US400366A - Process of hardening steel - Google Patents
Process of hardening steel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US400366A US400366A US400366DA US400366A US 400366 A US400366 A US 400366A US 400366D A US400366D A US 400366DA US 400366 A US400366 A US 400366A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- steel
- bath
- metal
- hardening steel
- hardening
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 30
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title description 30
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 14
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 16
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 206010010254 Concussion Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 229910000760 Hardened steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 206010022114 Injury Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 101700032892 STEL Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 210000001138 Tears Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000000110 cooling liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper Chemical group [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000935 short-term exposure limit Toxicity 0.000 description 2
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/34—Methods of heating
- C21D1/40—Direct resistance heating
Definitions
- the metal In the hardening of bodies of steel for use in the arts, either as tools or as parts of machines, the metal is very apt to crack or check or spring ont of shape in the transition from heat to cold, owing to the fact that the center of the mass does not cool so rapidly as the surface, but continues to contract after the outer crust is iixed, thus causing a tendency by the center and ernst to tear asunder.
- Such cracking and springing are serions evils often, and the cases in which they do not occur are usually cases where the piece of metal is quite small in size. All qualities of steel are subject to them, and many pieces which seemingly have passed the ordeal of hardening without injury have, in fact, been ruined, and will manifest that fact when subjected to a slight concussion.
- I iirst heat the body or piece of steel to be treated in the usual manner, then immerse it in a cooling medium having some electrical conductivity, like water, and while thus immersed I subject it to the action of a current of electricity by connecting the metal or the tongs by which it is held to one pole and the bath to the other pole of a dynamo or other source of electrical energy.
- the invention consists in subjecting the body or piece of metal to the action of a current of electricity while it is thus immersed in the cooling-bath.
- A represents a dynamo or other suitable source of electrical energy.
- B is a vat or tank containinga cooling medium, O, having some ability to conduct electrical currents. IVater answers very well for this cooling medium.
- a copper plate, I In the bottom of the tank B is a copper plate, I), connected. to one pole of the dynamo by the post d and wire d.
- E is a piece of heated steel ready to be plunged into the bath. It is held by the tongs F, and is connected to the other pole of the dynamo A by the wire f, leading from the tongs to the dynamo. It will now be seen that as soon as the steel, E, is pnt into the water the electrical circuit will be complete, and that the steel will then be affected by both the bath and the electricity.
- I claim- The process of treating ⁇ steel herein set forth, the saine consisting in first heating the steel, then iinmersing it in a bath of coolingliquid, and simultaneously passing ⁇ an electric io current through it and the liquid, substantially as speciiied.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Strip Materials And Filament Materials (AREA)
Description
(No Model.)
F.- SEDGWICK. PROGB'SS OP HARDBNING STEEL.-
1\0.400,366. Patented Ma,1.26, 1889.
C .d e .07m m im. @j
UNITED STATES PATENT OEEICE.
FREDERICK SEDGW'IOK, OF OAK PARK, ILLINOIS.
PROCESS oF HARDENING STEL.
SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 400,366, dated March 26, i889. Application tiled July 7, 1888. Serial No: 279,292l (No modelz) To all whom t may concern,.-
Be it known that LFREDERICK SEDGWIGK, a citizen of the United States, residing in Oak Park, in the county of Cook and State of Illinois, have invented,a new and useful Improvement in the Process of IIardening Steel, of which the following is a specication.
In the hardening of bodies of steel for use in the arts, either as tools or as parts of machines, the metal is very apt to crack or check or spring ont of shape in the transition from heat to cold, owing to the fact that the center of the mass does not cool so rapidly as the surface, but continues to contract after the outer crust is iixed, thus causing a tendency by the center and ernst to tear asunder. Such cracking and springing are serions evils often, and the cases in which they do not occur are usually cases where the piece of metal is quite small in size. All qualities of steel are subject to them, and many pieces which seemingly have passed the ordeal of hardening without injury have, in fact, been ruined, and will manifest that fact when subjected to a slight concussion.
In practicing my invention, which is calculated to avoid the very serious evil above referred to, and also to improve the character of the hardened metal in other respects, I iirst heat the body or piece of steel to be treated in the usual manner, then immerse it in a cooling medium having some electrical conductivity, like water, and while thus immersed I subject it to the action of a current of electricity by connecting the metal or the tongs by which it is held to one pole and the bath to the other pole of a dynamo or other source of electrical energy.
The effects of the electric current which diffuses itself out of the metal being hardened into the cooling-bath are very marked. In the lirst place the mass seems to cool simultaneously from center to surface, so that the splitting and like imperfections are avoided. In the next place the treatment seems to prevent the formation of the large air-bubbles which customarily form on the surface of the metal while in the bath, thereby obviating the soft spots due tothe protection afforded by such bubbles against the cooling medium. In other words, the hardening is uniform and the entire mass is of an even quality; thirdly, the steel subjected to my process is less brittle than the ordinary hardened steel and very much tougher and stronger, and, lastly, the depth to which the crust is hardened is considerably greater than is usual.
The invention consists in subjecting the body or piece of metal to the action of a current of electricity while it is thus immersed in the cooling-bath.
In the accompanying drawing, which forms a part of this specification, I have shown an apparatus well adapted to the working of my improved process; but I do not wish to be limited thereto, as it can be greatly varied by those skilled in such matters without omitting or changing any essential of my process.
In said drawing, A represents a dynamo or other suitable source of electrical energy.
B is a vat or tank containinga cooling medium, O, having some ability to conduct electrical currents. IVater answers very well for this cooling medium.
In the bottom of the tank B is a copper plate, I), connected. to one pole of the dynamo by the post d and wire d.
E is a piece of heated steel ready to be plunged into the bath. It is held by the tongs F, and is connected to the other pole of the dynamo A by the wire f, leading from the tongs to the dynamo. It will now be seen that as soon as the steel, E, is pnt into the water the electrical circuit will be complete, and that the steel will then be affected by both the bath and the electricity.
The result of making the steel under treatment one of the electrical terminals in the manner stated is that the electric current diffuses itself throughout the entire body of metal and seeks egress therefrom in all directions, the water of the bath is decomposed, andthe gases thus formed pass off in minute bubbles from every portion of the surface of the steel. So rapid is the formation of these gas-bubbles that they crowd off any steambubbles which may tend to form on the steel, thereby obviating a very serious evil, as the steam-bubbles otherwise would adhere to the surface and cushion the chilling-fluid, and thus render the spot covered by them softer IOO than the adjacent parts. The action is also to deprive the center or core of the mass of its heat as Well as the surface, thereby rendering` the contraction of center and surface si- S multaneous.
I claim- The process of treating` steel herein set forth, the saine consisting in first heating the steel, then iinmersing it in a bath of coolingliquid, and simultaneously passing` an electric io current through it and the liquid, substantially as speciiied.
FREDERICK SEDGVVICK. Witnesses:
GEO., E. TITooMB, Fi W. JACKSON;
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US400366A true US400366A (en) | 1889-03-26 |
Family
ID=2469329
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US400366D Expired - Lifetime US400366A (en) | Process of hardening steel |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US400366A (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2887604A (en) * | 1955-06-27 | 1959-05-19 | Bodine | Spark discharge sound generator |
US3174884A (en) * | 1961-03-04 | 1965-03-23 | Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Ag | Method of surface hardening steel rolls and apparatus for carrying out the same |
US5514229A (en) * | 1993-11-24 | 1996-05-07 | Ramot-University Authority For Applied Research And Industrial Development Ltd., Tel Aviv University | Method of producing transparent and other electrically conductive materials |
-
0
- US US400366D patent/US400366A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2887604A (en) * | 1955-06-27 | 1959-05-19 | Bodine | Spark discharge sound generator |
US3174884A (en) * | 1961-03-04 | 1965-03-23 | Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Ag | Method of surface hardening steel rolls and apparatus for carrying out the same |
US5514229A (en) * | 1993-11-24 | 1996-05-07 | Ramot-University Authority For Applied Research And Industrial Development Ltd., Tel Aviv University | Method of producing transparent and other electrically conductive materials |
US5795631A (en) * | 1993-11-24 | 1998-08-18 | Ramot-University Authority For Applied Research And Industrial Development Ltd. | Method of producing transparent and other electrically conductive materials |
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