US4511493A - Ternary intercalation compound of a graphite with a metal fluoride and fluorine, a process for producing the same, and an electrically conductive material comprising the ternary intercalation compound - Google Patents

Ternary intercalation compound of a graphite with a metal fluoride and fluorine, a process for producing the same, and an electrically conductive material comprising the ternary intercalation compound Download PDF

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US4511493A
US4511493A US06/530,239 US53023983A US4511493A US 4511493 A US4511493 A US 4511493A US 53023983 A US53023983 A US 53023983A US 4511493 A US4511493 A US 4511493A
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graphite
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ternary
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Nobuatsu Watanabe
Tsuyoshi Nakajima
Masayuki Kawaguchi
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WATANABE A NATIONAL OF JAPAN
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/04—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of carbon-silicon compounds, carbon or silicon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
    • B01J27/06—Halogens; Compounds thereof
    • B01J27/08—Halides
    • B01J27/12—Fluorides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/20—Graphite
    • C01B32/21—After-treatment
    • C01B32/22—Intercalation

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  • This invention relates to a novel graphite intercalation compound. More particularly, the present invention is concerned with a ternary intercalation compound of a graphite with a metal fluoride and fluorine which is not only stable to humidity or moisture but also exhibits an excellent electrical conductivity. The present invention is also concerned with a process for producing a ternary intercalation compound of a graphite with a metal fluoride and fluorine. The present invention is further concerned with an electrically conductive material comprising the ternary intercalation compound of a graphite with a metal fluoride and fluorine.
  • ternary intercalation compound of a graphite with a metal fluoride and fluorine which is represented by the formula C x F(MF z ) y (wherein M is a metal selected from the group consisting of Pb, transition elements, alkaline earth metals exclusive of Mg and metals in group IIIA of the periodic table exclusive of Al) (hereinafter often referred to simply as "ternary graphite intercalation compound"), can be obtained in a yield of 100% relative to the graphite material employed.
  • the ternary graphite intercalation compound thus obtained is excellent not only in stability to humidity or moisture but also in electrical conductivity.
  • the electrical conductivity of the present ternary graphite intercalation compound is very high as compared with that of the raw graphite material employed.
  • the present invention has been made based on such novel findings.
  • FIG. 1 shows an X-ray diffraction pattern of C 7 F(CuF 2 ) 0 .02 which is one form of the ternary graphite intercalation compounds according to the present invention
  • FIG. 2 shows DTA (differential thermal analysis) curves of C 5 .4 F(CuF 2 ) 0 .02, C 7 F(CuF 2 ) 0 .02 and C 2 .35 F(CuF 2 ) 0 .006 which are three forms of the ternary graphite intercalation compounds according to the present invention;
  • FIG. 3 shows ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis) spectra of C 5 .4 F(CuF 2 ) 0 .02, C 7 F(CuF 2 ) 0 .02 and C 2 .35 F(CuF 2 ) 0 .006, shown in comparison with those of a graphite fluoride;
  • FIG. 4 shows X-ray diffraction patterns of C 13 F(CoF 3 ) 0 .05 and C 9 .9 F(NiF 2 ) 0 .03 which are further forms of the ternary graphite intercalation compounds according to the present invention
  • FIG. 5 shows an X-ray diffraction pattern of C 26 F(FeF 3 ) 0 .02 which is a still further form of the ternary graphite intercalation compounds according to the present invention
  • FIG. 6 shows an X-ray diffraction pattern of C 14 F(PbF 4 ) 0 .03 which is a still further form of the ternary graphite intercalation compounds according to the present invention
  • FIG. 7 shows an X-ray diffraction pattern of C 9 .3 F(ZrF 4 ) 0 .05 which is a still further form of the ternary graphite intercalation compounds according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 shows an X-ray diffraction pattern of C 11 F(CeF 4 ) 0 .01 which is a still further form of the ternary graphite intercalation compounds according to the present invention.
  • a ternary intercalation compound of a graphite with a metal fluoride and fluorine represented by the formula
  • M is a metal selected from the group consisting of Pb, transition elements, alkaline earth metals exclusive of Mg and metals in group IIIA of the periodic table exclusive of Al; x is about 1 to about 100; y is about 0.0001 to about 0.15; and z is valence of M).
  • the ternary graphite intercalation compound represented by the formula C x F(MF z ) y wherein M, x, y and z are as defined above can be produced by reacting a graphite material with a metal fluoride selected from the group consisting of fluorides of Pb, transition elements, alkaline earth metals exclusive of Mg and metals in group IIIA of the periodic table exclusive of Al in an atmosphere of fluorine gas at a temperature of 0° C. to 400° C. for at least a period of time to effect a weight increase in the graphite.
  • a metal fluoride selected from the group consisting of fluorides of Pb, transition elements, alkaline earth metals exclusive of Mg and metals in group IIIA of the periodic table exclusive of Al in an atmosphere of fluorine gas at a temperature of 0° C. to 400° C. for at least a period of time to effect a weight increase in the graphite.
  • the metal represented by M is Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, lanthanides, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Ac, actinides, Be, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, Ga, In, Tl or Pb, preferably, one of which the fluoride has a boiling point of about 400° C. or more or one of which the fluoride has a sublimation point of about 400° C. or more. Specific examples of the metal which is represented by M and of which the fluoride has a boiling point of about 400° C.
  • x is about 1 to about 100 and y is about 0.0001 to about 0.15.
  • the ternary graphite intercalation compounds of the formula C x F(MF z ) y include 1st stage, 2nd stage, 3rd stage, 4th stage, 5th stage, 6th stage, 7th stage and sometimes 8th or higher stage compounds and mixed stage compounds thereof.
  • the stage number of the ternary graphite intercalation compound can be determined by the measurement of the identity period (Ic) obtained by X-ray diffraction.
  • the stage number of the formed ternary graphite intercalation compound depends not only on the reaction temperature and time, but also on the crystallinity and thickness (c-axis direction) of a graphite material.
  • the values of x and y vary according to the stage number of the ternary graphite intercalation compounds.
  • the value of x ranges from about 1 to about 20 and the value of y ranges from about 0.002 to about 0.15.
  • the value of x ranges from about 5 to about 40 and the value of y ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.10.
  • the value of x ranges from about 20 to about 100 and the value of y ranges from about 0.0001 to about 0.01.
  • the values of x and y vary, within the above-mentioned range of each case, not only depending on the reaction temperature and time, but also depending on the crystallinity and c-axial thickness of a graphite material.
  • the graphite material to be used for the production of a ternary graphite intercalation compound according to the present invention may be any of a natural graphite and an artificial graphite which can be obtained by subjecting petroleum coke or the like to heat treatment.
  • the size of the graphite material is not critical. There may be employed a flaky (generally, about 10 to about 80 mesh, Tyler) or powdery graphite (generally, not less than about 80 to about 400 mesh, Tyler).
  • Block-shaped graphites having different graphitization degrees are obtained according to the heat-treatment temperature.
  • the heat treatment is effected at about 2,400° C.
  • there is obtained a pyrolytic carbon there is obtained a pyrolytic carbon.
  • the heat treatment is effected at about 2,600° C. to 3,000° C., there is obtained a pyrolytic graphite having a high crystallinity as compared with that of a pyrolytic carbon.
  • a ternary graphite intercalation compound of the formula C x F(MF z ) y (wherein M is a metal selected from the group consisting of Pb, transition elements, alkaline earth metals exclusive of Mg and metals in group IIIA of the periodic table exclusive of Al; x is about 1 to about 100; y is about 0.0001 to about 0.15; and z is valence of M) can be obtained by reacting a graphite material with a metal fluoride selected from the group consisting of fluorides of Pb, transition elements, alkaline earth metals exclusive of Mg and metals in group IIIA of the periodic table exclusive of Al in an atmosphere of fluorine gas at a temperature of 0° C. to 400° C.
  • the above-mentioned reaction may be performed in various ways, which are not limited to the following ways. For example, there may be employed a process in which a graphite material is contacted with a metal fluoride in an atmosphere of fluorine gas. In this case, the metal fluoride remaining unreacted is separated by means of a sieve or a pincette to obtain the desired ternary graphite intercalation compound. As another example of the ways to carry out the above-mentioned reaction there may be employed a process similar to the process which is known as "dual furnace process" [J. Phys, D 1, 291 (1968)].
  • a graphite material and a metal fluoride are placed apart from each other in a reactor and the graphite material is caused to react with the metal fluoride in an atmosphere of fluorine gas to obtain a desired ternary graphite intercalation compound.
  • This process is advantageous in that troublesome procedures to separate the resulting ternary graphite intercalation compounds from the metal fluoride remaining unreacted are not required.
  • a ternary graphite intercalation compound of the formula C x F(MF z ) y (wherein M is a metal selected from the group consisting of Pb, transition elements, alkaline earth metals exclusive of Mg and metals in group IIIA of the periodic table exclusive of Al; x is about 1 to about 100; y is about 0.0001 to about 0.15; and z is valence of M) by reacting a graphite material with a metal fluoride in an atmosphere of fluorine gas at a temperature of 0° C. to 400° C. for at least a period of time to effect a weight increase in the, graphite.
  • M is a metal selected from the group consisting of Pb, transition elements, alkaline earth metals exclusive of Mg and metals in group IIIA of the periodic table exclusive of Al
  • x is about 1 to about 100
  • y is about 0.0001 to about 0.15
  • z is valence of M
  • the fluorine gas pressure is not critical, but may usually be 0.1 to 10 atm.
  • the reaction temperature is 0° to 400° C., preferably 0° to 300° C.
  • the reaction time to obtain the composition of the formula C x F(MF z ) y having desired values of x and y depends on the crystallinity and c-axial thickness of a graphite material and the reaction temperature. But, the reaction time generally is 30 minutes to 10 days and more usually 1 hour to 7 days.
  • the weight amount ratio of a graphite material to a metal fluoride depends on the desired stage number of the ternary graphite intercalation compound, but generally 1:0.01 to 1:100.
  • the product tends to be of the 2nd stage or higher stage rather than of the 1st stage.
  • the reaction system After completion of the reaction, if the temperature of the reaction system has been elevated to a temperature higher than room temperature, the reaction system is cooled to room temperature to obtain the desired ternary graphite intercalation compound of the formula C x F(MF z ) y .
  • the identity periods (Ic) of C x F(MF z ) y are about 9.3 to 9.4 ⁇ , about 12.7 to 12.8 ⁇ , about 16.0 to 16.1 ⁇ , about 19.4 to 19.5 ⁇ , about 22.7 to 22.8 ⁇ , about 26.1 to 26.2 ⁇ , about 29.4 to 29.5 ⁇ and about 32.8 to 32.9 ⁇ for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th stage compounds, respectively.
  • the identity periods (Ic) of C x F(MF z ) y are about 9.4 to 9.7 ⁇ , about 12.8 to 13.1 ⁇ , about 16.1 to 16.4 ⁇ , about 19.5 to 19.8 ⁇ , about 22.9 to 23.2 ⁇ , about 26.3 to 26.6 ⁇ , about 29.6 to 29.9 ⁇ and about 33.0 to 33.3 ⁇ for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th stage compounds, respectively.
  • the identity periods (Ic) of C x F(MF z ) y are about 9.3 to 9.7 ⁇ , about 12.7 to 13.1 ⁇ , about 16.0 to 16.4 ⁇ , about 19.4 to 19.8 ⁇ , about 22.8 to 23.2 ⁇ , about 26.2 to 26.6 ⁇ , about 29.5 to 29.9 ⁇ and 32.9 to 33.3 ⁇ for the 1 st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th stage compounds, respectively.
  • the identity periods (Ic) of C x F(MF z ) y are about 9.4 to 9.8 ⁇ , about 12.8 to 13.2 ⁇ , about 16.1 to 16.5 ⁇ , about 19.5 to 19.9 ⁇ , about 22.9 to 23.3 ⁇ , about 26.3 to 26.7 ⁇ , about 29.6 to 30.0 ⁇ and about 33.0 to 33.4 ⁇ for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th stage compounds, respectively.
  • the identity periods (Ic) of C x F(MF z ) y are about 9.5 to 9.9 ⁇ , about 12.9 to 13.3 ⁇ , about 16.2 to 16.6 ⁇ , about 19.6 to 20.0 ⁇ , about 23.0 to 23.4 ⁇ , about 26.4 to 26.8 ⁇ , about 29.7 to 30.1 ⁇ and about 33.1 to 33.5 ⁇ for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th stage compounds, respectively.
  • the identity periods (Ic) of C x F(MF z ) y for each of the 1st stage, 2nd stage, 3rd stage, 4th stage, 5th stage, 6th stage, 7th stage and 8th stage compounds slightly vary depending on the kind of the metal M in the formula C x F(MF z ) y .
  • the ternary graphite intercalation compounds of the present invention are stable to humidity or moisture.
  • C x F(CuF 2 ) y even after exposure to air for several weeks or immersion in water overnight, any changes are hardly observed in the X-ray diffraction patterns.
  • the carbon contents of the ternary graphite intercalation compounds were determined using Yanagimoto High Speed CHN coder MT-2 (an apparatus manufactured and sold by Yanagimoto Seisakusho, Japan).
  • the fluorine contents of the ternary graphite intercalation compounds were determined by the oxygen flask combustion method.
  • the amount of fluorine attributed to copper fluoride in the ternary graphite intercalation compound cannot be sufficiently detected by the oxygen flask combustion method because of poor solubility of copper fluoride in water.
  • the fluorine contents of the ternary graphite intercalation compounds containing Cu are obtained by means of a correction factor which has been obtained by carrying out an experiment in which a standard copper fluoride sample is analyzed by the oxygen flask combustion method and the found value of fluorine content and the calculated value of fluorine content are compared.
  • a correction factor which has been obtained by carrying out an experiment in which a standard copper fluoride sample is analyzed by the oxygen flask combustion method and the found value of fluorine content and the calculated value of fluorine content are compared.
  • the elementary analysis of the ternary graphite intercalation compounds containing metal fluorides of which the solubility in water is high such correction is not needed, but with respect to the elementary analysis of the ternary graphite intercalation compounds containing metal fluorides of which the solubility in water is low, such correction is made. Whether or not such correction is needed is actually determined by comparing the corrected value of the fluorine content with the non-corrected value of the fluor
  • FIG. 1 there is shown an X-ray diffraction pattern (Cu-K.sub. ⁇ ) of C 7 F(CuF 2 ) 0 .02.
  • the identity period (Ic) of the ternary graphite intercalation compound shown in FIG. 1 is calculated from the (00 l) diffraction lines to give 9.42 ⁇ .
  • FIG. 2 there are shown DTA curves (as measured in air, with a heating rate of 20° C./min) of C 5 .4 F(CuF 2 ) 0 .02, C 7 F(CuF 2 ) 0 .02 and C 2 .35 F(CuF 2 ) 0 .006.
  • Curve A in FIG. 2 was obtained when about 6 mg of C 5 .4 F(CuF 2 ) 0 .02 was used as a sample. In this case, the amount of the sample was so large that the DTA curve was over the scale of the recording paper at about 800° C.
  • ESCA is one of the most useful means to give valuable information concerning a chemical bond between the host graphite and the intercalant.
  • FIG. 3 there are shown ESCA spectra of C 5 .4 F(CuF 2 ) 0 .02, C 7 F(CuF 2 ) 0 .02 and C 2 .35 F(CuF 2 ) 0 .006, shown in comparison with that of a graphite fluoride composed of 59% by weight of (C 2 F) n and 41% by weight of (CF) n .
  • a (C 2 F) n type graphite fluoride has two carbon ls peaks at 289.0 eV and 287.0 eV as compared with contamination carbon ls peak located at 284.0 eV.
  • the C ls peak at 289.0 eV is attributed to C-F bonds and that appearing at 287.0 eV is attributed to C-C bonds adjacent to C-F bonds. Since a (CF) n type graphite fluoride has only C-F covalent bonds, the ESCA spectrum has only one C ls peak at 289.0 eV. With respect to the C ls spectrum of C 5 .4 F(CuF 2 ) 0 .02, a large peak at 284.0 eV attributed to C-C covalent bonds and a broad shoulder are observed. The shoulder suggests the presence of carbon atoms weakly interacting with fluorine atoms.
  • the half value widths of the peaks of C 7 F(CuF 2 ) 0 .02 and C 2 .35 F(CuF 2 ) 0 .006 are smaller than that of C 5 .4 F(CuF 2 ) 0 .02.
  • FIGS. 4 to 8 there are shown X-ray diffraction patterns (Cu-K.sub. ⁇ ) of C 13 F(CoF 3 ) 0 .05, C 9 .9 F(NiF 2 ) 0 .03, C 26 F(FeF 3 ) 0 .02, C 14 F(PbF 4 ) 0 .03, C 9 .3 F(ZrF 4 ) 0 .05 and C 11 F(CeF 4 ) 0 .01.
  • C 13 F(CoF 3 ) 0 .05, C 9 .9 F(NiF 2 ) 0 .03, C 9 ,3 F(ZrF 4 ) 0 .05 and C 11 F(CeF 4 ) 0 .01 are 1st stage compounds.
  • C 26 F(FeF 3 ) 0 .02 is a mixed stage compounds of a 2nd stage compound and a 3rd stage compound.
  • C 14 F(PbF 4 ) 0 .03 is a mixed stage compound of a 1st stage compound and a 2nd stage compound.
  • *1 means a mixed diffraction line attributed to the 001 diffraction line of a 2nd stage compound and the 001 diffraction line of a 3rd stage compound
  • *2 means a mixed diffraction line attributed to the 003 diffraction line of a 2nd stage compound and the 004 diffraction line of a 3rd stage compound
  • *3 means a mixed diffraction line attributed to the 004 diffraction line of a 2nd stage compound and the 005 diffraction line of a 3rd stage compound
  • *4 means a mixed diffraction line attributed to the 007 diffraction line of a 2nd stage compound and the 009 diffraction line of a 3rd stage compound
  • *5 means a mixed diffraction line attributed to the 008 diffraction line of a 2nd stage compound and the 0010 diffraction line of a 3rd stage compound.
  • *6 means a
  • gaseous species is then intercalated into graphite. Since these chemical equilibriums move to the left with elevation in temperature, gaseous complexes will be decomposed at high temperatures.
  • the conductivity of each of C 14 F(CuF 2 ) 0 .04 and C 9 .5 F(FeF 3 ) 0 .04 is higher than that of the original pyrolytic graphite by one digit.
  • the ternary graphite intercalation compound according to the present invention has a high electrical conductivity as compared with a graphite material.
  • the ternary graphite intercalation compound according to the present invention can be sheathed by a copper foil or incorporated into an epoxy resin so that it can be used as an electrically conductive material.
  • the ternary graphite interclation compound according to the present invention is useful not only as an electrically conductive material but also as a catalyst for various organic reactions.
  • the fluorinating apparatus was cooled to room temperature and kept at room temperature.
  • the total of the cooling time and the period of time for which the apparatus was kept at room temperature was 12 hours.
  • the fluorine gas in the apparatus was replaced by nitrogen gas to obtain a slightly bluish black ternary graphite intercalation compound of the formula C 5 F(CuF 2 ) 0 .04.

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US06/530,239 1983-03-09 1983-09-08 Ternary intercalation compound of a graphite with a metal fluoride and fluorine, a process for producing the same, and an electrically conductive material comprising the ternary intercalation compound Expired - Fee Related US4511493A (en)

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US4634546A (en) * 1985-07-19 1987-01-06 Celanese Corporation Process for the intercalation of graphitic carbon employing fully halogenated hydrocarbons
US4931213A (en) * 1987-01-23 1990-06-05 Cass Richard B Electrically-conductive titanium suboxides
US4952969A (en) * 1987-11-11 1990-08-28 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Method for forming a color image and image forming apparatus therefor
EP0772088A1 (en) 1991-03-05 1997-05-07 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Heat-developable diffusion transfer color photographic material
CN102530910A (zh) * 2010-12-22 2012-07-04 海洋王照明科技股份有限公司 氟化石墨烯的制备方法
CN102530911A (zh) * 2010-12-22 2012-07-04 海洋王照明科技股份有限公司 氟化石墨烯的制备方法
CN105706179A (zh) * 2014-01-09 2016-06-22 波音公司 电导体和形成其的方法

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US4642201A (en) * 1985-08-27 1987-02-10 Intercal Company Compositions for improving the stability of intercalated graphite structural members
JPS6287407A (ja) * 1985-10-12 1987-04-21 Res Dev Corp Of Japan フイルム状グラフアイト層間化合物及びその製造方法
JP2611250B2 (ja) * 1987-08-21 1997-05-21 三菱化学株式会社 フッ化バナジウムーグラファイト層間化合物
JP2505913B2 (ja) * 1990-06-29 1996-06-12 矢崎総業株式会社 フッ素化黒鉛繊維およびその製造方法
JPH04126824A (ja) * 1990-09-12 1992-04-27 Mitsubishi Corp フッ素化黒鉛繊維、その製造法、並びに電池用活物質および導電性固体潤滑材
JPH04171605A (ja) * 1990-11-02 1992-06-18 Alps Electric Co Ltd 導電性ペースト
FR2748014B1 (fr) * 1996-04-26 1998-07-17 Centre Nat Rech Scient Nouveaux carbones fluores, leur procede de preparation et leur utilisation comme materiau d'electrode

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US4634546A (en) * 1985-07-19 1987-01-06 Celanese Corporation Process for the intercalation of graphitic carbon employing fully halogenated hydrocarbons
US4931213A (en) * 1987-01-23 1990-06-05 Cass Richard B Electrically-conductive titanium suboxides
US5582773A (en) * 1987-01-23 1996-12-10 Cass; Richard B. Electrically-conductive titanium suboxides
US5585041A (en) * 1987-01-23 1996-12-17 Cass; Richard B. Electrically-conductive titanium suboxides
US4952969A (en) * 1987-11-11 1990-08-28 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Method for forming a color image and image forming apparatus therefor
EP0772088A1 (en) 1991-03-05 1997-05-07 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Heat-developable diffusion transfer color photographic material
CN102530910A (zh) * 2010-12-22 2012-07-04 海洋王照明科技股份有限公司 氟化石墨烯的制备方法
CN102530911A (zh) * 2010-12-22 2012-07-04 海洋王照明科技股份有限公司 氟化石墨烯的制备方法
CN102530911B (zh) * 2010-12-22 2014-05-21 海洋王照明科技股份有限公司 氟化石墨烯的制备方法
CN102530910B (zh) * 2010-12-22 2014-07-23 海洋王照明科技股份有限公司 氟化石墨烯的制备方法
CN105706179A (zh) * 2014-01-09 2016-06-22 波音公司 电导体和形成其的方法
CN105706179B (zh) * 2014-01-09 2017-12-19 波音公司 电导体和形成其的方法

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JPH0413289B2 (ko) 1992-03-09
GB2137605B (en) 1986-10-29
GB2137605A (en) 1984-10-10
FR2542496A1 (fr) 1984-09-14
GB8322421D0 (en) 1983-09-21
FR2542496B1 (fr) 1988-07-01
JPS59164603A (ja) 1984-09-17
DE3330695C2 (ko) 1988-12-29

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