US5044734A - Electro-optical flat-design display device, in particular LCD area - Google Patents
Electro-optical flat-design display device, in particular LCD area Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US5044734A US5044734A US07/447,550 US44755089A US5044734A US 5044734 A US5044734 A US 5044734A US 44755089 A US44755089 A US 44755089A US 5044734 A US5044734 A US 5044734A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- light
- housing
- guide tube
- electro
- display elements
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09F—DISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
- G09F9/00—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements
- G09F9/30—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements
- G09F9/35—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements being liquid crystals
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09F—DISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
- G09F9/00—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements
- G09F9/30—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements
- G09F9/302—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements characterised by the form or geometrical disposition of the individual elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09F—DISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
- G09F13/00—Illuminated signs; Luminous advertising
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09F—DISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
- G09F13/00—Illuminated signs; Luminous advertising
- G09F13/04—Signs, boards or panels, illuminated from behind the insignia
- G09F13/0418—Constructional details
- G09F2013/05—Constructional details indicating exit way or orientation
Definitions
- the invention relates to an electro-optical flat-design display device, in particular to an LCD area display which is preferably backlit.
- An electro-optical flat-design display device formed as an LCD area of the mentioned species is known in the art from EP No. 0.146.285.
- five horizontal lines having several side-by-side display elements each are provided, each of the display elements being built-up by a 5 ⁇ 3 matrix.
- the five lines of LCD display elements form the front of the housing.
- Two light sources are installed in the housing extending in the longitudinal direction of the lines, as backlighting devices.
- backlighting of the display elements is effected by a light-guide tube disposed inside the housing, the light source of which is disposed at one end of the light-guide tube, in particular outside the housing.
- the light-guide tube is made from transparent material and is surrounded by a reflector, such that the total light irradiation generated by the light source is continuously reflected inside the light-guide tube and can emerge only through the cutouts of the reflector immediately in the area of the individual display elements.
- the light source is disposed at the end of the light-guide tube disposed outside the housing and there are mounted heat and color filters in front of the light source. This arrangement improves both the ease of maintenance of the flat-design display device, and reduces the heat irradiation on the display elements in the housing.
- Light-guide tubes are per se known in the art from DE Pat. No. 34 30 191. They serve, however, exclusively as lighting bodies for room lighting purposes. According to the invention, the usage of such light-guide tubes is provided for electro-optical flat-design display devices, in particular for LCD areas.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective representation of an LCD area according to the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective cross-sectional view of an LCD display according to the invention.
- the LCD area consists of a flat-design housing 1 with rear wall 2, top wall 3, bottom wall 4, side walls 5 and with intermediate walls 6 extending between the side walls 5 in parallel to the top wall 3 and the bottom wall 4 and forming individual chambers 7.
- the front side 8 of the housing is substantially formed by rows 9 of LCD display elements 10, which, in the embodiment shown, are formed as known-in-the-art 7-segment display elements. Instead of the 7-segment elements, 3 ⁇ 5 matrix elements or the like can also be employed. The construction of such LCD elements is described in more detail in EP No. 0.146.285.
- the LCD elements 10 are received by profiled sections 11 extending on the front side 8, the profiled sections 11 being fixed to the top wall 3 and to the bottom wall 4 as well as to the intermediate walls 6.
- the electronic components 23 assigned to the individual LCD elements 10 are mounted on the intermediate walls 6.
- the total housing 1 is encapsulated in dust-tight manner.
- light-guide tubes 12 are disposed, which, in the embodiment shown, are U-shaped, the open side of the U-shape being formed by a strip-type wall 13.
- the light-guide U-shaped tubes 12 and the strip-type walls 13 are surrounded by reflector material 14.
- the material 14 is provided with cutouts 15 which serve as light-exit openings and correspond in their area dimensions accurately to those of the LCD elements 10 to be lighted and being assigned thereto.
- concentrators 16 are supported within the light-guide tubes 12, in the curved rear section of the U-shape. The concentrators 16 direct the light, which has been reflected in the light-guide tubes 12, in the direction of the opposed cutouts 15 of the reflector material 14.
- Each light-guide tube 12 is connected to a light-guide tube 17 arranged outside the housing 1.
- the light-guide tube 17 comprises at its one end a light source 18 directing its total light radiation by means of a suitable reflector 25 into the light-guide tube 17.
- deflector mirrors 19, 20 are disposed, the deflector mirror 19 deflecting the total light radiation and the deflector mirrors 20 deflecting each part only of the radiation into the respective light-guide tubes 17 or 12, respectively.
- a heat filter 21 formed as a glass disk and a color filter 22 are mounted in front of the light source 18.
- the color filter 22 is formed as an electrically controllable, doubly refracting color filter using liquid crystal technology (ECB-LC filter).
- the light radiation emerging from the light source 18 passes through color filter 22 and through heat filter 21 and is guided totally over the light-guide tube 17 and the deflector mirrors 19, 20 into the individual light-guide tubes 12.
- continuous total reflection of the entering light radiation is effected at the walls of the light-guide tubes 12, including the flat walls 13 assigned to the light-guide tubes 12.
- additional mirrors are arranged (not shown) for a substantially loss-free reflection of the light radiation.
- the light radiation being, thus, continuously reflected inside the light-guide tubes 12 can only exit through the light exit openings 15 assigned to the respective LCD elements 10.
- the intensity of the light radiation emerging here is further increased.
- a per se known reflector foil is employed as material for the light-guide tube 12 and for the wall 13 limiting the latter.
- a reflector foil is employed, which is described in more detail in DE Pat. No. 34 30 191 A1 following the example of a lighting body having prismatic light guiding for room illumination.
- a special shape of the outside contour of the light-guide foil serves for total reflection of the light radiation inside the light-guide tube 12, an exit of the radiation being only possible within the cutouts 15.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Liquid Crystal (AREA)
- Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
- Planar Illumination Modules (AREA)
- Liquid Crystal Substances (AREA)
- Measurement Of Current Or Voltage (AREA)
- Control Of Indicators Other Than Cathode Ray Tubes (AREA)
- Control Of El Displays (AREA)
- Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
- Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE3842900 | 1988-12-16 | ||
DE3842900A DE3842900C1 (ro) | 1988-12-16 | 1988-12-16 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US5044734A true US5044734A (en) | 1991-09-03 |
Family
ID=6369639
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US07/447,550 Expired - Fee Related US5044734A (en) | 1988-12-16 | 1989-12-07 | Electro-optical flat-design display device, in particular LCD area |
Country Status (15)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5044734A (ro) |
EP (1) | EP0374085B1 (ro) |
JP (1) | JPH02238486A (ro) |
AT (1) | ATE94674T1 (ro) |
AU (1) | AU628427B2 (ro) |
BR (1) | BR8906533A (ro) |
CA (1) | CA2005792A1 (ro) |
DE (2) | DE3842900C1 (ro) |
DK (1) | DK638589A (ro) |
FI (1) | FI896040A0 (ro) |
NO (1) | NO894627L (ro) |
NZ (1) | NZ231200A (ro) |
PT (1) | PT92593B (ro) |
TR (1) | TR24389A (ro) |
ZA (1) | ZA899605B (ro) |
Cited By (34)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5237641A (en) * | 1992-03-23 | 1993-08-17 | Nioptics Corporation | Tapered multilayer luminaire devices |
US5303322A (en) * | 1992-03-23 | 1994-04-12 | Nioptics Corporation | Tapered multilayer luminaire devices |
US5341233A (en) * | 1991-05-15 | 1994-08-23 | Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. | Liquid crystal module with tab assemblies connected through a flexible circuit board |
US5528720A (en) * | 1992-03-23 | 1996-06-18 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Co. | Tapered multilayer luminaire devices |
US5771321A (en) * | 1996-01-04 | 1998-06-23 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Micromechanical optical switch and flat panel display |
US6002829A (en) * | 1992-03-23 | 1999-12-14 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Luminaire device |
US6152580A (en) * | 1998-02-17 | 2000-11-28 | Rainbow Displays, Inc. | Apparatus and method for producing collimated light from an area source |
WO2001099092A1 (en) * | 2000-06-19 | 2001-12-27 | Siemens Transportation Systems, Inc. | Transit sign |
US20020113919A1 (en) * | 2001-02-21 | 2002-08-22 | Au Optronics Corp. | Backlight module for homogenizing the temperature of a flat panel display device |
US20070030555A1 (en) * | 2005-02-23 | 2007-02-08 | Pixtronix, Incorporated | Methods and apparatus for spatial light modulation |
US20070065091A1 (en) * | 2005-09-22 | 2007-03-22 | Sanyo Epson Imaging Devices Corporation | Electro-optical device, electronic apparatus, protective member, and method of manufacturing protective member |
US20080158635A1 (en) * | 2005-02-23 | 2008-07-03 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display apparatus and methods for manufacture thereof |
US7551344B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2009-06-23 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Methods for manufacturing displays |
US20090244678A1 (en) * | 2005-02-23 | 2009-10-01 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display apparatus and methods for manufacture thereof |
US8248560B2 (en) | 2008-04-18 | 2012-08-21 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Light guides and backlight systems incorporating prismatic structures and light redirectors |
US8482496B2 (en) | 2006-01-06 | 2013-07-09 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Circuits for controlling MEMS display apparatus on a transparent substrate |
US8519945B2 (en) | 2006-01-06 | 2013-08-27 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
US8520285B2 (en) | 2008-08-04 | 2013-08-27 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Methods for manufacturing cold seal fluid-filled display apparatus |
US8519923B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2013-08-27 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display methods and apparatus |
US8526096B2 (en) | 2006-02-23 | 2013-09-03 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Mechanical light modulators with stressed beams |
US8599463B2 (en) | 2008-10-27 | 2013-12-03 | Pixtronix, Inc. | MEMS anchors |
US20140177273A1 (en) * | 2012-12-24 | 2014-06-26 | Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. | Backlight module using laser emitters as light source |
US9082353B2 (en) | 2010-01-05 | 2015-07-14 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
US9087486B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2015-07-21 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
US9135868B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2015-09-15 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Direct-view MEMS display devices and methods for generating images thereon |
US9134552B2 (en) | 2013-03-13 | 2015-09-15 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display apparatus with narrow gap electrostatic actuators |
US9158106B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2015-10-13 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display methods and apparatus |
US9170421B2 (en) | 2013-02-05 | 2015-10-27 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display apparatus incorporating multi-level shutters |
US9176318B2 (en) | 2007-05-18 | 2015-11-03 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Methods for manufacturing fluid-filled MEMS displays |
US9229222B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2016-01-05 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Alignment methods in fluid-filled MEMS displays |
US9261694B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2016-02-16 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display apparatus and methods for manufacture thereof |
US9291813B2 (en) | 2010-12-20 | 2016-03-22 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Systems and methods for MEMS light modulator arrays with reduced acoustic emission |
US9336732B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2016-05-10 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
US9764049B2 (en) | 2015-12-10 | 2017-09-19 | Phoseon Technology, Inc. | Radiation delivery system and method |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2246231A (en) * | 1990-07-20 | 1992-01-22 | Marconi Gec Ltd | Liquid crystal displays. |
DE4032679A1 (de) * | 1990-10-15 | 1992-04-16 | Mannesmann Kienzle Gmbh | Zapfsaeulen-anzeigevorrichtung |
DE9210692U1 (de) * | 1992-08-11 | 1993-12-16 | Opti Table Info-Systeme GmbH & Co KG, 42699 Solingen | Flüssigkristall-Anzeigeeinrichtung |
FR2710439B1 (fr) * | 1993-09-21 | 1995-11-24 | Sextant Avionique | Module d'éclairage pour instruments à matrice à cristaux liquides. |
Citations (9)
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US4043636A (en) * | 1974-12-23 | 1977-08-23 | Intel Corporation | Illumination-panel for liquid crystal display of similar device |
US4126383A (en) * | 1976-06-03 | 1978-11-21 | Bbc Brown, Boveri & Company Limited | Electrooptic display device |
DE2902745A1 (de) * | 1979-01-25 | 1980-08-07 | Vdo Schindling | Ueber lichtleiter beleuchtete kraftfahrzeuginstrumente |
DE3430191A1 (de) * | 1983-08-29 | 1985-03-14 | Canadian Patents Dev | Leuchtkoerper mit prismatischer lichtfuehrung |
GB2161969A (en) * | 1984-07-17 | 1986-01-22 | Stc Plc | Edge lit liquid crystal display device |
EP0271956A2 (en) * | 1986-12-17 | 1988-06-22 | Philips Electronics Uk Limited | A liquid crystal display illumination system |
US4775222A (en) * | 1984-08-27 | 1988-10-04 | Mitsubishi Rayon Company Ltd. | Light diffusing device |
US4822145A (en) * | 1986-05-14 | 1989-04-18 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Method and apparatus utilizing waveguide and polarized light for display of dynamic images |
US4838661A (en) * | 1988-01-05 | 1989-06-13 | Motorola, Inc. | Liquid crystal light emitting display system |
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DE2931327A1 (de) * | 1979-08-02 | 1981-02-19 | Rau Swf Autozubehoer | Anzeigesystem, insbesondere fuer kraftfahrzeuge |
AU1377883A (en) * | 1982-02-22 | 1983-09-08 | Torresdal, D.N. | Digital meter with improved control and light directing structure for liquid crystal display |
DE3618516A1 (de) * | 1985-12-13 | 1987-06-19 | Vdo Schindling | Beleuchtungseinrichtung |
-
1988
- 1988-12-16 DE DE3842900A patent/DE3842900C1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1989
- 1989-10-14 AT AT89730208T patent/ATE94674T1/de active
- 1989-10-14 EP EP89730208A patent/EP0374085B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-10-14 DE DE89730208T patent/DE58905624D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-10-30 NZ NZ231200A patent/NZ231200A/en unknown
- 1989-11-21 NO NO89894627A patent/NO894627L/no unknown
- 1989-11-24 AU AU45539/89A patent/AU628427B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1989-12-07 US US07/447,550 patent/US5044734A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-12-11 TR TR89/1021A patent/TR24389A/xx unknown
- 1989-12-15 JP JP1324095A patent/JPH02238486A/ja active Pending
- 1989-12-15 PT PT92593A patent/PT92593B/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-12-15 DK DK638589A patent/DK638589A/da not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1989-12-15 FI FI896040A patent/FI896040A0/fi not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1989-12-15 ZA ZA899605A patent/ZA899605B/xx unknown
- 1989-12-18 BR BR898906533A patent/BR8906533A/pt unknown
- 1989-12-18 CA CA002005792A patent/CA2005792A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (9)
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Cited By (61)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5341233A (en) * | 1991-05-15 | 1994-08-23 | Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. | Liquid crystal module with tab assemblies connected through a flexible circuit board |
US6002829A (en) * | 1992-03-23 | 1999-12-14 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Luminaire device |
US6671452B2 (en) | 1992-03-23 | 2003-12-30 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Luminaire device |
US5528720A (en) * | 1992-03-23 | 1996-06-18 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Co. | Tapered multilayer luminaire devices |
US5594830A (en) * | 1992-03-23 | 1997-01-14 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Co. | Luminaire device |
US5237641A (en) * | 1992-03-23 | 1993-08-17 | Nioptics Corporation | Tapered multilayer luminaire devices |
US7587117B2 (en) | 1992-03-23 | 2009-09-08 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Luminaire device |
US6993242B2 (en) | 1992-03-23 | 2006-01-31 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Luminaire device |
US7418188B2 (en) | 1992-03-23 | 2008-08-26 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Luminaire device |
US6335999B1 (en) | 1992-03-23 | 2002-01-01 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg. Co. | Multilayer luminaire device |
US7424197B2 (en) | 1992-03-23 | 2008-09-09 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Luminaire device |
US5303322A (en) * | 1992-03-23 | 1994-04-12 | Nioptics Corporation | Tapered multilayer luminaire devices |
US7209628B2 (en) | 1992-03-23 | 2007-04-24 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Luminaire device |
US5771321A (en) * | 1996-01-04 | 1998-06-23 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Micromechanical optical switch and flat panel display |
US6152580A (en) * | 1998-02-17 | 2000-11-28 | Rainbow Displays, Inc. | Apparatus and method for producing collimated light from an area source |
WO2001099092A1 (en) * | 2000-06-19 | 2001-12-27 | Siemens Transportation Systems, Inc. | Transit sign |
US6954238B2 (en) * | 2001-02-21 | 2005-10-11 | Au Optronics Corp. | Backlight module for homogenizing the temperature of a flat panel display device |
US20020113919A1 (en) * | 2001-02-21 | 2002-08-22 | Au Optronics Corp. | Backlight module for homogenizing the temperature of a flat panel display device |
US20080151357A1 (en) * | 2005-02-23 | 2008-06-26 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for spatial light modulation |
US20070030555A1 (en) * | 2005-02-23 | 2007-02-08 | Pixtronix, Incorporated | Methods and apparatus for spatial light modulation |
US20080158636A1 (en) * | 2005-02-23 | 2008-07-03 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for spatial light modulation |
US9087486B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2015-07-21 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
US7417782B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2008-08-26 | Pixtronix, Incorporated | Methods and apparatus for spatial light modulation |
US7391552B2 (en) * | 2005-02-23 | 2008-06-24 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for spatial light modulation |
US7460290B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2008-12-02 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for spatial light modulation |
US7551344B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2009-06-23 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Methods for manufacturing displays |
US9500853B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2016-11-22 | Snaptrack, Inc. | MEMS-based display apparatus |
US20090244678A1 (en) * | 2005-02-23 | 2009-10-01 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display apparatus and methods for manufacture thereof |
US7729037B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2010-06-01 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for spatial light modulation |
US20080158635A1 (en) * | 2005-02-23 | 2008-07-03 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display apparatus and methods for manufacture thereof |
US7999994B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2011-08-16 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display apparatus and methods for manufacture thereof |
US9336732B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2016-05-10 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
US9274333B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2016-03-01 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Alignment methods in fluid-filled MEMS displays |
US9261694B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2016-02-16 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display apparatus and methods for manufacture thereof |
US9229222B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2016-01-05 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Alignment methods in fluid-filled MEMS displays |
US9177523B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2015-11-03 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
US8519923B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2013-08-27 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display methods and apparatus |
US9158106B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2015-10-13 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Display methods and apparatus |
US9135868B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 | 2015-09-15 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Direct-view MEMS display devices and methods for generating images thereon |
US7830595B2 (en) * | 2005-09-22 | 2010-11-09 | Sony Corporation | Electro-optical device, electronic apparatus, protective member, and method of manufacturing protective member |
US20070065091A1 (en) * | 2005-09-22 | 2007-03-22 | Sanyo Epson Imaging Devices Corporation | Electro-optical device, electronic apparatus, protective member, and method of manufacturing protective member |
US8519945B2 (en) | 2006-01-06 | 2013-08-27 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Circuits for controlling display apparatus |
US8482496B2 (en) | 2006-01-06 | 2013-07-09 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Circuits for controlling MEMS display apparatus on a transparent substrate |
US9128277B2 (en) | 2006-02-23 | 2015-09-08 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Mechanical light modulators with stressed beams |
US8526096B2 (en) | 2006-02-23 | 2013-09-03 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Mechanical light modulators with stressed beams |
US9176318B2 (en) | 2007-05-18 | 2015-11-03 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Methods for manufacturing fluid-filled MEMS displays |
US8441602B2 (en) | 2008-04-18 | 2013-05-14 | Pixtronix, Inc. | Light guides and backlight systems incorporating prismatic structures and light redirectors |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DK638589A (da) | 1990-06-17 |
AU4553989A (en) | 1990-06-21 |
PT92593B (pt) | 1995-09-12 |
ATE94674T1 (de) | 1993-10-15 |
ZA899605B (en) | 1990-09-26 |
PT92593A (pt) | 1990-06-29 |
NO894627L (no) | 1990-06-18 |
NZ231200A (en) | 1991-12-23 |
EP0374085B1 (de) | 1993-09-15 |
BR8906533A (pt) | 1990-08-28 |
EP0374085A2 (de) | 1990-06-20 |
JPH02238486A (ja) | 1990-09-20 |
DE58905624D1 (de) | 1993-10-21 |
CA2005792A1 (en) | 1990-06-16 |
AU628427B2 (en) | 1992-09-17 |
TR24389A (tr) | 1991-09-24 |
DE3842900C1 (ro) | 1990-05-10 |
NO894627D0 (no) | 1989-11-21 |
DK638589D0 (da) | 1989-12-15 |
EP0374085A3 (en) | 1990-12-05 |
FI896040A0 (fi) | 1989-12-15 |
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