US4512637A - Method and means for stepwise charge control of electrochromic layers - Google Patents

Method and means for stepwise charge control of electrochromic layers Download PDF

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US4512637A
US4512637A US06/436,173 US43617382A US4512637A US 4512637 A US4512637 A US 4512637A US 43617382 A US43617382 A US 43617382A US 4512637 A US4512637 A US 4512637A
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layer
charge
output
interval
state
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Horst Ballmer
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Carl Zeiss AG
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Carl Zeiss AG
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect
    • G02F1/163—Operation of electrochromic cells, e.g. electrodeposition cells; Circuit arrangements therefor

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  • the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for controlling the absorptance of an electrochromic layer.
  • Electrochromic layers become dark upon the application of a voltage or upon the feeding of charges, i.e., their absorptance increases (coloring). Upon the removal of charges, the layers again become transparent (decoloring).
  • two states of the electrochromic layer are sufficient.
  • intermediate values are advantageous or necessary. If identical charging and discharging times with identical charging and discharging currents, i.e., identical supply and removal of charges, are used for recycled charging and discharging between such intermediate values, then the layer will become brighter and brighter, since more charge is required for coloring of an electrochromic layer than can be removed for its decoloring.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a method and an arrangement for charging and discharging electrochromic layers, making it possible to additionally set intermediate values of absorptance, and with which acceptable reproducibility is obtained in spite of multiple changes between intermediate values, while also avoiding such accumulation of charge as could result in destruction of the layer.
  • the invention achieves this object by providing selective availability of desired absorptance among a plurality of predetermined steps (in the nature of a step wedge) of progressively increased absorptance, by assuring that smaller quantities of charge are removed for layer-decoloring processes than are supplied for corresponding layer-coloring processes, and by providing that the quantities of removed charge for decoloring from one step to another are slightly greater than the quantities of removed charge which are necessary to attain steps of exactly the same absorptance.
  • the invention is characterized by the fact that the coloring and decoloring processes are started and stopped by a comparator which compares a guide value with the value of a forward/backward (i.e. up/down) counter, and that during a coloring or a decoloring process charges are supplied to or removed from the electrochromic layer by one of two constant-current sources while counting pulses are delivered by a clock generator to a forward/backward counter, whereby the counted value characterizes the colored state of the layer.
  • a comparator which compares a guide value with the value of a forward/backward (i.e. up/down) counter, and that during a coloring or a decoloring process charges are supplied to or removed from the electrochromic layer by one of two constant-current sources while counting pulses are delivered by a clock generator to a forward/backward counter, whereby the counted value characterizes the colored state of the layer.
  • a first advantageous embodiment is characterized by the fact that the electrochromic layer is connected to two constant-current sources via which charges are supplied or removed; that switch inputs of the constant-current sources are connected to a comparator which is also connected to circuitry for predetermining a desired value and to a binary forward/backward counter; that the forward/backward counter is connected to a clock generator; and that, when the signals present at the comparator are unequal, charges are supplied to or removed from the layer via the constant-current sources, and counting pulses are fed by the clock generator to the forward/backward counter, the frequency of the clock generator being greater during the decoloring process than during the coloring process.
  • the clock frequency for decoloring is set slightly too low so that, for any given change of absorptance, the electrochromic layer is always decolored slightly more than it is colored. In this way, the layer can never receive too much charge (i.e., to the point of its destruction), even in the case of frequent change between intermediate steps.
  • the slightly excessive decoloring of the layer is effectively neutralized upon each adjustment to the completely decolored state, since no more than an existing charge can ever be removed from the layer.
  • the charging and charge-removing currents of the constant-current sources are adjusted to different levels and their timing is served by the same clock frequency, such that the unequal quantity of charge for coloring and decoloring is also compensated for.
  • charge-removing current is adjusted slightly too great so as definitely to avoid excessive charge accumulation and destruction of the layer, should there be frequent change between intermediate steps.
  • transistors as the sources of constant current, under control via their base resistors.
  • the maximum possible charge for coloring the layer is limited in all embodiments by the maximum possible binary combination of the guide value, while intermediate steps of progressive absorptance are represented by the available lesser binary combinations.
  • push keys are provided for selection of different guide values; actuation of the keys is operative to store the corresponding guide value in binary form in a coding and storage device.
  • actuation of the keys is operative to store the corresponding guide value in binary form in a coding and storage device.
  • signal output of a photodiode in front of the electrochromic layer is converted either by a comparator chain or by a plurality of operational amplifiers (connected as difference-voltage compensators, with hysteresis and logic components), into the same binary signals as if they had been preselected by push-key actuation.
  • Another advantageous feature of the invention resides in the use of a plurality of clock frequencies or charging currents for the coloring process. And increased reproducibility of intermediate-step values is realized by providing for initiation of a new coloring or decoloring process only when the system is at rest or when a defined state has been achieved during a coloring or decoloring process which is still taking place.
  • FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of an embodiment of the invention with push keys for entry of selected guide values
  • FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram to provide automatic production of guide values through use of an optical sensor, the circuit of FIG. 2 being an alternative for the push-key components of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of a modification of FIG. 2 wherein a hysteresis distortion is used to convert the output of the optical sensor into digital signals;
  • FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram to provide availability of a plurality of clock frequencies for operation of the coloring process.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows an electrochromic layer 11 having one electrode 12 at zero potential and its other electrode 13 connected to constant-current sources 18 and 19.
  • the constant-current sources 18 and 19 consist of a PNP transistor 14 and an NPN transistor 15 whose respective emitters are connected to positive and negative poles of a voltage source and whose common junction point is connected to the electrochromic layer.
  • the transistors 14 and 15 are controlled via base resistors 16 and 17 the value of which determines and limits the charge current and charge-removal current for the layer, via the current amplification of the transistors alone.
  • PNP transistor 14 is conducting
  • NPN transistor 15 is conducting.
  • Charging and discharging currents for the electrochromic layer are connected and disconnected by operation of a comparator 3.
  • the latter digitally compares a guide value (present at its B-input side and stored in a network 4) with the instantaneous value from a forward/backward counter 2, the latter being presented at the A-input side of the comparator 3.
  • inputs B 0 and B 1 are fixed at .0., in which case, the guide value is limited to four binary combinations.
  • Comparator 3 is also connected via control lines to a generator 5 of clock signals forming the basis of layer-charge control.
  • the clock generator contains two generators 58 and 59, to produce different frequencies as determined by capacitors 51 and 54, resistors 52 and 55, and Schmitt-trigger NAND gates 53 and 56; the use of one or the other of these generators 58 and 59 is subject to control as a function of the direction of coloring. For a coloring process, the clock with the lower frequency is connected, and for a decoloring process, the clock with the higher frequency is connected.
  • the counter 57 merely downwardly divides clock frequency.
  • comparator 3 notes that the guide value at the output of network 4 is greater than the instantaneous counter reading in the forward/backward counter 2, the output "A ⁇ B" is activated; in this first circumstance, the end stage (18) is switched on for coloring, the lower-frequency generator 59 is connected, and the forward/backward counter 2 is connected in its forward (up-counting) direction via an input 23.
  • the push-key circuit 6 which is shown to comprise four
  • the selected guide value is thus stored, it is sufficient merely to briefly depress a given one of the keys 61 to 64 in order to impart a desired state. The desired state of color is then obtained, regardless of how long the same key is kept depressed.
  • the push-key control means 6 is replaced by the circuit of FIG. 2, to produce brightness-controlled guide values from the output of an optical sensor, connected via discrete level-determining outputs 0'-1'-2'-3', to the encoding and storage network 4 of FIG. 1.
  • shunting current of a photodiode 70 (which has a strictly linear relationship to illumination intensity) is amplified by an operational amplifier 71 and supplied to a comparator chain 72 whose non-inverting inputs are tied to spaced points of a voltage-dividing resistance network 73.
  • one or more of the outputs of comparators 74 to 76 is in its digital "L" state, and exclusive-OR gates 77 to 79 convert the involved digital signal into a form which can be used by the encoding and storage network 4 (FIG. 1); specifically, in every case, a given one of signal lines 0'-1'-2'-3' activated to its "H" state represents a given degree of illumination.
  • the outputs of the brightness-controlled circuit of FIG. 2 therefore act in the same manner as push-keys 61 to 64 in FIG. 1; and it will be understood that in FIG. 2, comparator thresholds can be shifted via a potentiometer 80 to adjust the absorption steps to lie at different levels.
  • the described A/D-conversion comparator chain has the advantage of avoiding the relatively severe battery load which characterizes the otherwise-conventional A/D converters, because the low electrical-current requirements of the A/D-conversion comparator chain are much smaller than the current requirements of a conventional A/D converter.
  • FIG. 3 shows a particularly advantageous further development of the circuit of FIG. 2, in that the latter can be subject to a disadvantage.
  • the signal from sensor 70 and amplified at 71 happens to have the value of a switch step, then a succession of unnecessary control processes may be initiated by slight value variations.
  • the circuit of FIG. 3 is operative to prevent such an occurrence, by introducing switching-hysteresis in the response of the comparators of the A/D converter.
  • the voltage divider 73 of FIG. 2 is dispensed with, and each comparator is provided with its own voltage divider.
  • the associated voltage divider is defined by resistors 91 and 93.
  • the magnitude of the switch threshold U is given by ##EQU1## and the width of the hysteresis ⁇ U is given by ##EQU2##
  • a flank-differentiating network in the form of a NOR gate 82 and an uneven number of inverters 83 for differentiation of the negative flank and an uneven number of inverter and delay elements 84 (for inverting and delaying the output signal of the clock generator 5) are arranged in the connection to clock generator 5. Such delay is necessary so that release for a new guide value will occur only when the new value is actually present at the output of the forward/backward counter 2.
  • the switch points may also be derived from one of the outputs or from a logic device serving several outputs of the forward/backward counter 2, and this is particularly advantageous when a new guide value is not to be permitted for each change in binary combination.
  • FIG. 4 shows another advantageous development of the invention in which, in contrast to FIG. 1, means 5' includes three generators of different clock frequencies for use in coloring-process control. Provision of plural generators enables accommodation of a non-linear property of electrochromic layers, namely, that in the coloring process, the change in absorptance does not increase proportionally to the supplied charge but becomes less as the layer becomes increasingly colored. (On the other hand, in the decoloring process there is a linearity between the charge removed and the change in absorptance.)
  • the three different generators for the coloring process are designated 59, 88 and 89; their individual constructions correspond precisely to what has been described in connection with clock generator 59 in FIG. 1.
  • the selection of which individual clock generator is to be active during the coloring process is effected via the binary combination of the two highest-order outputs of the forward/backward counter 2.
  • the interrelation of signals necessary for this is effected at NOR gates 85 to 87, together with interrelation of the "A ⁇ B" output of comparator 3. If, for example, the electrochromic layer is completely decolored and comparator 3 contains a guide value for coloring, then the "A ⁇ B" output of the comparator is at "H” and thus the corresponding inputs of NOR gates 85 to 87 are at "L".
  • the described method and arrangement can be used to particular advantage, for example, in sunglasses.
  • Known sunglasses with variable absorptance through use of phototropic lenses have the disadvantage that changes in absorptance take place too slowly and that they operate inadequately behind the windshield of an automobile.
  • Electrochromic layers do not have these disadvantages.
  • the described circuitry enables an electrochromic layer on each lens to be either manually set (via push-keys) for a selected one of four different absorptances, or automatically via a brightness control. Of course, a greater or lesser number of absorptances is also possible. It it also advantageous to develop the push-keys as so-called contact sensors.
  • the described arrangements are particularly advantageous in optically finished prescription glasses, which can thereby be used both as ordinary eyeglasses and as sunglasses. It is furthermore possible to color the eyeglass lenses, by different electrodecontacting techniques, more strongly in the upper region than in the lower region and thus to obtain the effect of so-called automobile drivers sunglasses, wherein the instrument panel is viewed through the less colored part.
  • Optical instruments provide another field of use particularly when a ray path is to be temporarily weakened.
  • a flat plate of glass having an electrochromic layer is arranged at a suitable point in the ray path of the microscope, and its absorptance is changed by one of the described arrangements.
  • keys 61 to 64 can be mechanically actuated by direct coupling to the magnification changer or to the lens turret.
  • automatic control with an optical sensor as described in connection with FIGS. 2 and 3 is particularly advantageous.
  • the electrochromic layer can also be applied to an optical part which is already part of the apparatus.
  • a further field of use stems from optical arrangements in which a required difference in reflectivity is replaced by a difference in absorptivity.
  • One example of this consists of dimmable automobile rearview mirrors.
  • Known devices consist of a plate of glass and a mirror therebehind, the latter being swung away when incident light is too great.
  • This solution has disadvantages: the mirror must be swung away by hand, which is possible with little mechanical expense only in the case of inside mirrors. Automation or remote-actuation is possible only at relatively high expense.
  • a change or changes in reflectivity can also be obtained by a (fixed) glass plate which is mirror-finished on its rear surface and which has an applied electrochromic layer on its front surface.
  • the arrangement described in connection with FIG. 1 enables one to obtain different dimming effects through selective key actuation, a feature which is particularly advantageous in the case of outside mirrors; and there is also the general advantage that the keys can be located entirely independently of the mirror.
  • the dimming or brightening action is automatically effected, so that the driver is freed from the need of performing any mirror-control function.
US06/436,173 1981-10-29 1982-10-22 Method and means for stepwise charge control of electrochromic layers Expired - Fee Related US4512637A (en)

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DE3142906 1981-10-29
DE19813142906 DE3142906A1 (de) 1981-10-29 1981-10-29 Stufenweise ladungssteuerung fuer elektrochrome schichten

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JP (1) JPS5883821A (de)
AT (1) ATE21288T1 (de)
DE (2) DE3142906A1 (de)

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Cited By (240)

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US4712879A (en) * 1986-04-02 1987-12-15 Donnelly Corporation Electrochromic mirror
US4793690A (en) * 1986-07-18 1988-12-27 Donnelly Corporation Rearview mirror control circuit
US4896030A (en) * 1987-02-27 1990-01-23 Ichikoh Industries Limited Light-reflectivity controller for use with automotive rearview mirror using electrochromic element
US4799768A (en) * 1987-04-27 1989-01-24 Donnelly Corporation Automatic rearview mirror with filtered light sensors
US5049868A (en) * 1989-09-19 1991-09-17 Rockwell International Corporation Electrochromic display dot drive matrix
US5148014A (en) * 1990-08-10 1992-09-15 Donnelly Corporation Mirror system with remotely actuated continuously variable reflectant mirrors
US5122647A (en) * 1990-08-10 1992-06-16 Donnelly Corporation Vehicular mirror system with remotely actuated continuously variable reflectance mirrors
US5446576A (en) * 1990-11-26 1995-08-29 Donnelly Corporation Electrochromic mirror for vehicles with illumination and heating control
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EP0078473A1 (de) 1983-05-11
EP0078473B1 (de) 1986-08-06
ATE21288T1 (de) 1986-08-15
JPS5883821A (ja) 1983-05-19
DE3142906A1 (de) 1983-05-11
DE3272467D1 (en) 1986-09-11

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