
  • prokaryotic cells harboring an expression vector encoding the protease can be transformed with an expression vector encoding a ubiquitin fusion protein or peptide of interest. These cells will then produce a deubiquitinated product having a predetermined amino-terminal amino acid residue.
  • prokaryotic organisms such as E. coli.
  • the presence of the ubiquitin moiety may inhibit or modify the functional activity of the non-ubiquitin protein or peptide.
  • ubiquitin can be used as a temporary inhibitor (or modifier) of the functional activity of the non-ubiquitin protein or peptide with the ability to restore the original functional activity at any desired time, either in vitro or in vivo, by contacting the corresponding ubiquitin fusion with the Ub-specific protease to cleave the ubiquitin moiety.
  • Escherichia coli (strain HB101) transformed with a Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomic library was used for a sib selection strategy.
  • the library, RB237 was produced by partially digesting yeast genomic DNA with SauIIIA and ligating the fragments into the BamH1 site in the Tet R gene of the yeast/E. coli shuttle vector YCp50.
  • the library contained inserts with an average size of ⁇ 19 Kb.
  • E. coli transformed with the above library, was plated on agar containing Luria Broth (LB) and ampicillin (amp) (100 ⁇ g/ml) at a density of about 40 viable cells per plate. The plates were incubated at 36° C. for 16 hours. The colonies were then replicated onto LB/amp plates. The original plates were stored at 4° C., and their replicas were grown for 24 hours at 36° C. Each replicate was eluted with 1 ml of LB/amp (50 ⁇ g/ml) by repeated washing over the surface of the plate until all of the colonies were loosened into the liquid. The entire eluate was then added to 4 ml of LB/amp, and incubated on a roller drum at 36° C. overnight.
  • LB Luria Broth
  • ampicillin 100 ⁇ g/ml
  • the E. coli cells in these overnight (stationary-phase) cultures were then lysed. 1.7 ml of each culture was placed in a microcentrifuge tube on ice, and then centrifuged at 12,000 ⁇ g for 1 min at 4° C. The cell pellet was resuspended, by vortexing at high speed, in 50 ⁇ l of 25% sucrose (w/v), 250 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0). 10 ⁇ l of freshly made lysozyme solution (10 mg/ml chicken egg-white lysozyme (Sigma) in 0.25M Tris-HCl, pH 8.0) was then added, and mixed by light vortexing. The suspension was incubated on ice for 5 min.
  • the gel was washed in 10% acetic acid, 25% methanol for 15 min, rinsed in H 2 O for 15 min, and incubated with Autofluor (National Diagnostics) for 1 hr. The gel was then dried at 80° C. under vacuum, placed in a light-proof cassette against Kodak XAR-5 film and stored at -85° C. overnight.
  • 35 S-labeled Ub-Met-DHFR was prepared as follows. Luria Broth (50 ml) supplemented with 50 ⁇ g/ml ampicillin was inoculated with 1 ml of a saturated overnight culture of E. coli strain JM101 containing a plasmid expressing the Ub-Met-DHFR fusion protein from an IPTG-inducible, highly active derivative of the lac promoter. The cells were grown with shaking at 37° C. until they reached an A 600 of ⁇ 0.9. The culture was chilled on ice for 15 min, then centrifuged at 3000 ⁇ g for 5 min and washed 2 times with M9 salts at 0° C.
  • the cells were resuspended after the final wash in 25 ml M9 salts supplemented with 0.2% glucose, 1.8 ⁇ g/ml thiamine, 40 ⁇ g/ml ampicillin, 1 mM IPTG, 0.0625% (w/v) methionine assay medium (Difco).
  • the suspension was then shaken for 1 hr at 37° C. and the cells were labeled by the addition of 1 mCi of 35 S-Translabel (ICN), followed by a 5-min incubation, with shaking. Unlabeled L-methionine was then added to a final concentration of 0.0032% (w/v), and the cells were shaken for an additional 10 min.
  • the cells were then harvested (3000 ⁇ g for 5 min) and washed once in cold M9 salts. After the M9 wash, the cell pellet was resuspended in 0.5 ml 25% Sucrose, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), and incubated on ice for 5 min. During this time, chicken egg-white lysozyme (Sigma) was dissolved freshly in 250 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) to a concentration of 10 mg/ml. 10 ⁇ l of the lysozyme solution was added to the cell suspension, mixed, and incubated for 5 min at 0° C.
  • MTX-agarose affinity matrix To affinity-purify the 35 S-labeled Ub-Met-DHFR, a methotrexate (MTX)-agarose affinity matrix was prepared according to the method of Kaufman (Kaufman, B. T., Meth. Enzymol. 34:272-281 (1974)). A 0.5 ml bed volume column was filled with the MTX-agarose, and washed with 10 ml of MTX column buffer (20 mM Hepes (pH 7.5), 1 mM EDTA 200 mM NaCl, 0.2 mM dithiothreitol. The 35 S-labeled supernatant of the preceding step (see above) was thawed and applied to the MTX-agarose column.
  • the column was washed with 50 ml of MTX column buffer, 50 ml of MTX column buffer containing 2M urea., and again with 50 ml of MTX column buffer.
  • the labeled Ub-Met-DHFR was eluted from the column with folic acid elution buffer (0.2M potassium borate (pH 9.0), 1M KCl, 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM folic acid).
  • the elution buffer was applied to the column in 1 ml aliquots, and 1 ml fractions were collected. The fractions were assayed for 35 S radioactivity and those fractions that contained the major radioactive peak were pooled.
  • the pooled fractions were dialyzed for ⁇ 20 hr against two changes of a storage buffer containing 40 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1 mM MgCl 2 , 0.1 mM EDTA, 50% glycerol.
  • the purified 35 S-labeled Ub-Met-DHFR was assayed by SDS-PAGE, followed by fluorography, and found to be greater than 95% pure.
  • the next step of this sib selection approach to cloning the UBP1 gene was to carry out a similar Ub-Met-DHFR cleavage assay to determine which of the ⁇ 40 colonies in a "positive" pool contained the desired plasmid. To do so, a sample of each individual colony on the plate of interest was inoculated into LB/amp and grown overnight. The Ub-Met-DHFR cleavage assay was then repeated exactly as above, but this time each lysate sample was representative of a single clonal E. coli transformant rather than a mixture of ⁇ 40 such transformants.
  • This analysis revealed a single colony that contained a plasmid which conferred the ability to specifically cleave at the Ub-DHFR junction, thereby accomplishing the goal of cloning a S. cerevistae gene encoding the Ub-specific protease.
  • FIG. 3 A map showing restriction endonuclease recognition sites in plasmid pJT60 is shown in FIG. 3.
  • base pair positions are indicated by a number in parentheses following a restriction site.
  • the yeast DNA insert in pJT60 contained a KpnI site near its center that divided the insert into two smaller fragments A and B (bases 423 to 5830).
  • the open arrow indicates the open reading frame (ORF) that codes for UBP1.
  • ORF open reading frame
  • Fragment A was isolated from pJT57 after cutting with KpnI and SphI. This fragment was subcloned into pUC19 that had been cut with the same restriction endonucleases. Fragment B was isolated from pJT57 that had been cut by KpnI and XhoI; it was subcloned into pUC19 that had been cut by KpnI and SalI. Neither pJT60A nor pJT60B was able to confer Ub-specific proteolytic activity. This result suggested that the gene of interest straddled the KpnI site of the ⁇ 5.5 kb insert of pJT60.
  • the ORF was 2427 nucleotides long, and encoded an 809-residue protein, with a molecular mass of 93 kD.
  • the sequenced ORF was then isolated on a 2.8 kb fragment by cutting pJT60 with AccI, filling in the 5' overhangs with Klenow PolI, and ligating SalI linkers to the blunt ends. This construct was digested with SalI and BamHI, the 2.8 kb fragment was electrophoretically purified and ligated into pUC19 that had been digested with BamHI and SalI. The resulting plasmid was called pJT70. This plasmid, when transformed into E.
  • the plasmid pJT60 has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.), and has been assigned ATCC designation 68211.
  • the 2.8 kb fragment contained no other ORFs of significant size, indicating that the sequenced ORF shown in FIG. 4 encoded the Ub-specific protease.
  • UBP1 Ubiquitin-specific protease
  • FIG. 5A shows a fluorograph of a 12% polyacrylamide-SDS gel used to detect deubiquitinating proteolytic activity, with Ub-Met-DHFR as a substrate, and a set of subclones of a yeast DNA fragment that confers Ub-specific proteolytic activity upon E. coli.
  • Each lane corresponds to a sample of the purified [ 35 S]Ub-Met-DHFR treated with an extract of E. coli and fractionated by gel electrophoresis.
  • Lanes 1 and 4 indicate a lack of Ub-specific proteolytic activity and lanes 2,3 and 5-7 indicate the presence of such an activity.
  • Lane 1 the substrate was treated with extract from untransformed (control) JM101 E. coli.
  • the treatment was with the extract from JM101 containing the initial plasmid pJT55.
  • Lanes 4-7 correspond to extracts from JM101 containing plasmids that bear different subclones (in the vector pUC19) of the initial S. cerevisiae genomic DNA insert present in pJT55.
  • One plasmid that confered the Ub-specific proteolytic activity (lane 6) was named pJT57, and was used in the construction of pJT60 (as described above).
  • An arrowhead indicates a minor contaminant that is present in the [ 35 S]Ub-Met-DHFR preparation.
  • FIG. 5B shows a fluorograph of a 6% polyacrylamide-SDS gel demonstrating the ability of the UBP1 protease to deubiquitinate a ubiquitin- ⁇ -galactosidase fusion.
  • Lane 1 contains [ 35 S]Ub-Met- ⁇ gal treated, in a mock reaction, with the buffer alone.
  • Lane 2 contains the products of an otherwise identical reaction in which E. coli JM101 containing no plasmid was used as a source of extract (no deubiquitination is observed).
  • Lane 3 contains the products of a reaction in which E.
  • coli JM101 containing the plasmid pJT60 was used as a source of extract (note the ⁇ 8 kD decrease in molecular mass corresponding to the cleavage of the ubiquitin moiety off the ⁇ 115 kD Ub-M- ⁇ gal).
  • FIG. 5C represents a demonstration of in vitro deubiquitination of natural ubiquitin fusions to yeast ribosomal proteins (UBI2 and UBI3) by the yeast UBP1 protease.
  • Lane 1 shows an extract from E. coli JM101 containing a plasmid that expressed UBI2, a natural ubiquitin-ribosomal protein fusion from S.
  • Lane 2 and lane 1 represent identical samples except that the UBI2-containing extract was treated with extract from E. coli JM101 containing the UBP1-expressing plasmid pJT60. Lane 3 and lane 1 represent identical samples except that the UBI2-containing extract was treated with a whole cell yeast extract. Lane 4 and lane 1 represent identical samples except that an extract from E.
  • coli JM101 contained a plasmid that expressed UBI3, another natural ubiquitin fusion (to a different yeast ribosomal protein).
  • Lane 5 and lane 2 represent identical samples except that the yeast UBI3 protein was used as substrate for the UBP1 protease.
  • Lane 6 and lane 3 represent identical samples except that the UBI3 protein as substrate.
  • "ubi3,” "ubi2,” and “Ub” indicate the positions of the UBI3, UBI2 and free ubiquitin protein species.
  • Bands in lane 4 that migrate faster than the UBI3 band are the products of a partial, nonspecific degradation of the yeast UBI3 protein in E. coli extract, with the proteolytic cleavages being confined to the non-ubiquitin portion of UBI3, since the entire sample of lane 4, when treated with the UBP1 protease, yields undegraded ubiquitin (lane 5).
  • a plasmid was constructed that encoded a triple fusion protein consisting of an amino-terminal dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) moiety, a flexible linker region of three glycine residues and a serine, followed by ubiquitin and Met- ⁇ gal moieties (FIG. 6A).
  • the mouse DHFR gene was isolated on a BamHI/HindIII fragment from a plasmid encoding Ub-Met-DHFR (Bachmair and Varshavsky, Cell 56:1019-1032 (1989)).
  • This fragment was treated with Klenow PolI to fill in the ends, and KpnI linkers were ligated. The fragment was then cut with KpnI to yield a 678 bp fragment which was cloned into the KpnI site in a modified Ub-Met- ⁇ gal expression vector in which the second codon of the ubiquitin moiety was altered to encode a KpnI site (Gonda et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264:16700-16712 (1989)).
  • This procedure yielded a plasmid that encoded DHFR, ubiquitin (without the initial Met codon) and Met- ⁇ gal, with the open reading frames for each moiety not yet aligned into a single open reading frame.
  • site-directed mutagenesis was performed at two locations in the plasmid.
  • the plasmid was cut with BamHI and HindIII, and the ⁇ 2.76 kb fragment encoding DHFR, ubiquitin and the first few residues of Met- ⁇ gal was cloned into M13mp19 that had been cut with the same enzymes.
  • Oligonucleotide-mediated, site-directed mutagenesis was performed using the single-stranded M13 derivative and standard protocols.
  • the first oligodeoxynucleotide was designed to produce a 20 bp deletion that would bring the initiator codon of DHFR to a proper position relative to the GAL promoter of the vector.
  • the second oligodeoxynucleotide was designed to bring together the reading frames of DHFR and ubiquitin, and to introduce the 4-residue spacer (-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-) between the DHFR and ubiquitin moieties. After mutagenesis, DNA clones were tested for incorporation of both changes by direct nucleotide sequencing using the chain termination method.
  • Double stranded, replicative form (RF) of the desired M13 clone was isolated and digested with BamHI and XhoI.
  • the resulting ⁇ 1.2 kb fragment was cloned into the ⁇ 9.87 kb fragment of a Ub-Met- ⁇ gal expression vector digested with the same enzymes, replacing the Ub-Met-coding fragment with the DHFR-Ub-Met-coding fragment produced by the site-directed mutagenesis.
  • This last step yielded an expression vector that encoded the triple fusion DHFR-Ub-Met- ⁇ gal.
  • the vector was named pJTUP (FIG. 6).
  • pJTUP was used to test whether a ubiquitin fusion in which the ubiquitin moiety is located between two non-ubiquitin moieties would be a substrate for cleavage by UBP1.
  • E. coli metabolically labelled with [ 35 S]methionine the fate of expressed DHFR-Ub-Met- ⁇ gal was determined in the presence or absence of UBP1 using immunoprecipitation with a monoclonal antibody to ⁇ -galactosidase, followed by polyacrylamide-SDS gel electrophoresis and fluorography (FIG. 6B).
  • lane 1 shows the fluorogram of an electrophoretically fractionated sample produced as follows: an aliquot of a stationary culture of E. coli carrying a plasmid expressing Ub-Met- ⁇ gal and a plasmid expressing UBP1, was diluted 1:100 into fresh Luria Broth. The culture was grown at 37° C. with vigorous shaking to an A 600 of 0.3. 1 ml of the culture was spun at 12,000 ⁇ g for 1 minute. The supernatant was discarded and the pellet was resuspended in 50 ⁇ l of M9 medium supplemented with 0.2% glucose. The cells were incubated at 37° C.
  • IP buffer 1 ml immunoprecipitation buffer
  • IP buffer 1 ml immunoprecipitation buffer
  • the sample was centrifuged at 12,000 ⁇ g for 10 minutes at 4° C.
  • the upper 0.9 ml of the supernatant was collected in a fresh tube to which 6 ⁇ l of a concentrated tissue culture supernatant containing a monoclonal antibody to ⁇ gal (Bachmair et al., Science 234:179-186 (1986)) was added. The tube was incubated on ice for 1 hour. 10 ⁇ l of a 50% suspension of Protein A linked to Sepharose beads (Repligen) was then added, and the tube was rotated slowly for 30 minutes at 4° C. The tube was then centrifuged for 15 seconds at 12,000 ⁇ g, and the supernatant was discarded. The beads were washed 3 times at 4° C.
  • IP/SDS buffer IP buffer plus 0.1% SDS (w/v)
  • SDS 0.1% SDS
  • the final pellet was resuspended in 15 ⁇ l of a 3-fold concentrated electrophoretic sample buffer (30% glycerol, 3% SDS (w/v), 15 mM EDTA, 0.2M 2-mercaptoethanol, 0.3 ⁇ g/ml bromophenol blue, 375 mM Tris-HCl, (pH 6.8)), and fractionated by polyacrylamide-SDS gel electrophoresis, followed by fluorography.
  • a fluorogram of the gel revealed that the Ub-Met- ⁇ gal was cleaved at the ubiquitin- ⁇ gal junction by the simultaneously expressed UBP1 to yield the expected product, Met- ⁇ gal.
  • the sample represented in lane 2 was identical to that in lane 1 except that the triple fusion, DHFR-Ub-Met- ⁇ gal, was expressed in E. coli that lacked UBP1. Note that in addition to the full-length DHFR-Ub-Met ⁇ gal, this lane also contains bands representing shorter proteins. These are the result of either alternative initiation sites within the upstream (DHFR) moiety of the triple fusion, or nonspecific endoproteolytic cuts within that moiety. The smaller products are denoted by X- and Y-Ub-Met- ⁇ gal, respectively.
  • the sample represented in lane 3 was identical to that in lane 2 except that the triple fusion DHFR-Ub-Met- ⁇ gal was expressed in the presence of UBP1. Note that UBP1 efficiently cleaves all three triple fusion proteins (DHFR-Ub-Met- ⁇ gal, X-Ub-Met- ⁇ gal, and Y-Ub-Met- ⁇ gal) at the Ub- ⁇ gal junction, yielding Met- ⁇ gal.

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Cited By (20)

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US5770720A (en) * 1995-08-30 1998-06-23 Barnes-Jewish Hospital Ubiquitin conjugating enzymes having transcriptional repressor activity
US5861483A (en) * 1996-04-03 1999-01-19 Pro-Neuron, Inc. Inhibitor of stem cell proliferation and uses thereof
WO1999025373A1 (en) * 1997-11-14 1999-05-27 Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of drug resistance via ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase
US6287858B1 (en) 1995-08-09 2001-09-11 Dana Farber Cancer Institute DeUBiquitinating enzymes that regulate cell growth
WO2001066763A2 (en) * 2000-03-07 2001-09-13 Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 23436, a human ubiquitin protease family member and uses thereof
WO2001098455A2 (en) 2000-06-15 2001-12-27 Smithkline Beecham Corporation Method for preparing a physiologically active il-18 polypeptide
US6383775B1 (en) 1996-09-11 2002-05-07 Interleukin Genetics, Inc. Designer proteases
WO2002079436A2 (en) * 2001-03-29 2002-10-10 Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulators of leukocyte activation, compositions and methods of use
US20030180748A1 (en) * 1999-10-13 2003-09-25 Andreas Braun Methods for generating databases and databases for identifying polymorphic genetic markers
US20030180930A1 (en) * 2000-02-29 2003-09-25 Meyers Rachel E. Novel human protein kinase, phosphatase, and protease family members and uses thereof
US20050009053A1 (en) * 2003-04-25 2005-01-13 Sebastian Boecker Fragmentation-based methods and systems for de novo sequencing
US20050089904A1 (en) * 2003-09-05 2005-04-28 Martin Beaulieu Allele-specific sequence variation analysis
US20050112590A1 (en) * 2002-11-27 2005-05-26 Boom Dirk V.D. Fragmentation-based methods and systems for sequence variation detection and discovery
US20060073501A1 (en) * 2004-09-10 2006-04-06 Van Den Boom Dirk J Methods for long-range sequence analysis of nucleic acids
US20090006002A1 (en) * 2007-04-13 2009-01-01 Sequenom, Inc. Comparative sequence analysis processes and systems
US20090215169A1 (en) * 2007-02-09 2009-08-27 Wandless Thomas J Method for regulating protein function in cells using synthetic small molecules
US7608394B2 (en) 2004-03-26 2009-10-27 Sequenom, Inc. Methods and compositions for phenotype identification based on nucleic acid methylation
US20100034777A1 (en) * 2008-05-07 2010-02-11 The Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Method for Regulating Protein Function in Cells In Vivo Using Synthetic Small Molecules
US9249456B2 (en) 2004-03-26 2016-02-02 Agena Bioscience, Inc. Base specific cleavage of methylation-specific amplification products in combination with mass analysis

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ATE193123T1 (de) * 1994-01-04 2000-06-15 Mitotix Inc Ubiquitin-konjugierende enzyme
US5744343A (en) * 1994-01-04 1998-04-28 Mitotix, Inc. Ubiquitin conjugating enzymes
US6001619A (en) * 1995-10-04 1999-12-14 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Ubiquitin ligases, and uses related thereto
US6747128B2 (en) 1997-08-20 2004-06-08 Gpc Biotech, Inc. Components of ubiquitin ligase complexes, and uses related thereto
CA2412084A1 (en) * 2000-06-26 2002-01-03 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. Triple fusion proteins comprising ubiquitin fused between thioredoxin and a polypeptide of interest
EP1841862B1 (de) * 2005-01-10 2013-03-06 Instytut Biotechnologii I Antybiotykow Ubp1-proteasemutante sowie ihre codierende sequenz, deren anwendungen und heterogenes proteinexpressionssystem
JP2021514678A (ja) * 2018-03-06 2021-06-17 ペップバックス・インコーポレイテッド 核酸分子およびそれを使用する方法

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Cited By (37)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5494818A (en) * 1990-05-09 1996-02-27 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Ubiquitin-specific proteases
US6287858B1 (en) 1995-08-09 2001-09-11 Dana Farber Cancer Institute DeUBiquitinating enzymes that regulate cell growth
US5770720A (en) * 1995-08-30 1998-06-23 Barnes-Jewish Hospital Ubiquitin conjugating enzymes having transcriptional repressor activity
US5861483A (en) * 1996-04-03 1999-01-19 Pro-Neuron, Inc. Inhibitor of stem cell proliferation and uses thereof
EP1820805A2 (de) 1996-04-03 2007-08-22 Wellstat Therapeutics Corporation Inhibitoren und Stimulatoren der Proliferation haematopoietischer Stammzellen und deren Anwendung
US6383775B1 (en) 1996-09-11 2002-05-07 Interleukin Genetics, Inc. Designer proteases
WO1999025373A1 (en) * 1997-11-14 1999-05-27 Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of drug resistance via ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase
US5932422A (en) * 1997-11-14 1999-08-03 Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of drug resistance via ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase
US20030180748A1 (en) * 1999-10-13 2003-09-25 Andreas Braun Methods for generating databases and databases for identifying polymorphic genetic markers
US7332275B2 (en) 1999-10-13 2008-02-19 Sequenom, Inc. Methods for detecting methylated nucleotides
US20030180930A1 (en) * 2000-02-29 2003-09-25 Meyers Rachel E. Novel human protein kinase, phosphatase, and protease family members and uses thereof
US7070947B2 (en) 2000-02-29 2006-07-04 Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Human protein kinase, phosphatase, and protease family members and uses thereof
WO2001066763A3 (en) * 2000-03-07 2002-03-21 Millennium Pharm Inc 23436, a human ubiquitin protease family member and uses thereof
WO2001066763A2 (en) * 2000-03-07 2001-09-13 Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 23436, a human ubiquitin protease family member and uses thereof
WO2001098455A2 (en) 2000-06-15 2001-12-27 Smithkline Beecham Corporation Method for preparing a physiologically active il-18 polypeptide
US20030036107A1 (en) * 2001-03-29 2003-02-20 Brian Wong Modulators of leukocyte activation, compositions and methods of use
US20030092605A1 (en) * 2001-03-29 2003-05-15 Brian Wong Modulators of leukocyte activation, compositions and methods of use
WO2002079436A3 (en) * 2001-03-29 2003-05-22 Rigel Pharmaceuticals Inc Modulators of leukocyte activation, compositions and methods of use
WO2002079436A2 (en) * 2001-03-29 2002-10-10 Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulators of leukocyte activation, compositions and methods of use
US20060199218A1 (en) * 2001-03-29 2006-09-07 Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulators of leukocyte activation, compositions and methods of use
US7122332B2 (en) 2001-03-29 2006-10-17 Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulators of leukocyte activation, compositions and methods of use
US7045308B2 (en) 2001-03-29 2006-05-16 Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulators of leukocyte activation, compositions and methods of use
US20050112590A1 (en) * 2002-11-27 2005-05-26 Boom Dirk V.D. Fragmentation-based methods and systems for sequence variation detection and discovery
US7820378B2 (en) 2002-11-27 2010-10-26 Sequenom, Inc. Fragmentation-based methods and systems for sequence variation detection and discovery
US20050009053A1 (en) * 2003-04-25 2005-01-13 Sebastian Boecker Fragmentation-based methods and systems for de novo sequencing
US9394565B2 (en) 2003-09-05 2016-07-19 Agena Bioscience, Inc. Allele-specific sequence variation analysis
US20050089904A1 (en) * 2003-09-05 2005-04-28 Martin Beaulieu Allele-specific sequence variation analysis
US7608394B2 (en) 2004-03-26 2009-10-27 Sequenom, Inc. Methods and compositions for phenotype identification based on nucleic acid methylation
US9249456B2 (en) 2004-03-26 2016-02-02 Agena Bioscience, Inc. Base specific cleavage of methylation-specific amplification products in combination with mass analysis
US20060073501A1 (en) * 2004-09-10 2006-04-06 Van Den Boom Dirk J Methods for long-range sequence analysis of nucleic acids
US20090215169A1 (en) * 2007-02-09 2009-08-27 Wandless Thomas J Method for regulating protein function in cells using synthetic small molecules
US8173792B2 (en) 2007-02-09 2012-05-08 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Method for regulating protein function in cells using synthetic small molecules
US9487787B2 (en) 2007-02-09 2016-11-08 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Method for regulating protein function in cells using synthetic small molecules
US20090006002A1 (en) * 2007-04-13 2009-01-01 Sequenom, Inc. Comparative sequence analysis processes and systems
US20100034777A1 (en) * 2008-05-07 2010-02-11 The Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Method for Regulating Protein Function in Cells In Vivo Using Synthetic Small Molecules
US8530636B2 (en) 2008-05-07 2013-09-10 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Method for regulating protein function in cells in vivo using synthetic small molecules
US10137180B2 (en) 2008-05-07 2018-11-27 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Methods for regulating protein function in cells in vivo using synthetic small molecules

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