US4163150A - Process and apparatus for automatically realizing Kohler's principle of illumination - Google Patents

Process and apparatus for automatically realizing Kohler's principle of illumination Download PDF

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Publication number
US4163150A
US4163150A US05/837,402 US83740277A US4163150A US 4163150 A US4163150 A US 4163150A US 83740277 A US83740277 A US 83740277A US 4163150 A US4163150 A US 4163150A
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illumination
plane
microscope
diaphragm
sensing
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US05/837,402
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English (en)
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Hans-Werner Stankewitz
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Ernst Leitz Wetzlar GmbH
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Ernst Leitz Wetzlar GmbH
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B21/00—Microscopes
    • G02B21/06—Means for illuminating specimens
    • G02B21/08—Condensers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a process and apparatus for automatically taking advantage of Kohler's Principle of Illumination in microscopes having a variable magnification system as well as an illumination system.
  • the aperture and correction of the imaging optics determine the power of resolution as well as the contrast.
  • the highest resolution and best contrast are obtainable only by using an optimally adapted and correctly adjusted illumination system.
  • illumination of the object is required which completely and uniformly illuminates the field of vision covered by the objective used with an aperture still acceptable by the objective, i.e., an aperture resulting in an optimum ratio between resolution and contrast.
  • collectors and condensers are designed for the largest possible field of vision and the largest possible aperture. Nevertheless, because the field of vision to be illuminated and the aperture required vary with each change of the objective, the illumination must be correspondingly adapted by means of diaphragms arranged in the planes of the field of view and the aperture so as to avoid, for example, a reduction in image contrast through over-illumination. Such an arrangement is disadvantageous, since in most cases the total potential optical conductance of the illumination system cannot be fully utilized.
  • German Auslegeschrift No. 2,219,521 discloses an adjustment drive which connects the adjustable illumination system with the objective changing device.
  • the drive is controlled by scanning elements arranged on the objective changing device and/or on the objectives themselves.
  • photoelectric sensors placed in the viewable field of vision, also known as "the viewable portion of the viewing plane” and in other planes conjugated thereto for sensing the extent of illumination.
  • the photoelectric sensors emit signals which are converted into instructions for automatically adjusting diaphragms located in the aperture and variable luminous field and the focal length of an illumination pancratics as well when used in a microscope.
  • the sensors are movably supported so that their position may be changed depending on the magnification and objective used.
  • yet another object of the invention is to make it possible to realize Kohler's Principle of Illumination in a simple manner in microscopes without requiring any adjustment by the operator. This eliminates a multitude of sources of error. In addition, besides the not insubstantial savings in time, the process yields the absolute reproducibility of illumination once set. This places the user in a position where he can concentrate completely on the observation of the object, without having to occupy himself with more than a minimum of technical requirements.
  • the objects are attained in accordance with the invention by measuring the existing image brightness in at least the diaphragm plane of the luminous field (field of view) or in at least one plane conjugated thereto with a sensing means which generates photoelectric signals which in turn adapts the illumination to the field of vision for the magnification selected.
  • the signals themselves are converted into control signals for controlling the diaphragms by means of conventional devices such as a bridge circuit known per se from the balancing of which the signals controlling the diaphragms are derivable.
  • the control signals emitted by the converter mechanism the illumination beam is altered in the diaphragm plane of the luminous field (field of view) as well as the aperture.
  • the process of the invention entails converting the signal obtained from the sensing means into control signals which are used to vary the focal length of the illumination system or to at least limit the illumination beam itself, in a continuous manner. These adjustments may take place continuously in either or both of the aperture and the luminous field diaphragm planes.
  • the microscope is provided with means for generating photoelectric signals depending on the brightness of the image in the luminous field-and aperture diaphragm planes or in planes conjugated thereto.
  • the invention comprises an arrangement for the process described above in which a photoelectric receiver system is provided at least in the luminous field diaphragm plane or in a plane conjugated thereto for generating output signals proportional to the image brightness existing in each of these planes.
  • the signals are then converted by a converter stage connected in series with the photoelectric receiver system into control signals to via an adjusting device adapt the illumination to the field of vision of the magnification selected.
  • a variable diaphragm may be arranged both in the luminous field diaphragm plane or in conjugated planes and in the aperture to be controlled by the signals generated.
  • At least one photoelectric receiving system is provided in the luminous field diaphragm plane or in at least one plane conjugated thereto whose output signal is proportional to the image brightness existing in said planes.
  • the signal is then converted by a converter stage connected in series with the photoelectric receiver system into control signals which by means of adjustment devices, adjust the optical members arranged in the illumination system so as to vary the focal length of the system or at least one diaphragm each in of the luminous field diaphragm plane and the aperture diaphragm plane or planes conjugated with these planes.
  • the photoelectric receiver system producing the signals which control the diaphragm is at least partially arranged at the edge of the field of view or at the edge of a plane conjugated thereto.
  • conjugated plane is meant a plane distinctly connected to a primary plane as for instance in geometric-optically imaging object plane and image plane which are imaged into each other.
  • the invention it is possible to provide at least two photoelectric receiver systems, one of which is arranged at the edge and the other in the center of the luminous field diaphragm plane or one of which is arranged at the edge and the others in the center of a conjugated plane thereto.
  • the output signals of this system control a variable diaphragm either located in the luminous field diaphragm plane or in the aperture diaphragm plane.
  • the photoelectric receiver system controlling the luminous field diaphragm is located at the edge of the field of view-or luminous field diaphragm plane and the photoelectric receiver system controlling the aperture diaphragm is located in the aperture diaphragm plane or in a plane conjugated thereto.
  • the light sensitive surface of the photoelectric receiver system arranged in the objective pupil conjugated to the plane of the aperture diaphragm be larger than the surface of the objective pupil itself.
  • the photoelectric receiver system be arranged at the edge of the field of view or, as it is sometimes called, "the viewable portion of the viewing plane", in a movable manner so that it can be switched to different fields of view.
  • the diaphragms and focal length are adjusted to take full advantage of Kohler's Principle of Illumination for which an image of the light source of the illumination device is formed by its collector lens in the front focus of the device's condensor lens for causing parallel light fluxes to illuminate the object and for which the condenser lens is forming an image of the variable field of vision stop in the object plane.
  • the invention comprises a process for automatically adjusting the illumination system of a microscope having a variable magnification system.
  • the extensive illumination is measured in the viewable portion of the viewing plane or in a plane conjugated thereto with a sensing means which emits a measurement signal.
  • the measurement signal is converted into a control signal which is fed through an adjustment means which automatically adjusts the degree of illumination in accordance with Kohler's Principle in response to the magnification selected.
  • the microscope used may have a plurality of objectives for varying the magnification and as part of the invention, the degree of illumination is sensed at the edge of the movable portion of the viewing plane for each objective.
  • the sensing means may comprise photoelectric sensors of the conventional type.
  • the microscope comprises an aperture diaphragm and a luminous field diaphragm and the adjustment means adjusts both of the diaphragms in response to signals received from the converting means.
  • the microscope comprises an illumination means having an adjustable focal length. The focal length is varied by the adjustment means in response to control signals received from the converting means in accordance with Kohler's principle.
  • the apparatus of the invention comprises a variable magnification microscope having an illumination means for illuminating an object to be viewed, a sensing means for sensing the image brightness of the illumination provided by said illumination means and for emitting a signal corresponding to the brightness of illumination, and a converter means for converting the signals received from the sensing means so as to generate control signals for automatically adjusting the illumination in response to the magnification of the microscope in accordance with Kohler's principle.
  • FIG. 1 shows an arrangement according to the invention using a photoelectric receiver
  • FIG. 1a shows a detailed top view according to FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 2 shows an arrangement using two photoelectric receivers in a plane of the luminous field diaphragm (field of view);
  • FIG. 2a shows a top view of FIG. 2
  • FIG. 3 shows an arrangement according to FIG. 2, but with sensors in the luminous field and aperture diaphragm planes;
  • FIG. 3a shows a top view of the luminous field (field of view) in detail
  • FIG. 3b shows a plane conjugated with the aperture diaphragm plane
  • FIG. 4 shows an arrangement with an illuminating system having a variable focal length
  • FIG. 4a is a top view of FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates illumination in accordance with Kohler's Principle wherein a source of light 1 is reproduced by a collector 2 represented by a lens in an intermediate image plane 3 and imaged by way of a mirror 6 and an optical system 7 in a focal plane 3' of a condenser composed of lenses 4 and 5.
  • a variable diaphragm 8 arranged for adjusting the aperture is placed in the focal plane 3' of the condenser 4,5 or in the intermediate image plane 3.
  • the image projected by the collector 2 and the optical system 7 in the plane 3' of the source of light 1 is reproduced by the condenser 4,5 in the infinite so that the beam exiting from the condensor 4,5 consists of nearly parallel rays. These rays illuminate an object 10 placed on the plane 9 for the purposes of observation.
  • a variable luminous field diaphragm 12 is provided in a plane 11 which follows the collector 2 in the direction of the flow of light.
  • this diaphragm acts to adapt a luminous field in the object plane 9 to the viewable field of vision 11' which in turn depends on the objective 16 consisting of the lenses 13, 14, and 15 which represent a plane conjugated with the plane 11.
  • an image of the diaphragm 12 is reproduced for the condensor 4,5 in the object plane 9.
  • a photoelectric receiver 17 is located at the edge of the field of view or, as it is sometimes called, "the viewable portion of the viewing plane" 11', which is more clearly shown in the top view of FIG. 1a.
  • Light from the illumination in the field of view 11' falls on the photoelectric receiver 17 which in turn emits electric signals at its outlets proportional to the brightness of the light.
  • These signals are then transmitted to a converter stage 21 where the signals are converted to control signals.
  • the converter stage may comprise any conventional type of converter such as a bridge circuit from the balancing of which the signals controlling the diaphragms are derivable.
  • the control signals are then sent to manipulation means such as a servo motor 22 which regulates the aperture diaphragm 8 so that the aperture of the objective 16 is illuminated approximately two thirds.
  • another servo motor 23 serves to regulate the luminous field diaphragm so that the luminous field in the object coincides with the field of view.
  • the photoelectric receiver 17 is supported by the lever 18 which is rotatable in the direction of the dual arrow shown in FIG. 1a.
  • the lever may be rotated in case of a change in the occulars or the photoelectric setting of the measuring diaphragm by way of the gear 19, 20.
  • FIG. 2 shows a second embodiment which differs from the embodiment shown by FIG. 1 in that another photoelectric receiver sensor 24 is placed in the center of the field of view 11'.
  • the output signals from this sensor or receiver are proportional to the brightness in the field of view and serve exclusively to control the aperture diaphragm 8 by way of the servo motor 22 after the signals have been converted in the converter stage 21.
  • the output signals of the receiver 17 serve, on the other hand, to control only the opening of the illuminous field diaphragm.
  • the magnitude of the aperture diaphragm 8 is controlled by the output signals of a photoelectric receiver 25 (FIG. 3b).
  • the signals emitted by the photoelectric receiver 25 are not based on the brightness in the center of the field of view 11' (FIG. 3a), but rather on the brightness at the pupil 3" in a plane conjugated with the aperture diaphragm plane 3. It should be noted, however, that in order to properly capture the brightness or illumination, the photosensitive surface of the receiver 25 should be larger than the pupil 3".
  • FIG. 4 illustrates another improvement of the arrangements previously described.
  • an illumination pancratics which comprises lenses 27, 28 and 29 which is movable in the direction of the double arrow forms a part of the arrangement.
  • the pancratics serves to adapt the aperture 8 and luminous field diaphragm 12.
  • the pancratics can be controlled by way of a servo motor 26 which is fed the control signals produced by the photoelectric receivers 17 and 24 (FIG. 4a) which are subsequently processed in the converter stage 21.
  • the embodiment of 4a functions such that with a change of objectives 16, the aperture diaphragm 8 opens automatically.
  • the photoelectric receiver 17 (FIG. 4a) produces signals proportional to the brightness of the illumination of the field of view 11'. These signals are sent to a converter stage 21 which then sends control signals to a servo motor 23 for control of the luminous field diaphragm 12.
  • the setting of the pancratics for a bright field of view 11' is corrected by repeating the performance described above.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Microscoopes, Condenser (AREA)
  • Control Of Non-Electrical Variables (AREA)
US05/837,402 1976-10-01 1977-09-28 Process and apparatus for automatically realizing Kohler's principle of illumination Expired - Lifetime US4163150A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE2644341A DE2644341C2 (de) 1976-10-01 1976-10-01 Verfahren und Anordnungen zur automatischen Verwirklichung des Köhler'schen Beleuchtungsprinzipes
DE2644341 1976-10-01

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US4163150A true US4163150A (en) 1979-07-31

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US (1) US4163150A (OSRAM)
JP (1) JPS5344040A (OSRAM)
AT (1) AT377860B (OSRAM)
DE (1) DE2644341C2 (OSRAM)
FR (1) FR2366590A1 (OSRAM)
GB (1) GB1541387A (OSRAM)

Cited By (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4384200A (en) * 1980-06-13 1983-05-17 Olympus Optical Company Ltd. Apparatus for changing illumination optics of a microscope
EP0119857A1 (en) * 1983-03-22 1984-09-26 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Microscope provided with an automatically controlled illuminating optical system
EP0124241A1 (en) * 1983-03-29 1984-11-07 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Microscope provided with automatic focusing device
US4555620A (en) * 1983-01-11 1985-11-26 Bausch & Lomb Incorporated Automatic illumination control for multi-objective optical instruments such as microscopes
US4701608A (en) * 1982-08-09 1987-10-20 Hitachi, Ltd. Projection aligner with a sensor for monitoring light quantity
US4804858A (en) * 1987-04-08 1989-02-14 Aimpoint Ab Power supply circuit for a diode adapted to emit light in dependence of the prevailing surrounding light
WO1994007166A1 (de) * 1992-09-19 1994-03-31 Leica Mikroskopie Und Systeme Gmbh Beleuchtungseinrichtung für mikroskope
US5684625A (en) * 1992-09-19 1997-11-04 Leica Mikroskopie Und Systeme Gmbh Illumination device for microscopes
US5883745A (en) * 1997-06-30 1999-03-16 Polycom, Inc. Mirror assembly and method
WO1999042813A1 (en) * 1998-02-23 1999-08-26 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Method and apparatus for synthesis of arrays of dna probes
EP0841584A3 (en) * 1996-11-11 1999-11-10 Nikon Corporation Condenser lens system and microscope illuminating optical system
US6271957B1 (en) 1998-05-29 2001-08-07 Affymetrix, Inc. Methods involving direct write optical lithography
US20030138363A1 (en) * 1998-02-11 2003-07-24 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Device for chemical and biochemical reactions using photo-generated reagents
US20030142398A1 (en) * 2000-03-08 2003-07-31 Leblans Marc Jan Rene Microscope suitable for high-throughput screening having an autofocusing apparatus
US6657782B2 (en) * 2001-02-26 2003-12-02 Nikon Corporation Microscope episcopic illumination device and microscope therewith
US20040035690A1 (en) * 1998-02-11 2004-02-26 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Method and apparatus for chemical and biochemical reactions using photo-generated reagents
US6713746B2 (en) 2001-07-12 2004-03-30 Leica Microsystems Jena Gmbh Arrangement and method for illuminating a specimen field in an optical instrument
EP1418454A3 (de) * 2002-11-11 2004-05-19 Leica Microsystems Wetzlar GmbH Mikroskop und Verfahren zur Änderung des Lichtflusses in einem Mikroskop
EP1424580A1 (de) * 2002-11-29 2004-06-02 Leica Microsystems Wetzlar GmbH Durchlichtbeleuchtungseinrichtung für ein Mikroskop
US20060232856A1 (en) * 2001-06-13 2006-10-19 Kabushiki Kaisha Topcon Microscope for operation
US20090091822A1 (en) * 2006-05-22 2009-04-09 Nikon Corporation Zoom microscope
US20090303583A1 (en) * 2005-05-03 2009-12-10 Heinrich Klose Device and method for the reproducible adjustment of the pin hole opening and pin hole position in laser scanning microscopes
US20250067652A1 (en) * 2021-12-23 2025-02-27 Radiometer Medical Aps Biological fluid analyser with adaptive aperture device

Families Citing this family (6)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS54147686A (en) * 1978-05-10 1979-11-19 Tokyo Optical Lighting field iris adjusting device in eyeground camera
JPS54158093A (en) * 1978-06-01 1979-12-13 Canon Kk Ophthalmologic observation or photographing device
DE2946927C2 (de) * 1979-11-21 1983-07-07 Fa. Carl Zeiss, 7920 Heidenheim Automatische Durchlichtbeleuchtung für Mikroskope
DE3223157C2 (de) * 1982-06-22 1985-11-28 C. Reichert Optische Werke Ag, Wien Einspiegelungsvorrichtung
DD284768B5 (de) * 1989-06-02 1995-06-29 Zeiss Carl Jena Gmbh Modulare Beleuchtungseinrichtung
EP2876095B1 (en) 2012-06-21 2017-08-23 NGK Insulators, Ltd. Piezoelectric/electrostrictive ceramic composition and displacement generating device

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US3679287A (en) * 1969-12-16 1972-07-25 Nippon Kogaku Kk Illumination system for light microscopes
DE2116625A1 (de) * 1971-04-05 1972-10-12 Ernst Leitz Gmbh, 6330 Wetzlar Beleuchtungseinrichtung für Mikroskope
AT324015B (de) * 1971-05-13 1975-08-11 Reichert Optische Werke Ag Einrichtung zur selbsttätigen anpassung der beleuchtung an mikroskopen

Cited By (46)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4384200A (en) * 1980-06-13 1983-05-17 Olympus Optical Company Ltd. Apparatus for changing illumination optics of a microscope
US4701608A (en) * 1982-08-09 1987-10-20 Hitachi, Ltd. Projection aligner with a sensor for monitoring light quantity
US4555620A (en) * 1983-01-11 1985-11-26 Bausch & Lomb Incorporated Automatic illumination control for multi-objective optical instruments such as microscopes
EP0119857A1 (en) * 1983-03-22 1984-09-26 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Microscope provided with an automatically controlled illuminating optical system
US4643540A (en) * 1983-03-22 1987-02-17 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Microscope provided with an automatically controlled illuminating optical system
EP0124241A1 (en) * 1983-03-29 1984-11-07 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Microscope provided with automatic focusing device
US4804858A (en) * 1987-04-08 1989-02-14 Aimpoint Ab Power supply circuit for a diode adapted to emit light in dependence of the prevailing surrounding light
WO1994007166A1 (de) * 1992-09-19 1994-03-31 Leica Mikroskopie Und Systeme Gmbh Beleuchtungseinrichtung für mikroskope
US5684625A (en) * 1992-09-19 1997-11-04 Leica Mikroskopie Und Systeme Gmbh Illumination device for microscopes
EP0841584A3 (en) * 1996-11-11 1999-11-10 Nikon Corporation Condenser lens system and microscope illuminating optical system
US5883745A (en) * 1997-06-30 1999-03-16 Polycom, Inc. Mirror assembly and method
US20030186427A1 (en) * 1998-02-11 2003-10-02 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Device for chemical and biochemical reactions using photo-generated reagents
US20110170075A1 (en) * 1998-02-11 2011-07-14 Xiaolian Gao Device for chemical and biochemical reactions using photo-generated reagents
US20080318806A1 (en) * 1998-02-11 2008-12-25 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Device for chemical and biochemical reactions using photo-generated reagents
US7544638B2 (en) 1998-02-11 2009-06-09 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Device for chemical and biochemical reactions using photo-generated reagents
US20030138363A1 (en) * 1998-02-11 2003-07-24 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Device for chemical and biochemical reactions using photo-generated reagents
US20030143131A1 (en) * 1998-02-11 2003-07-31 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Device for chemical and biochemical reactions using photo-generated reagents
US7838466B2 (en) 1998-02-11 2010-11-23 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Device for chemical and biochemical reactions using photo-generated reagents
US7491680B2 (en) 1998-02-11 2009-02-17 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Device for chemical and biochemical reactions using photo-generated reagents
US20040035690A1 (en) * 1998-02-11 2004-02-26 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Method and apparatus for chemical and biochemical reactions using photo-generated reagents
US20040023368A1 (en) * 1998-02-11 2004-02-05 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Device for chemical and biochemical reactions using photo-generated reagents
US20100227780A1 (en) * 1998-02-23 2010-09-09 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Methods for the synthesis of arrays of DNA probes
WO1999042813A1 (en) * 1998-02-23 1999-08-26 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Method and apparatus for synthesis of arrays of dna probes
US8030477B2 (en) 1998-02-23 2011-10-04 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Methods for the synthesis of arrays of DNA probes
US6375903B1 (en) 1998-02-23 2002-04-23 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Method and apparatus for synthesis of arrays of DNA probes
US20050233256A1 (en) * 1998-05-29 2005-10-20 Affymetrix, Inc., A California Corporation Compositions and methods involving direct write optical lithography
US20050088722A1 (en) * 1998-05-29 2005-04-28 Affymetrix, Inc. Compositions and methods involving direct write optical lithography
US20060292628A1 (en) * 1998-05-29 2006-12-28 Affymetrix, Inc. Compositions and methods involving direct write optical lithography
US6480324B2 (en) 1998-05-29 2002-11-12 Affymetrix, Inc. Methods involving direct write optical lithography
US6271957B1 (en) 1998-05-29 2001-08-07 Affymetrix, Inc. Methods involving direct write optical lithography
US6974938B1 (en) 2000-03-08 2005-12-13 Tibotec Bvba Microscope having a stable autofocusing apparatus
US20030142398A1 (en) * 2000-03-08 2003-07-31 Leblans Marc Jan Rene Microscope suitable for high-throughput screening having an autofocusing apparatus
US7016110B2 (en) 2000-03-08 2006-03-21 Tibotec Bvba Microscope suitable for high-throughput screening having an autofocusing apparatus
US6657782B2 (en) * 2001-02-26 2003-12-02 Nikon Corporation Microscope episcopic illumination device and microscope therewith
US20060232856A1 (en) * 2001-06-13 2006-10-19 Kabushiki Kaisha Topcon Microscope for operation
US7408705B2 (en) * 2001-06-13 2008-08-05 Kabushiki Kaisha Topcon Microscope for operation
US6713746B2 (en) 2001-07-12 2004-03-30 Leica Microsystems Jena Gmbh Arrangement and method for illuminating a specimen field in an optical instrument
US7391567B2 (en) * 2002-11-11 2008-06-24 Leica Microsystems Cms Gmbh Microscope, and method for modifying the light flux in a microscope
US20040095640A1 (en) * 2002-11-11 2004-05-20 Leica Microsystems Wetzlar Gmbh Microscope, and method for modifying the light flux in a microscope
EP1418454A3 (de) * 2002-11-11 2004-05-19 Leica Microsystems Wetzlar GmbH Mikroskop und Verfahren zur Änderung des Lichtflusses in einem Mikroskop
US6989926B2 (en) 2002-11-29 2006-01-24 Leica Microsystems Wetzlar Gmbh Transmitted-light illumination device for a microscope
EP1424580A1 (de) * 2002-11-29 2004-06-02 Leica Microsystems Wetzlar GmbH Durchlichtbeleuchtungseinrichtung für ein Mikroskop
US20090303583A1 (en) * 2005-05-03 2009-12-10 Heinrich Klose Device and method for the reproducible adjustment of the pin hole opening and pin hole position in laser scanning microscopes
US8759745B2 (en) * 2005-05-03 2014-06-24 Carl Zeiss Microscopy Gmbh Device for the reproducible adjustment of a pin hole opening and pin hole position in laser scanning microscopes using a reflector
US20090091822A1 (en) * 2006-05-22 2009-04-09 Nikon Corporation Zoom microscope
US20250067652A1 (en) * 2021-12-23 2025-02-27 Radiometer Medical Aps Biological fluid analyser with adaptive aperture device

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2644341C2 (de) 1984-08-02
JPH0143293B2 (OSRAM) 1989-09-20
JPS5344040A (en) 1978-04-20
ATA700177A (de) 1984-09-15
GB1541387A (en) 1979-02-28
FR2366590B1 (OSRAM) 1982-07-16
AT377860B (de) 1985-05-10
DE2644341A1 (de) 1978-04-06
FR2366590A1 (fr) 1978-04-28

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