US4871580A - Method of treating surfaces of substrates with the aid of a plasma - Google Patents

Method of treating surfaces of substrates with the aid of a plasma Download PDF

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Publication number
US4871580A
US4871580A US07/206,181 US20618188A US4871580A US 4871580 A US4871580 A US 4871580A US 20618188 A US20618188 A US 20618188A US 4871580 A US4871580 A US 4871580A
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Prior art keywords
plasma
generator
reactant
treatment chamber
gas
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US07/206,181
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English (en)
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Daniel C. Schram
Gerardus M. W. Kroesen
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EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF PHYSICS
Eidhoven University of Technology
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Eidhoven University of Technology
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/42—Plasma torches using an arc with provisions for introducing materials into the plasma, e.g. powder or liquid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
    • C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
    • C23C16/50—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating using electric discharges
    • C23C16/513—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating using electric discharges using plasma jets

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method of treating the surfaces of substrates with the aid of a plasma in which a plasma is generated in at least one plasma-generator connected via at least one plasma-inlet to a plasma treatment-chamber in which the plasma pressure is lower than that in the plasma-generator and through which a stream of plasma flows from the said generator to the said treatment-chamber, in which the said plasma-generator is connected to at least one inlet for a reactant and in which the substrate to be treated can form part of at least one extra discharge.
  • plasma-generator as used herein is to be construed as meaning the part where the plasma is generated and the plasma-treatment chamber is to be construed as meaning the part where the surface-treatment takes place.
  • Treatment of substrate surfaces with the aid of a plasma as described herein is to be construed as meaning the processes of plasma-etching, plasma-deposition, plasma-polymerisation or plasma-modification; that is to say the application of a layer of material onto, or removal of a layer or material from, the substrate or the modification of the surface structure of the substrate using a plasma.
  • a plasma Such a method is known from the proceedings of the ISPC-VII conference (Eindhoven. 1985. pages 698-703) and from the SASP proceedings (Oberdraun, Austria. 1986. pages 181-187).
  • the plasma can be generated in a number of different manners according to the known technique, such as by capacitively or inductively connected radio-frequency (RF) fields, microwaves or other direct-current (DC) or alternating-current (AC) arcs or discharges.
  • RF radio-frequency
  • DC direct-current
  • AC alternating-current
  • the methods described in the quoted publications are suitable for the processing of other reactants of gas-like form which is objectionable if the surface treatment is required to be carried out with the aid of a material that is available only in a liquid or solid form.
  • the aperture in the anode of the arc through which the plasma is extracted needs to have a diameter (1 mm. in the publication) that is smaller than the plasma-channel (4 mm.) through which a so-called sonic-nozzle exists and which can lead to an unexpected stagnation in the flow resulting in deposition of material onto undesirable places.
  • the heat-load imposed on the substrates can only be influenced by essentially changing the energy and the density ratio of the active plasma particles; a process which is disadvantageous in itself because the quality of the surface-treatment is also essentially changed (the quality of the deposited layer in the case of plasma-deposition for example).
  • the quoted influence (mainly lessening) of the heat-load is of importance with substrates which can support only a limited degree of heat.
  • the material efficiency i.e. the fraction of the supplemented quantity of reactant which also actually arrives on the required place (in this case the substrate) is uninfluenced.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a method and a reactor therefor operating according to the quoted principle and which does not exhibit these disadvantages.
  • the first objection can be obviated by flushing the plasma-generator through with a flushing-gas.
  • a gas-like or liquid reactant is first fed (upstream) in the plasma-generator after the flushing-gas has passed the cathodes(s).
  • flushing-gas used herein is to be construed as meaning a gas free of fragments which could react undesirably with parts of the plasma-generator.
  • the plasma-generator cathode(s) need to be protected against the penetrative effects of reacting fragments of the molecules from which the flushing-gas is composed.
  • the effectiveness of this measure can still be increased by feeding the flushing-gas through the plasma-generator at a rate of at least 1 meter/sec. although preferably at a rate of 10 meter/sec. with the pressure in the plasma-generator greater than 0.1 bar and through which back-diffusion of, or parts of, the reactant to the cathode(s) is strongly retarded or even prevented.
  • the secondly quoted objection can be removed if the temperature of the cathode(s) is maintained below the cathode material melting point during operation.
  • prevention of cathode melting can be achieved by manufacturing the cathode(s) from a material with a high electron-emission factor and preferably an alloy of 0.1 to 10% thorium in tungsten.
  • the thirdly quoted objection can be removed by injecting this type of reactant through the wall of the plasma-generator via a single aperture having a diameter of 0.0001 to 0.5 mm. but preferably 0.0005 to 0.1 mm.
  • the liquid pressure at the aperture is preferably greater than the pressure in the plasma-generator. If the liquid reactant has already been vaporised before it reaches the plasma in the plasma-generator then here there is a question of injection of a gas-like reactant.
  • the gas-phase can be gone over to by means of at least one discharge being present in the plasma treatment-chamber and/or the plasma-generator.
  • the reactant would then be subjected to bombardment by reactive particles (electron, ions) with higher energy (200 electron-volts for example) and through which the reactant will vaporise or sublimate.
  • reactive particles electron, ions
  • the reactant Once in the gas-phase it will be transported to the substrate to be treated by the flushing-gas at a very fast rate and with a large yield.
  • the fourth objection can be removed by geometrically arranging the plasma-generator(s) and the plasma inlet(s) in a reactor such that when viewed in the direction-of-flow no sudden restriction of the channel(s) arises. In this manner stagnation of the flow and deposition of the material in undesirable places is prevented.
  • the diameter of the channel formed by the plasma-generator(s) and the inlet(s) should gradually taper decreasingly when viewed in the direction of flow.
  • the fifthly quoted objection is removed if the rate at which the plasma-treatment chamber is pumped out is made adjustable between zero and 100000 liters/sec., but preferably between 50 and 1000 liters/sec. This can be achieved by fitting a (infinitely-variable or step-by -step) flow-regulating valve in the pump pipeline for example.
  • the resulting plasma jet can now be varied by a diffusion process related to the diameter of the plasma jet itself together with the rate at which the plasma particles are transported to the substrate to be treated thus implying that the density ratio and the energies of the said particles hardly change.
  • This results in the imposition of a regulatable particle-bundle-loading of the said substrate of which the deposited quantity of particles (and thus the energy also) can be set per unit of surface-area without actually changing the other experimental parameters.
  • the sixth objection can be removed if the diameter of the plasma-generator generated plasma-jet is actively influenced.
  • the term actively-influenced in this context is to be construed as meaning the influencing of the process by means other than by varying the pump speed. If the material efficiency needs to be reduced then, according to the invention, such influence should be exercised preferably by directing the already quoted plasma-jet through a "skimmer". If on the other hand the efficiency needs to be increased, then the quoted influence is preferably exercised by setting up a magnetic-field. A skimmer cuts a part of the quoted plasma-jet as it were such that the other part of the jet does not come into contact with the substrate to be treated. As opposed to this, a magnetic field holds the reactive (particularly the charged) plasma-particles together and increases the intensity of the plasma-jet which is coupled in this case to the decreasing diameter of the plasma-jet.
  • the temperature of the substrate to be treated can be set to a value between 70° and 1500° Kelvin and preferably between 273° and 1000° Kelvin.
  • Each concrete process for surface-treatment to which the method according to the invention is applied has its own optimal temperature and through which the process runs its course in the most desirable manner.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic longitudinal cross-section of the reactor according to the invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows a cascade-arc plasma generator
  • FIG. 3 shows a cross-section of an inlet for gas-like reactants into the cascade-arc described with reference to FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 4 shows how liquid reactants are injected into the cascade-arc shown in FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 5 shows how reactants in a solid form can be subjected to a discharge which vapourises, sublimates or sputters the material.
  • FIG. 6 shows the manner in which a nozzle can be designed to prevent flow stagnation arising.
  • FIGS. 1 to 6 The embodiment of a reactor according to the invention shown in FIGS. 1 to 6 comprises a housing 1 which incorporates a chamber 2 in which a plasma-generator 13 (schematically illustrated in boxlike form) is accomodated together with a plasma-treatment chamber 3.
  • a plasma-inlet 4 preferably incorporates a nozzle the end of which emerges into the treatment chamber 3.
  • the generated plasma-jet 8 is directed to the surface 9 of the substrate to be treated and which substrate is held in place by a holder 10 which is maintained at a temperature in the range of 70° to 1000° Kelvin by means of a cooling-channel and/or built-in heating element (not shown in FIG. 1).
  • the holder is also electrically insulated with respect to the housing 1 by which means it can form part of one or more extra discharges in the plasma treatment-chamber 3.
  • injection takes place in the plasma-generator 13 via the inlet 11 whilst the flushing-gas is injected via the inlet 12 in order to make (semi) continuous operation of the reactor possible.
  • the flushing-gas can be composed of an arbitrary mixture of gases which do not give off any fragments after separation which could damage the parts of the plasma-generator 13 and such as inert gases, hydrogen and nitrogen for example.
  • the ratio between the injected quantity of flushing-gas and reactant (expressed in m 3 /sec.
  • the liquid or gas-like reactant is preferably composed of at least one separable and ionisable compound such as (possibly halogenated) hydrocarbons.
  • the process according to the invention is carried out whilst maintaining the pressure in the plasma-generator 13 above 0.1 bar., preferably in the range 0 to 3.5.
  • a water-cooled skimmer 17 can possibly form a part of the plasma treatment-chamber 3 and through which the diameter of the plasma-jet 8 can be influenced. If required, the magnetic coils 7 can generate a magnetic-field which can again influence the diameter of the plasma-jet 8. Reactants in the form of solid matter are mixed with the plasma-jet 8 after they have been freed from the solid-phase by a sputtering discharge of which the cathode 6 (of copper for example) is the reactant and the anode 18 of which is electrically insulated from the housing 1.
  • FIG. 2 shows in principle a construction which incorporates a central channel 19 with a length of 40 to 80 mm. and a diameter of 2 to 6 mm. for example through which, during operation, direct-current electricity of between 20 to 200 Amp. flows from the nozzle-like anode 5 to three cathode tips 20 (of which only one is shown in FIG. 2).
  • the three cathode tips 20 made from an alloy of 2% thorium in wolfram are preferably arranged rotatively around the central channel 19 and are mounted in hollow holders 22 through which cooling water is fed through the duct 21.
  • the holders 22 are at least partially enclosed in a sleeve 23 made for example from quartz and held in position by a screw 24 which accomodates a rubber ring (not shown in FIG. 2) and which clamps the holder 22 in a vacuumtight condition.
  • the duct 21 is clamped tight in the holder 22 by a screw 25.
  • the voltage across the arc is between 20 and 200 volts for example and particularly in the range 50 to 150 volts.
  • the initiation of plasma generation in the central channel 19 is achieved by reducing the arc pressure by applying approximately 1000 volts until flashover takes place and through which a large current flows (>10 Amp. for example). Hereafter the pressure is increased rapidly (within 5 seconds for example) until the desired value is reached and the arc is formed after all intermediate-discharge phases have occurred.
  • the cascade-plates 26 made of copper for example are of simple design. Due to high temperatures (approx. 10000° Kelvin) and capacity-densities in the plasma, the plates must be cooled (by water for example).
  • the channels for carrying the cooling liquid (not shown in FIG.
  • the cascade-plates are separated from one another and electrically insulated by means of a sealing systems of ⁇ 0 ⁇ rings 27, spacers 28 (of PVC for example) and central rings 29 made of boron-nitride.
  • the seals ensure that the arc can be maintained at pressures of between 0.05 and 5 bar.
  • the central rings are white in colour and reflect the light radiating from the plasma. The object of the ⁇ 0 ⁇ rings is for them to act as protection against melting under the influence of plasma light absorption.
  • An anode 5 is located at the end of the channel 19 opposite the three cathodes 20.
  • These comprise easily-removable conical inserts each of which is lightly pushed by a hold-down ring into a conical hole in a water-cooled plate (made of copper for example). Cooling-water is fed to this cooling-plate via the inlet 31 and discharged therefrom by the outlet 32.
  • the quoted inserts are made from oxygen-free copper for example and are described in more detail with reference to FIG. 6.
  • the plate 30 is electrically insulated from the housing 1 by an insulating sleeve 33.
  • a stack of for example 10 cascade-plates are affixed to the anode-plate 30 by a bolt 34 and a nut 35.
  • the boat 34 is electrically insulated from the housing 1 by means of a sleeve 37, cap 39 and rings 38 and 40.
  • the plasma is the central channel 13 can be observed through the window 41 of widow-cap 42 on the window-holder 43.
  • the latter also incorporates the inlet 12 through which the flushing-gas is fed.
  • the inlet for gas-like reactants shown in FIG. 3 has already been described for the greater part since it comprises two oppositely arranged surfaces of two adjoining cascade-plates 26 and 45 of which at least one plate 45 is provided with a channel 46 through which the gas-like reactant can be injected into the central channel 19 via a recess measuring 0.1 mm. for example in the central boron-nitride ring 46.
  • Channel 46 is arranged such that it makes no contact with the cooling-channel 47.
  • the inlet shown in FIG. 4 for the injection of the liquid reactants into the channel 19 comprises at least one capillary 48 fitted to the cascade-plate 26 such that the cooling-channel 47 is not touched.
  • the diameter of this capillary must be chosen such that liquid fed at a higher pressure than that prevailing in the plasma-channel 19 is only vaporised at the end of the capillary where it emerges into the central channel 19.
  • the possibly used auxiliary discharge shown in FIG. 5 comprising a cathode 51 which in turn comprises the reactant if the latter is of solid matter, is electrically-insulated from the housing shown in FIG. 1 as in the case of anode 50, it is provided with a cooling-channel 52 and is located at a certain distance (10 cm. for example) from the symmetrical-axis of the plasma-jet shown in FIG. 1.
  • this discharge is energised by a voltage of between 200 and 1000 volts for example and with a current density of between 50 and 1000 Ma/cm 2 then the reactant material is made gas-like (by sputtering for example) and mixes with the plasma-jet.
  • FIG. 6 shows an example of the construction of a supersonic nozzle which can be used to prevent the deposition of material on undesirable places in the plasma generator.
  • the insert 52 is pressed into the anode-plate 30 by the hold-down ring 32 in connective engagement with the last cascade-plate 26 and the last boron-nitride ring 29. Initially, the hole in the insert 52 has a diameter which is greater than the diameter of the central channel 19, and thereafter it increases so that the channel emerges at an angle of more than 10 degrees for example with respect to the symmetrical-axis of the central channel 19.
  • the inner wall 53 of the insert 52 needs to be finished-off smooth (with a surface-roughness of less than 0.1 microns).
  • the complete cascade-arc plasma-generator should be connected to relatively large vacuum-system so that the plasma can be extracted for the anode-nozzle 5.
  • the pump speed needs to be chosen such that the expansion in the sub-atmospheric plasma treatment-chamber 3 assumes a supersonic character. In such a case the equilibrium of the arc-plasma will be ⁇ frozen-in ⁇ . Three-particle and radiation-recombination processes are too long to allow a substantial reduction of the number of reactive plasma-particles to arise before reaching the substrate to be treated. Because both the gas and elecron temperatures in the arc-plasma have a value of approximately 10000° Kelvin the sound-speed is 1750 meter/per second. This fact limits the mass-flow, there the sound-speed is reached at the point with smallest diameter (in the majority of cases this is at the nozzle or at the end of the arc-channel).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
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  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
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  • Chemical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
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US07/206,181 1987-06-30 1988-06-13 Method of treating surfaces of substrates with the aid of a plasma Expired - Lifetime US4871580A (en)

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NL8701530A NL8701530A (nl) 1987-06-30 1987-06-30 Werkwijze voor het behandelen van oppervlakken van substraten met behulp van een plasma en reactor voor het uitvoeren van die werkwijze.
NL8701530 1987-06-30

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EP (1) EP0297637B1 (cs)
JP (1) JP2705029B2 (cs)
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AU (1) AU596935B2 (cs)
CA (1) CA1324979C (cs)
DE (1) DE3875815T2 (cs)
ES (1) ES2036253T3 (cs)
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US20050079295A1 (en) * 2001-11-27 2005-04-14 Marc Schaepkens Apparatus and method for depositing large area coatings on planar surfaces
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Plasma-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition Processes and their Semiconductor Application, Thin Solid Films, 113 (1984) 135-149.

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AU1822288A (en) 1989-01-05
ATE82460T1 (de) 1992-11-15
DE3875815T2 (de) 1993-04-29
EP0297637A1 (en) 1989-01-04
CA1324979C (en) 1993-12-07
AU596935B2 (en) 1990-05-17
EP0297637B1 (en) 1992-11-11
JP2705029B2 (ja) 1998-01-26
JPH01208450A (ja) 1989-08-22
ES2036253T3 (es) 1993-05-16
DE3875815D1 (de) 1992-12-17
GR3007016T3 (cs) 1993-07-30

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