US4656750A - Heading sensor - Google Patents
Heading sensor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US4656750A US4656750A US06/736,835 US73683585A US4656750A US 4656750 A US4656750 A US 4656750A US 73683585 A US73683585 A US 73683585A US 4656750 A US4656750 A US 4656750A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- accelerometer
- hall effect
- cube
- axis
- heading sensor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 230000005355 Hall effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000000696 magnetic material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910001218 Gallium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- JBRZTFJDHDCESZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N AsGa Chemical compound [As]#[Ga] JBRZTFJDHDCESZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N catechol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1O YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000005300 metallic glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910021421 monocrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000873 masking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002050 silicone resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C17/00—Compasses; Devices for ascertaining true or magnetic north for navigation or surveying purposes
- G01C17/02—Magnetic compasses
- G01C17/04—Magnetic compasses with north-seeking magnetic elements, e.g. needles
- G01C17/20—Observing the compass card or needle
- G01C17/26—Observing the compass card or needle using electric pick-offs for transmission to final indicator, e.g. photocell
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01P—MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
- G01P15/00—Measuring acceleration; Measuring deceleration; Measuring shock, i.e. sudden change of acceleration
- G01P15/18—Measuring acceleration; Measuring deceleration; Measuring shock, i.e. sudden change of acceleration in two or more dimensions
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
- G01R33/0206—Three-component magnetometers
Definitions
- This invention relates to a heading sensor and in particular to a heading sensor incorporating Hall effect devices.
- a heading sensor comprising a three-axis Hall effect magnetometer in combination with a three-axis accelerometer.
- a heading sensor comprising a cube-like structure of a non-magnetic material on each of three orthogonally related faces of which is located a respective Hall effect device, which cube and Hall effect devices constitute a three-axis magnetometer, and comprising a three-axis accelerometer, each of the three axes of the magnetometer being aligned with a respective one of the three axes of the accelerometer.
- FIG. 1 illustrates schematically an embodiment of heading sensor comprising a three-axis Hall effect magnetometer and a three-axis accelerometer
- FIG. 2 shows a single axis Hall effect device
- FIG. 3 illustrates schematically a three-axis Hall effect magnetometer
- FIG. 4 illustrates schematically an alternative embodiment of heading sensor
- FIGS. 5 and 6 show, respectively, a top and a bottom view of an embodiment of silicon accelerometer
- FIG. 7 shows a side view of a silicon accelerometer assembly with end stops
- FIG. 8 illustrates a triaxial accelerometer assembly which can be employed in the FIG. 1 sensor embodiment
- FIG. 9 illustrates an electrical block circuit diagram for determining a heading.
- the single axis Hall effect device illustrated in FIG. 2 comprises an alumina substrate 1, a first or lower thin-ribbon-form metallic glass flux concentrator 2 with a tapered end portion, a second or upper thin-ribbon-form metallic glass flux concentrator 3 with a tapered end portion and a GaAs Hall effect chip (not visible in the drawing) disposed between the overlap 4 of the end portions of the flux concentrators 2 and 3.
- the flux concentrators 2 and 3 may be bonded to the alumina substrate with their tapered end portions overlapping and the chip 4 disposed therebetween.
- the chip may be bonded to one or both flux concentrators but is not electrically connected thereto.
- the Hall effect chip has four electrodes which may be coupled by interconnection wires (not shown) to conductive tracks 5, comprised by screen-printed thick film conductors, disposed on the substrate 1. Associated with each conductive track 5 is a contact pad 5a disposed on the substrate and for use in external connection of the Hall effect device.
- the Hall chip has two electrodes for current input and two electrodes for Hall voltage output, which output is available in use in the presence of a transverse magnetic field i.e. longitudinally of the flux concentrators, the tapering of the concentrators serving to "funnel" magnetic flux into the chip disposed between the tapered end portions of the concentrators.
- the interconnection wire bonds to the chip and the tracks are protected by an encapsulation coating of, for example, a silicone resin 6.
- FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of a three-axis magnetometer, it comprises a cube 7 of non-magnetic material, for example aluminium, with accurately machined orthogonal faces 8, and on each of three of said faces 8 is disposed a respective single axis Hall effect device 9 arranged to be responsive to a respective magnetic flux direction, that is with the flux concentrators of FIG. 2 type Hall effect devices aligned with three mutually perpendicular axes as indicated by the arrows.
- a three-axis magnetometer From the outputs of the Hall effect devices of a three-axis magnetometer the relative direction of a magnetic field can be calculated.
- a three-axis accelerometer may be employed to determine the altitude of a body with respect to the Earth's gravitational field.
- a three-axis magnetometer may be combined with a three-axis accelerometer, the latter being used to sense the direction of the Earth's gravitational field.
- FIG. 1 illustrates, schematically, a heading sensor comprising a three-axis Hall effect magnetometer comprising a cube 10 of aluminium or other non-magnetic material on three different faces of which are mounted three single-axis mutually perpendicular Hall effect magnetometer devices 11, 12 and 13.
- the cube 10 includes a recess 14 opening at another face. Inside the recess 14 is disposed a three-axis accelerometer assembly 15 which is mounted with its measuring axes the same as the magnetometer axes.
- the accelerometer assembly may be comprised, for example, by an ENTRAN piezoresistive three-axis module with an edge size of 0.5" (1.27 cm) and three ⁇ 5 g range devices.
- the accelerometer assembly 15 may be comprised by a cube element bearing three etched silicon accelerometers as described hereinafter.
- FIG. 4 illustrates, schematically, a heading sensor comprising a cube 16 of aluminium or other non-magnetic material on three different surfaces 17, 18 and 19 of which are mounted three single-axis mutually perpendicular Hall effect magnetometer devices 20, 21 and 22, and on each of the three surfaces 17, 18 and 19 is mounted a respective planar geometry thin silicon accelerometer 23, 24 and 25.
- An example of a suitable etched silicon accelerometer is shown in FIGS. 5 (top view) and 6 (bottom view). It is formed, by anisotropic selective etching, from a laminar body 26 of single crystal silicon using, for example, an etch solution of comprising catechol, ethylene diamine and water, or potassium hydroxide and isopropyl alcohol, after suitable masking.
- the body 26 is etched to provide a seismic mass 27 coupled to a frame 28 by thin webs 29 and 30 and by two thin beams 31 and 32.
- the body 26 is etched completely through at four regions 33 thus separating the beams 31 and 32 from the webs 29 and 30.
- the body is also etched completely through within the frame 28 and in the vicinity of the beams 31 and 32 to form two slots 34 and 35, thus providing flexible constraints (hinges) 36 and 37 for the ends of the beams.
- An aperture 38 may be etched completely through the seismic mass 27 if required in order to control the weight and thus response of the seismic mass.
- a respective strain gauge 39 and 40 Disposed on the upper surface of the body at the end of each of beams 31 and 32 adjacent where they join the seismic mass 27 is a respective strain gauge 39 and 40 whose outputs provide a measure of the movement of the seismic mass due to gravity.
- Such accelerometers can be made as single crystal silicon bodies approximately 0.5 inches square (1.27 cm square) and approximately 0.077 inches (0.043 cm) thick.
- the seismic mass of the body 26 may be disposed between two silicon end stop plates 41 and 42 bonded on opposite sides of the accelerometer chip 43 as illustrated in FIG. 7, which restrict the movement of the seismic mass and also somewhat to encapsulate the accelerometer chip 43 and to provide an accelerometer assembly 44.
- Conductive tracks (not shown in FIG. 5) are disposed on the surface of the body 26 in order to provide current input to the strain gauges and to tap the strain gauge output. These conductive tracks extend to contact pads such as 45 at the exterior surface of the accelerometer assembly.
- FIG. 8 illustrates a view of such a three-axis accelerometer, only two accelerometer assemblies 44 are, however, visible.
- the respective contact pads of the three assemblies 44 may lead to respective pads on a portion 47 of the cube 46 such as via connecting wires 48 to facilitate wiring of the assembly with a three-axis magnetometer in which it is disposed. If the cube 46 is of glass the silicon assemblies 44 may be bonded to it by the Mallory bonding process.
- the accelerometers and the Hall effect devices can be driven with constant current and connected in series with each other, thus facilitating assembly.
- the six outputs (three from the accelerometers and three from the Hall effect magnetometers) are processed in order to give the Earth's magnetic field direction with respect to the Earth's gravitational field.
- FIG. 9 A possible block circuit diagram for such a device is shown in FIG. 9.
- Three Hall effect devices 50 are connected in series with three accelerometers 51 and with a constant current source 52.
- a single current source is employed to drive all the sensors in this arrangement.
- the outputs of the sensors 50 and 51 are digitised either, and as shown, by separate analogue to digital converters 53, or multiplexing to a single analogue to digital converter.
- the digital outputs can then be processed by a dedicated microprocessor, or by a microcomputer 54.
- the algorithms necessary to process the data are essentially comprised of 3-D geometrical transformers.
- etched silicon accelerometers have been described the invention is not to be considered so limited, etched accelerometers of other semiconductor materials may alternatively be used, for example of gallium arsenide.
- GaAs Hall effect devices have been described above, silicon Hall effect devices may alternatively be employed.
- the heading sensors of the present invention have the basic advantages of small size combined with a high degree of accuracy of heading measurement.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
- Measuring Magnetic Variables (AREA)
- Measurement Of Velocity Or Position Using Acoustic Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
- Gyroscopes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (15)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB8413226 | 1984-05-23 | ||
GB08413226A GB2159278B (en) | 1984-05-23 | 1984-05-23 | Heading sensor |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US4656750A true US4656750A (en) | 1987-04-14 |
Family
ID=10561418
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US06/736,835 Expired - Lifetime US4656750A (en) | 1984-05-23 | 1985-05-22 | Heading sensor |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4656750A (en) |
JP (1) | JPS60257310A (en) |
FR (1) | FR2564967B1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2159278B (en) |
Cited By (44)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4767988A (en) * | 1985-06-20 | 1988-08-30 | Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Represented By The Minister Of National Defence | Precision magnetometer orientation device |
US4873867A (en) * | 1988-02-12 | 1989-10-17 | Trc, Inc. | Redundant signal device for auto crash testing |
US4894922A (en) * | 1987-02-26 | 1990-01-23 | Nautech Limited | Hand bearing compass |
US4901571A (en) * | 1988-02-11 | 1990-02-20 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Acceleration pickup |
US5005414A (en) * | 1988-05-03 | 1991-04-09 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Acceleration pickup |
WO1991015778A1 (en) * | 1990-04-02 | 1991-10-17 | Kim Kwee Ng | A solid state compass |
US5121180A (en) * | 1991-06-21 | 1992-06-09 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Accelerometer with central mass in support |
US5241270A (en) * | 1990-04-02 | 1993-08-31 | Kim Kwee Ng | Electronic compass using hall-effect sensors |
WO1994002863A1 (en) * | 1992-07-21 | 1994-02-03 | Innovatum, Inc. | Compact ac magnetic field analyzer/dosimeter |
US5287628A (en) * | 1991-07-09 | 1994-02-22 | Takao Yamaguchi | Omni range inclino-compass |
US5314572A (en) * | 1990-08-17 | 1994-05-24 | Analog Devices, Inc. | Method for fabricating microstructures |
US5326726A (en) * | 1990-08-17 | 1994-07-05 | Analog Devices, Inc. | Method for fabricating monolithic chip containing integrated circuitry and suspended microstructure |
US5345824A (en) * | 1990-08-17 | 1994-09-13 | Analog Devices, Inc. | Monolithic accelerometer |
US5381603A (en) * | 1991-11-08 | 1995-01-17 | Precision Navigation, Inc. | Reference pointer for a compass display |
US5417111A (en) * | 1990-08-17 | 1995-05-23 | Analog Devices, Inc. | Monolithic chip containing integrated circuitry and suspended microstructure |
US5433110A (en) * | 1992-10-29 | 1995-07-18 | Sextant Avionique | Detector having selectable multiple axes of sensitivity |
DE4429832A1 (en) * | 1994-08-23 | 1996-02-29 | Itt Ind Gmbh Deutsche | Magnetic compass for e.g. installation in motor vehicle |
US5519318A (en) * | 1992-12-28 | 1996-05-21 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Triaxial magnetic heading sensing apparatus having magnetaresistors and nulling coils |
US5644230A (en) * | 1994-07-20 | 1997-07-01 | Honeywell Inc. | Miniature magnetometer and flexible circuit |
US20040020064A1 (en) * | 2002-07-31 | 2004-02-05 | Levi Robert W. | Gyro aided magnetic compass |
US20040064286A1 (en) * | 2002-07-31 | 2004-04-01 | Levi Robert W. | Navigation device for personnel on foot |
US20050242805A1 (en) * | 2003-07-18 | 2005-11-03 | Aichi Steel Corporation | Three-dimensional magnetic direction sensor, and magneto-impedance sensor element |
US20060012364A1 (en) * | 2004-07-16 | 2006-01-19 | C&N Inc. | Magnetic sensor assembly, terrestrial magnetic detection device, element assembly and mobile terminal apparatus |
US7103471B2 (en) | 2002-09-20 | 2006-09-05 | Honeywell International Inc. | Multi-mode navigation device and method |
WO2007104206A1 (en) * | 2006-03-10 | 2007-09-20 | Institute Of Physics, Chinese Academy Of Sciences | An integrated three-dimensional magnetic field sensor and a manufacturing method thereof |
US7451549B1 (en) * | 2006-08-09 | 2008-11-18 | Pni Corporation | Automatic calibration of a three-axis magnetic compass |
US20100010338A1 (en) * | 2008-07-08 | 2010-01-14 | Peter Van Dam | Implantable Medical Device Orientation Detection Utilizing an External Magnet and a 3D Accelerometer Sensor |
CN1967280B (en) * | 2005-11-18 | 2010-08-18 | 中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心 | Three weight sensor applied for satellite-loaded magnetic field fluctuation analysis meter |
US20110148638A1 (en) * | 2009-12-17 | 2011-06-23 | Cheng-Yi Wang | Security monitor method utilizing a rfid tag and the monitor apparatus for the same |
CN102680194A (en) * | 2011-03-11 | 2012-09-19 | 中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心 | Vibration test stand of magnetic wave sensor antenna |
CN102681016A (en) * | 2011-03-11 | 2012-09-19 | 中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心 | Low-frequency magnetic fluctuation analyzer sensor |
US20120236507A1 (en) * | 2011-03-15 | 2012-09-20 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Sensor module, sensor device, method for producing sensor device, and electronic apparatus |
CN102735228A (en) * | 2011-04-07 | 2012-10-17 | 精工爱普生株式会社 | Sensor module, sensor device, manufacturing method of sensor device, and electronic apparatus |
US20150122020A1 (en) * | 2011-07-13 | 2015-05-07 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Sensor device and electronic apparatus |
US20150362565A1 (en) * | 2013-01-24 | 2015-12-17 | Paul Scherrer Institut | Method for manufacturing a hall sensor assembly and a hall sensor assembly |
CN105371845A (en) * | 2015-12-17 | 2016-03-02 | 安徽寰智信息科技股份有限公司 | Inertia tracking module |
US9632202B2 (en) | 2010-03-04 | 2017-04-25 | SeeScan, Inc. | Economical magnetic locator apparatus and methods |
US20180238930A1 (en) * | 2017-02-21 | 2018-08-23 | Hrl Laboratories, Llc | Mems-based sensor suite |
US10983019B2 (en) | 2019-01-10 | 2021-04-20 | Ka Group Ag | Magnetoelastic type torque sensor with temperature dependent error compensation |
US11143669B2 (en) | 2018-02-23 | 2021-10-12 | Atlantic Inertial Systems, Limited | Inertial measurement units |
US11486776B2 (en) | 2016-12-12 | 2022-11-01 | Kongsberg Inc. | Dual-band magnetoelastic torque sensor |
US20230022244A1 (en) * | 2020-12-18 | 2023-01-26 | VK Integrated Systems, Inc. | Distributed Sensor Inertial Measurement Unit |
US11821763B2 (en) | 2016-05-17 | 2023-11-21 | Kongsberg Inc. | System, method and object for high accuracy magnetic position sensing |
US12025521B2 (en) | 2021-10-15 | 2024-07-02 | Brp Megatech Industries Inc. | Magnetoelastic torque sensor with local measurement of ambient magnetic field |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2204407B (en) * | 1986-03-19 | 1990-04-11 | Thorn Emi Electronics Ltd | Magnetic sensor arrangement |
DE4423845C1 (en) * | 1994-07-07 | 1996-02-08 | Mannesmann Kienzle Gmbh | Method for determining the yaw angle of a vehicle |
RU2098764C1 (en) * | 1996-05-29 | 1997-12-10 | Русланов Александр Семенович | Method for determination of moving object location and device for its realization |
US6122538A (en) * | 1997-01-16 | 2000-09-19 | Acuson Corporation | Motion--Monitoring method and system for medical devices |
EP2551691A1 (en) | 2011-07-27 | 2013-01-30 | Paul Scherrer Institut | A method for manufacturing a Hall sensor assembly and a Hall sensor assembly |
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US3197880A (en) * | 1961-06-15 | 1965-08-03 | Motorola Inc | Solid state compass |
US3304787A (en) * | 1962-12-29 | 1967-02-21 | Toyoda Chuo Kenkyusho Kk | Three-dimensional accelerometer device |
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US4483194A (en) * | 1981-07-02 | 1984-11-20 | Centre Electronique Horloger S.A. | Accelerometer |
Family Cites Families (2)
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FR2212536B1 (en) * | 1973-01-02 | 1976-04-09 | Crouzet Sa | |
FR2505042A1 (en) * | 1981-04-29 | 1982-11-05 | Precilec | Magnetic compass assembly with direct digital read=out - comprises hall effect sensors maintained in Cardan mount in orthogonal axes driving digital resolver |
-
1984
- 1984-05-23 GB GB08413226A patent/GB2159278B/en not_active Expired
-
1985
- 1985-05-22 FR FR8507720A patent/FR2564967B1/en not_active Expired
- 1985-05-22 JP JP60110054A patent/JPS60257310A/en active Pending
- 1985-05-22 US US06/736,835 patent/US4656750A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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US3197880A (en) * | 1961-06-15 | 1965-08-03 | Motorola Inc | Solid state compass |
US3304787A (en) * | 1962-12-29 | 1967-02-21 | Toyoda Chuo Kenkyusho Kk | Three-dimensional accelerometer device |
US3899834A (en) * | 1972-10-02 | 1975-08-19 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Electronic compass system |
US4212443A (en) * | 1978-05-18 | 1980-07-15 | Sperry Corporation | Strapped down attitude and heading reference system for aircraft employing skewed axis two-degree-of-freedom rate gyros |
US4483194A (en) * | 1981-07-02 | 1984-11-20 | Centre Electronique Horloger S.A. | Accelerometer |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
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Cited By (67)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4767988A (en) * | 1985-06-20 | 1988-08-30 | Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Represented By The Minister Of National Defence | Precision magnetometer orientation device |
US4894922A (en) * | 1987-02-26 | 1990-01-23 | Nautech Limited | Hand bearing compass |
US4901571A (en) * | 1988-02-11 | 1990-02-20 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Acceleration pickup |
US4873867A (en) * | 1988-02-12 | 1989-10-17 | Trc, Inc. | Redundant signal device for auto crash testing |
US5005414A (en) * | 1988-05-03 | 1991-04-09 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Acceleration pickup |
WO1991015778A1 (en) * | 1990-04-02 | 1991-10-17 | Kim Kwee Ng | A solid state compass |
US5241270A (en) * | 1990-04-02 | 1993-08-31 | Kim Kwee Ng | Electronic compass using hall-effect sensors |
US5326726A (en) * | 1990-08-17 | 1994-07-05 | Analog Devices, Inc. | Method for fabricating monolithic chip containing integrated circuitry and suspended microstructure |
US5314572A (en) * | 1990-08-17 | 1994-05-24 | Analog Devices, Inc. | Method for fabricating microstructures |
US5345824A (en) * | 1990-08-17 | 1994-09-13 | Analog Devices, Inc. | Monolithic accelerometer |
US5417111A (en) * | 1990-08-17 | 1995-05-23 | Analog Devices, Inc. | Monolithic chip containing integrated circuitry and suspended microstructure |
US5121180A (en) * | 1991-06-21 | 1992-06-09 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Accelerometer with central mass in support |
US5287628A (en) * | 1991-07-09 | 1994-02-22 | Takao Yamaguchi | Omni range inclino-compass |
US5381603A (en) * | 1991-11-08 | 1995-01-17 | Precision Navigation, Inc. | Reference pointer for a compass display |
WO1994002863A1 (en) * | 1992-07-21 | 1994-02-03 | Innovatum, Inc. | Compact ac magnetic field analyzer/dosimeter |
US5418460A (en) * | 1992-07-21 | 1995-05-23 | Innovatum, Inc. | Compact triaxial AC magnetic field analyzer/dosimeter using swept bandpass filters |
US5433110A (en) * | 1992-10-29 | 1995-07-18 | Sextant Avionique | Detector having selectable multiple axes of sensitivity |
US5519318A (en) * | 1992-12-28 | 1996-05-21 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Triaxial magnetic heading sensing apparatus having magnetaresistors and nulling coils |
US5644230A (en) * | 1994-07-20 | 1997-07-01 | Honeywell Inc. | Miniature magnetometer and flexible circuit |
DE4429832C2 (en) * | 1994-08-23 | 1999-07-29 | Micronas Intermetall Gmbh | Magnetic field compass |
DE4429832A1 (en) * | 1994-08-23 | 1996-02-29 | Itt Ind Gmbh Deutsche | Magnetic compass for e.g. installation in motor vehicle |
US20040020064A1 (en) * | 2002-07-31 | 2004-02-05 | Levi Robert W. | Gyro aided magnetic compass |
US20040064286A1 (en) * | 2002-07-31 | 2004-04-01 | Levi Robert W. | Navigation device for personnel on foot |
US6813582B2 (en) | 2002-07-31 | 2004-11-02 | Point Research Corporation | Navigation device for personnel on foot |
US6842991B2 (en) | 2002-07-31 | 2005-01-18 | Robert W. Levi | Gyro aided magnetic compass |
US7103471B2 (en) | 2002-09-20 | 2006-09-05 | Honeywell International Inc. | Multi-mode navigation device and method |
US20050242805A1 (en) * | 2003-07-18 | 2005-11-03 | Aichi Steel Corporation | Three-dimensional magnetic direction sensor, and magneto-impedance sensor element |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2564967A1 (en) | 1985-11-29 |
FR2564967B1 (en) | 1989-01-13 |
GB2159278B (en) | 1988-04-13 |
GB2159278A (en) | 1985-11-27 |
JPS60257310A (en) | 1985-12-19 |
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