US4648451A - Enhanced oil recovery process by injecting a micellar solution of surfactants having a solubility gradient in water - Google Patents

Enhanced oil recovery process by injecting a micellar solution of surfactants having a solubility gradient in water Download PDF

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US4648451A
US4648451A US06/696,906 US69690685A US4648451A US 4648451 A US4648451 A US 4648451A US 69690685 A US69690685 A US 69690685A US 4648451 A US4648451 A US 4648451A
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slug
weight
anionic surfactant
injection
solubility
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Marc Baviere
Jean-Claude Moulu
Tibor Paal
Gyorgy Tiszai
Gyorgyi Gaal
Laszlo Schmidt
Gyula Gesztesi
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IFP Energies Nouvelles IFPEN
Magyar Szenhidrogenipari Kutatofejleszto Intezet
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IFP Energies Nouvelles IFPEN
Magyar Szenhidrogenipari Kutatofejleszto Intezet
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/58—Compositions for enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons, i.e. for improving the mobility of the oil, e.g. displacing fluids
    • C09K8/584—Compositions for enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons, i.e. for improving the mobility of the oil, e.g. displacing fluids characterised by the use of specific surfactants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/58—Compositions for enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons, i.e. for improving the mobility of the oil, e.g. displacing fluids

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  • the present invention relates to a process for the enhanced oil recovery using a displacement slug comprising an anionic surfactant and auxiliary agents in oil reservoirs having a significant ion exchange capacity.
  • surfactants have been proposed for effecting enhanced oil recovery.
  • the most widely used surfactants are of the sulfonate type, more precisely petroleum sulfonates, in the form of alkaline metal or ammonium salts.
  • the surfactant is usually used at a concentration higher than its critical micellar concentration.
  • the injected micellar solutions are either aqueous solutions containing variable amounts of surfactants and, possibly, other additives such as cosurfactant, cosolvent, electrolytes, etc, or mixtures, in variable proportions, of water, electrolytes, hydrocarbons and possibly cosurfactant and/or cosolvent.
  • cosurfactant cosolvent
  • electrolytes electrolytes
  • mixtures in variable proportions, of water, electrolytes, hydrocarbons and possibly cosurfactant and/or cosolvent.
  • microemulsions transparent mixtures
  • Trivalent cations exert an even greater effect but, for the sake of simplicity, only divalent cations will be mentioned in what follows.
  • the surfactant solution to the injected is adapted to the fluids and to the temperature in the reservoir.
  • Optimum efficiency is sought by selecting the molecular weight of the surfactant, its molecular weight distribution and its concentration in the micellar solution following tests using the oil and water from the reservoir, at the temperature of this reservoir.
  • the initial physico-chemical equilibrium between the rock and the fluids in place is modified by injecting the micellar solutions into the reservoir.
  • These modifications tend to divert the micellar solution from its optimum efficiency and such modifications affect the salinity of the water following the increase in the divalent cation concentration due to the ion exchanges and to the increase of the solubility of the rock in water in the presence of a surfactant.
  • the composition and the concentration of the surfactant are modified by dilution due to the fluids in place and to the pushing fluid and by selective adsorption of certain molecules (chromatographic effect). These changes, imposed by the porous medium, exert a dominating effect which may considerably reduce the expected efficiency of the process.
  • the U.S. Pat. No. 4,232,737 describes an oil recovery method using surfactants in reservoirs containing water with a high salt content.
  • the fluid injected contains at least two surfactants: an ionic compound, such as petroleum sulfonate, and a surfactant, such as an alcohol or alkylphenolpolyoxyethylene sulfate or sulfonate, so as to obtain solubility of the sulfonate in the water of the reservoir.
  • an ionic compound such as petroleum sulfonate
  • a surfactant such as an alcohol or alkylphenolpolyoxyethylene sulfate or sulfonate
  • micellar solution tolerates these changes although the affinity of the sulfonate for the oil gradually increases. Beyond the upper limit, a qualitive change occurs which causes the formation of reverse viscous emulsions (water in oil). There follows an increase of the residual oil saturation and of the retention of the sulfonate, causing decomposition of the micellar solution.
  • FIG. 1A shows the residual oil saturation and retention of sulfonate after injection of a mahogany type sulfonate soluble in hydrocarbon having an optimized composition
  • FIG. 1B shows the residual oil saturation and retention of sulfonate after injection of a sulfonate soluble in water
  • FIG. 1C illustrates the residual oil saturation and retention of sulfonate after injection of a displacement slug in accordance with the invention
  • FIG. 2D shows the residual oil saturation on the one hand after injection of water and on the other hand after injection of carbon dioxide
  • FIG. 2E illustrates the residual oil saturation and retention of sulfonate after injection of carbon dioxide, then a sulfonate soluble in water
  • FIG. 2F shows the residual oil saturation and retention of sulfonate after injection of carbon dioxide, and a displacement slug according to with the invention
  • FIG. 3 shows the sulfonate, calcium and iron concentration in the organic phase of the effluent relative to test 1C, according to the invention, as well as the volume of oil recovered.
  • FIG. 1A shows the residual oil saturation S HR expressed as a fraction of the pore volume V P and the retention A of the sulfonate, in milligrams per gram of rock, in a porous medium of length L (cm) after injection of a micellar solution containing a mahogany type sulfonate, moderately tolerant with respect to divalent ions. It can be seen that the rapid increase in residual oil saturation is accompanied by considerable sulfonate retention.
  • micellar solutions Less expensive sulfonates may also be used for preparing the micellar solutions.
  • These sulfonates contain, in addition to mahogany sulfonates, monosulfonates having a lower molecular weight, as well as di- and polysulfonates and inorganic salts (Na 2 SO 4 more especially) which are formed during preparation thereof.
  • the inorganic salt content of the sulfonates of this type also plays an important role in the ion exchange phenomena.
  • micellar solution prepared from such sulfonates is injected into a reservoir rock having a significant cation exchange capacity, its efficiency in moving the oil increases in situ because of interaction with the divalent ions of the rock which pass into solution. This passing into solution caused by the sulfonate solution is shown in the examples described below.
  • the range of favorable divalent cation concentrations depends on the ratio of the concentration of these cations, calcium for example, to that of the sulfonate and on the concentration of sulfonate in the micellar solution.
  • This sulfonate although more soluble in water than the mahogany sulfonate, may also be trapped, as in example 1A, when the Ca ++ and sulfonate concentration ratio increases. It seems however that the formation of viscous emulsions which risk clogging up the porous medium is to be feared less.
  • micellar system does not reach the optimum ratio of the Ca ++ /sulfonate concentrations in the vicinity of the injection well. It is therefore not sufficiently efficient and the residual oil saturation remains relatively high,
  • micellar solution must be injected, but this adversely affects the economy of the process.
  • FIG. 2E shows the residual oil saturation S HR expressed as a fraction of the pore volume V P and the retention A of sulfonate, in milligrams per gram of rock, as a function of the length L (cm) of the porous medium, after injection of carbon dioxide followed by injection of petroleum sulfonate soluble in water.
  • the sulfonate solution meets the adequate amount of calcium at the beginning of injection and displaces the oil efficiently.
  • the porous medium retains the largest part of the surfactant and then the ability of the micellar solution to displace the oil decreases.
  • micellar solution because of the phenomena which occur during displacement (bringing into solution of polyvalent cations, exchange of ions, preferential adsorption of certain surfactant molecules), it is difficult to adapt the micellar solution to the conditions, which will gradually be established, when a displacement fluid of homogeneous composition is injected.
  • the present invention provides a process for improving the enhanced recovery of crude oil from a geological formation forming an oil reservoir into which penetrate at least one injection well and at least one production well, with a significant cation exchange capacity.
  • a displacement slug is introduced into an injection well comprising an anionic surfactant adapted for pushing the oil towards at least one production well and comprising several successively injected zones, some at least of which contain at least one anionic surfactant. Its solubility is adjusted so as to increase from one zone of the slug to the next, considering the order of introducing these different zones of the slug into the well.
  • an aqueous driving fluid is injected into the formation through an injection well, which pushes the displacement slug, which pushes the oil towards a production well.
  • the system forming the displacement slug contains more especially surfactants chosen so as to take into account the physical and chemical phenomena which occur in the carbonated and/or sandstone reservoir rocks containing clays and having a significant cation exchange capacity.
  • the process is particularly advantageous when the value of the ion exchange is between 0.1 and 10 milliequivalents (meq) of exchangeable ions per 100 grams of rock, and preferably between 1 and 3 meq. Consequently, the method guarantees a high oil recovery although it uses a moderate amount of surfactants.
  • a solution is used containing different auxiliary agents in a variable concentration in addition to the anionic surfactant.
  • the anionic surfactant may be, by way of non limitative example, a sulfonate, a carboxylate, a phosphate, a phthalate, a sulfate, etc. or a mixture of these different products. It may have the following formula:
  • R 1 is an aliphatic radical having 8 to 24 carbon atoms, or an alkoxyaromatic radical having 14 to 36 carbon atoms
  • X 1 - is a polar radical of sulfonate, sulfate, carboxylate, phosphate, phthalate, etc. type
  • M + is generally a monovalent cation such as ammonium or an alkaline metal.
  • the anionic surfactant may also be a petroleum sulfonate derived from the treatment of crude oil or a crude oil cut, by means of an oleum or sulfur trioxide.
  • this anionic surfactant will be classed as a petroleum sulfonate.
  • auxiliary agents which modify the initial solubility of the anionic surfactant in the injection water so that it increases gradually during the progression of the solution in the porous medium, may be, by way of non limitative example:
  • an aliphatic monoalcohol having from 4 to 18 carbon atoms such as ethyl-2 hexanol for example, or any other polar substance such as amines, ketones, ethers, esters having a sufficient number of carbon atoms for reducing the solubility of the anionic surfactant in the injection water, fusel oil for example.
  • R 2 is an aliphatic radical with 8 to 24 carbon atoms, or an alkylaromatic radical with 14 to 36 carbon atoms and n has the value 1 to 50, or else
  • R 3 and m have the same definition as R 2 and n, respectively, X 2 - has the same definition as X 1 - and M + is generally a monovalent cation such as ammonium or an alkaline metal.
  • This auxiliary surfactant is used to increase the solubility of the anionic surfactant in the injection water.
  • An aliphatic monoalcohol having 1 to 5 carbon atoms such as isopropyl alcohol for example, or any other substance such as amines, ketones, ethers, esters having a sufficiently low number of carbon atoms for increasing the solubility of the anionic surfactant in the injection water.
  • micellar solution may contain mobility control agents currently used in the enhanced oil recovery, such as a polyacrylamide, partially hydrolyzed or not, with a average molecular weight between 4 ⁇ 10 6 and 10 ⁇ 10 6 daltons, or a polysaccharide having a average molecular weight between 1 ⁇ 10 6 and 5 ⁇ 10 6 daltons. It may also contain a hydrocarbon formed by crude oil or a crude oil cut, or a cut of refined crude oil or a pure, aliphatic or cyclic hydrocarbon or a mixture of these different products.
  • mobility control agents currently used in the enhanced oil recovery such as a polyacrylamide, partially hydrolyzed or not, with a average molecular weight between 4 ⁇ 10 6 and 10 ⁇ 10 6 daltons, or a polysaccharide having a average molecular weight between 1 ⁇ 10 6 and 5 ⁇ 10 6 daltons. It may also contain a hydrocarbon formed by crude oil or a crude oil cut, or a cut of refined crude oil or a pure, aliphatic or
  • the conditions which ensure regular displacement efficiency are established consequent to the ion transfers (ion exchanges, dissolution) and the chromatographic effects.
  • the auxiliary agents protect the anionic surfactant against the risks of retention due to the composition modifications. They are chosen so that they not only avoid the risks of precipitation of the anionic surfactant but lead to systems having very low interfacial tensions which result from a synergic effect between the micellar solution and the divalent cations which come from the rock.
  • the invention which takes advantage of the foreseeable interactions in a reservoir consists in adjusting the solubility gradient of the anionic surfactant in the injection water.
  • the maximum value of this solubility in water must be adapted to the nature of the reservoir (rock, water, oil, temperature) and of the anionic surfactant, as well as to the kinetics of the phenomena.
  • the solubility gradient is brought into being by means of a slug comprising several zones and in the following way:
  • the first part of the displacement slug injected is a micellar solution of an anionic surfactant whose composition is optimized with respect to the foreseeable conditions in the vicinity of the injection well, i.e. before any modification of the conditions. Since these conditions are variable depending on the reservoir, they require different methods of optimization: for example, when the formation water has a low salt content and when the available surfactant is preferably soluble in water, the balance between the hydrophile and lipophile tendencies of the surfactant, that is to say the reduction of its solubility in the injection water, is obtained by:
  • the second part of the slug is formed by an aqueous micellar solution of the anionic surfactant without auxiliary agents or containing small amounts of these auxiliary agents, depending on the conditions of application.
  • This solution reaches its maximum efficiency after a longer travel path in the porous medium, consequent on the ion exchanges which it causes with the rock.
  • the third part of the slug is also an aqueous micellar solution which contains, with or without anionic surfactant one or more auxiliary agents whose purpose is to reduce the retention of the sulfonate: it may be a non ionic or anionic surfactant and/or an alcohol with small molecular weight.
  • the auxiliary agents have low retention and thus maintain the properties of the solution at their optimum. In addition, they reduce the sensitivity of the micellar solution to the divalent ions. Finally, because of their ability to break up the emulsions and to desorb the surfactant molecules, they allow the retained anionic surfactant to be remobilized.
  • the fourth part of the slug is an aqueous fluid which may contain mobility control agents and/or auxiliary agents, in adequate concentrations, capable of reducing the retention of the anionic surfactant to the extent that they reinforce its solubility in the injection water.
  • composition of this slug must be conceived in a flexible way so as to take into account the different possible conditions of application.
  • the displacement slug may be formed by more than four zones.
  • the injection should begin directly by the second part of the slug (see, for example, test 2F). The optimization of this second part is then achieved by taking into account the nature of the anionic surfactant and the reservoir conditions.
  • the percentages are expressed in weight of active material.
  • the salinity of the water present in the formation and/or used for displacing the oil is expressed in sodium chloride equivalent. It is advantageous if this salinity does not exceed substantially 3% in the different zones of the slug.
  • the inventors of the present invention have obtained very satisfactory results with waters whose salinity was close to 1.5%.
  • the first part of the slug has a total anionic surfactant concentration of 1 to 10% in the injection water, 0 to 5% of which is a surfactant preferably soluble in oil, the rest being formed by an anionic surfactant preferably soluble in water.
  • the injection water contains from 0 to 5% of an alcohol with a high carbon number, such as ethyl-2-hexanol or fusel oil from 0 to 0.05 mole per liter of mono and/or divalent cation salts, such as Ca ++ and Mg ++ , from 0 to 0.2% of a hydrosoluble polymer and from 0 to 10% of hydrocarbons.
  • the size of this first part of the slug represents from 5 to 20% of the pore volume.
  • the second part of the slug is the injection water which contains from 1 to 10% of an anionic surfactant preferably soluble in water, from 0 to 2% of an auxiliary surfactant, from 0 to 5% of a low molecular weight alcohol, such as isopropyl alcohol, from 0 to 0.2% of a hydrosoluble polymer and from 0 to 10% of hydrcarbons.
  • the size of this second part of the slug represents 5 to 30% of the pore volume.
  • the third part of the slug is the injection water which contains from 0 to 5% of an anionic surfactant preferably soluble in water, from 0.1 to 5% of an auxiliary surfactant, from 0.5 to 10% of a low molecular weight alcohol, such as isopropyl alcohol, from 0 to 0.2% of a hydrosoluble polymer and from 0 to 10% of hydrocarbons.
  • the size of this third part of the slug represents from 5 to 30% of the pore volume.
  • the fourth part of the slug is the injection water which contains from 0 to 3% of an auxiliary surfactant, from 0 to 3% of a low molecular weight alcohol, such as isopropyl alcohol and from 0 to 0.2% of a hydrosoluble polymer.
  • the size of this fourth part of the slug represents from 5 to 50% of the pore volume.
  • the above described displacement slug is driven towards the production well by the injection water which contains from 0 to 0.2% of a hydrosoluble polymer.
  • FIGS. 1C and 2F corresponding to displacement tests carried out in accordance with the invention, show the residual oil saturation S HR expressed as a function of the pore volume V p and the retention A, in milligrams per gram of rock, of the anionic surfactant as a function of the length L(cm) of the porous medium.
  • the porous medium was first of all saturated with the formation water of the field whose total salinity was 0.46%. This water was then displaced by injecting the oil of the reservoir from which the gas had been removed (stock-tank oil) (at 20° C., specific gravity 0.809 g/l, viscosity 3.2 mPa.s). The irreducible water saturation is 0.37 ⁇ 0.01. Then the stock-tank oil was replaced by the oil saturated with the gas of the reservoir at 100 bar and 95° C. The gas/oil ratio was 54 m 3 /m 3 . Finally, displacement of the oil by the injection water, having 0.40% salt content, was carried out at a filtration rate of one meter per day. The residual oil saturation obtained was 0.34 ⁇ 0.01, i.e. an oil recovery of 46%.
  • Test 1a After injection of water, an aqueous solution representing 30% of the pore volume and formed by the injection water containing 3% of a petroleum sulfonate, of mahogany type and having an equivalent average molecular weight of 460, was injected, then pushed by a volume of injection water representing 100% of the pore volume.
  • the mean value of the residual oil saturation decreased from 0.34 to 0.23, i.e. a total oil recovery of 63%.
  • Test 1b After injection of water, an aqueous solution representing 30% of the pore volume and formed by the injection water containing 3% of petroleum sulfonate containing, in addition to mahogany type molecules, about 20% of di- and polysulfonated molecules (the equivalent average molecular weight of the mixture being in the range of 400), was injected then pushed by a volume of injection water representing 100% of the pore volume.
  • the mean value of the residual oil saturation decreased from 0.34 to 0.19, i.e. a total oil recovery of 70%.
  • Test 1c After injection of water, and in accordance with the method described in the invention, the following displacing fluids were injected successively:
  • This displacement slug was pushed by a volume of injection water representing 100% of the pore volume.
  • the mean value of the residual oil saturation decreased from 0.34 to 0.06, i.e. a total oil recovery of 90%.
  • the porous medium was removed from the steel tube by drilling, then split up into six sections in which the residual oil saturation S HR and the retention A of the sulfonate were determined.
  • FIG. 3 shows the elution of the Ca ++ and Fe +++ ions (concentrations expressed in parts per million) which accompany the sulfonate leaving the porous medium (concentration expressed in grams per liter), as well as the volume of oil recovered E R (expressed in % of the oil in place after secondary recovery) by the micellar solution injected in test 1c.
  • the porous medium was first of all saturated with the formation water of the oil field whose total salinity was 1%. This water was then displaced by injection of the stock-tank oil of the reservoir (at 20° C., specific gravity 0.825 g/l, viscosity 3.8 mPa.s). The irreducible water saturation was 0.37 ⁇ 0.01. Then the stock-tank oil was replaced by the oil containing the gas of the reservoir. The gas/oil ratio was 56 m 3 /m 3 . Finally, the displacement of the oil by the injection water with a salt content of 0.6% was carried out at a filtration rate of one meter per day. The residual oil saturation obtained was 0.25 ⁇ 0.01, i.e. an oil recovery of 60%.
  • test 2e After the injection of water followed by the injection of carbon dioxide two variants were tested, the first one according to the prior art (test 2e), the second according to the invention (test 2f):
  • Test b 2e An aqueous solution representing 45% of the pore volume formed by the injection water containing 2% of the petroleum sulfonate described in test 1b was injected, then pushed by a volume of injection water representing 100% of the pore volume.
  • the residual oil saturation decreased from 0.20 to 0.10, i.e. a total oil recovery of 84%.
  • Test 2f The following displacing fluids were injected successively, in accordance with the invention:
  • R is an aliphatic radical with 15 carbon atoms on average and m has the mean value of 15.
  • This displacement slug was driven by a volume of injection water repesenting 100% of the pore volume.
  • the residual oil saturation decreased from 0.20 to 0.03, i.e. a total oil recovery of 95%.
  • FIGS. 2E and 2F illustrate these distributions. It is apparent that the high recovery obtained by applying the method described in the invention (test 2f) is due to the fact that the residual oil saturation is reduced to a minimum over the whole length of the porous medium, whereas in test 2e the efficiency of the surfactant solution is limited to the first half of porous medium. It may also be concluded that in this latter test the largest amount of the sulfonate is retained in the porous medium.

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FR8401652A FR2559203B1 (fr) 1984-02-03 1984-02-03 Procede de recuperation assistee du petrole par injection d'une solution micellaire d'agents tensio-actifs presentant un gradient de solubilite dans l'eau

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US10577531B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2020-03-03 Flotek Chemistry, Llc Polymers and emulsions for use in oil and/or gas wells

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Cited By (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10577531B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2020-03-03 Flotek Chemistry, Llc Polymers and emulsions for use in oil and/or gas wells

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PL149300B1 (en) 1990-01-31
YU15485A (en) 1988-04-30
FR2559203B1 (fr) 1986-10-03
IN163929B (fr) 1988-12-10
CS269966B2 (en) 1990-05-14
YU45228B (en) 1992-05-28
FR2559203A1 (fr) 1985-08-09
HU204921B (en) 1992-02-28
HUT40220A (en) 1986-11-28
CA1314205C (fr) 1993-03-09
DD232085A5 (de) 1986-01-15
DE3503707A1 (de) 1985-08-08
PL251804A1 (en) 1985-11-05
CS75885A2 (en) 1989-10-13

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