US3925994A - System of armouring earth - Google Patents

System of armouring earth Download PDF

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US3925994A
US3925994A US481296A US48129674A US3925994A US 3925994 A US3925994 A US 3925994A US 481296 A US481296 A US 481296A US 48129674 A US48129674 A US 48129674A US 3925994 A US3925994 A US 3925994A
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beam elements
sheet
elongated
elements
earth
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Bengt Broms
Oleg Wager
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
    • E02D29/0225—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill
    • E02D29/0233—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill the retention means being anchors
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
    • E02D17/20—Securing of slopes or inclines
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D27/00—Foundations as substructures
    • E02D27/28—Stressing the soil or the foundation structure while forming foundations
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
    • E02D29/0225—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill
    • E02D29/0241—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill the retention means being reinforced earth elements

Definitions

  • An earthfilling reinforcement structure comprises one or more elongated, earth-imbedded carpets oriented in a plane substantially parallel to the surface of the earth being reinforced.
  • Each carpet comprises a comparatively wide net-like sheet fabricated of a substantially non-corrosive metallic or synthetic material, with the opposing ends of each sheet being rigidly anchored between a pair of beam elements fabricated of concrete or the like.
  • the present invention refers to a system for armouring of earth by means of at least one net-like sheet or carpet fabricated of a non-corrosive metal or a synthetic material, oriented in a plane substantially parallel with the level of the earth.
  • Armouring systems of the above general kind have to a steadily increasing degree (especially in France and Japan) replaced the conventional expensive, as well as clumsy and heavy steel armourings mostly in the form of pulling or anchoring bars for guarding against earth slides and slips accidently occurring in earth filling structures for various purposes.
  • a more universal use of application, combined with an improved armouring ability, is attained by the present invention by the fact that the carpet is, at both ends, rigidly anchored in a beam member of concrete or the like, said beam member consisting of two beam elements, one on top of the other and fixing between themselves an end of said carpet length, and if required supplemented with a clamping bond for pressing the beam elements against each other.
  • the structure of the invention can be used for stabilizing bank fillings on a weak underground support, for reducing the earth pressure against walls of brick, stones or the like, as well as for the actual building-up of such walls, quays, platforms etc.; further, the invention can advantageously be used for locking kerbstones during the building of streets with pavements, for stabilizing road banks and for stabilizing slopes in banks and intersections.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic isometric view of a portion of a platform or a wharf
  • FIG. 2 drawn on a larger scale, shows an element or a module in the structure according to FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 shows, in a sectional view, a schematic isometric picture of a quay (or a wall);
  • FIGS. 4, and 6 show, in sections, a view of a first and a second bank filling, and a street with a pavement, respectively;
  • FIG. 7 shows, in section, a view of a slope.
  • the platform or the wharf shown in FIG. 1 has rails and sleepers indicated at l and 2, respectively, on each side of the structure.
  • the structure comprises walls of preformed, preferably from concrete, plate shaped elements 3, piled orstacked one over the other.
  • the elements are maintained in place vertically and laterally by, on one hand, engaging members in the form of ribs 4 on the upper edge surfaces and associated first side edges (FIG. 2) of each element, and corresponding grooves 5 on the under edge surfaces and the associated second side edges, and on the other hand, by round iron bars which are pushed through vertical channels 6 in each element, as indicated in FIG. 1.
  • each of such elements (of the two undermost in FIG. 1) is subjected to only the pressure applied by each separate layer of earth instead of a downwardly accumulating pressure throughout the whole depth of the earth, as hitherto has been the case and thus required a downwardly increasing thickness of the wall structure.
  • the elements 3 may, on one hand, be manufactured with a uniform thickness and, on the other hand, be made surprisingly thin.
  • the figure also shows a pair of drain holes 8.
  • FIG. 2 shows in more detail an example of a concrete element 3 having ribs 4 on its upper and one side edge and grooves 5 in its under and second side edge.
  • the four channels 6 schematically indicated in FIG. 1 are also present in FIG. 2, pairwise designated 6a and 6b.
  • the purpose of the channels is to facilitate the assembling and the vertical alignment of elements 3 when building the wall.
  • first the lowest elements are laterally engaged with each other, and over these elements an additional row of elements are positioned, whereafter guiding round irons are inserted in the channels 6a and 6b.
  • a first set of carpets (preferably of the same width as the elements) are placed with their ends resting on the upper edges of the elements.
  • another set of carpets is applied etc. It is, of course, understood that earth filling (marked by small dots) is alternately supplied with the carpets.
  • the thin and therefore relatively light concrete elements in conjunction with the guiding method described above facilitates greatly the building-up which may be performed rapidly as well as exactly contrary to the known techniques where heavy walls have to be cast at the building site after a labourous preparing of supporting form structures and could not be used until after an adequate hardening.
  • the actual (brick) wall 10 corresponds completely to the left wall in FIG. 1.
  • the uniform thinness of the wall enabled by the concept on which the invention is based.
  • To the left of the quay wall there is shown water 11, and at the right side a fairly steep slope 12.
  • the anchoring between the beams may be secured by means of engaging means in the same manner as with the wall 10 and/or by bolt joints or the like.
  • the wall is shown founded on piles 15.
  • FIG. 4 An armouring arrangement by means of two pairs of concrete beams 13 and 14 and an intermediate carpet 7 is shown in FIG. 4 for a bank filling on a weak underground support, for a stabilizing of a bank crest in FIG. 5, and for a street with a pavement in FIG. 6.
  • FIG. 7 finally, there is shown a stabilizing of a slope, where a carpet 7 is anchored in the bank crest by means of the beam element pair 13, 14 and laid along the slope and, if required, i.e. if the slope is steep and therefore the length of the carpet is too short for accumulating a sufficiently strong friction maintained in 3 place along the slope by means of thinner beam pairs 16, spaced at geotechnically adequate distances from each other.
  • the invention makes it possible to use preformed, material-saving element modules which are easily transportable and easy to handle so as to enable a rapid and economic building of platform and quay structures as well as stabilizing of slopes, road borders and slope crests on causeways etc.
  • the cooperating engaging means of the elements not necessarily made of concrete may be varied in a multitude of ways, and the round irons extending through channels in the elements for effecting the straightening-up may be replaced by fixed guide pins for inserting in corresponding holes in the adjacent element.
  • the carpets may instead of synthetic fiber (woven polyester) consist of a noncorrosive metal net; as a general rule the carpet material should have a relatively high coefficient of elasticity and a substantially negligable creeping during load.
  • the carpets represent the larger part of the total costs for the combination elements/carpets, one may if allowed by the geotechnical conditions reduce the total costs by, in the vertical direction, omitting carpets in certain element joints. Instead of clamping the ends of the carpets between the associated pair of elements, the carpets could be made continuous and arranged to form a loop around one element of the pair and return to the start point, where it again could be looped etc.
  • a structure for reinforcing and anchoring a body of earth comprising at least one comparatively wide, elongated, substantially continuous sheet of reinforcing material imbedded within said body of earth and oriented in a plane spaced from and substantially parallel to the external surface of said body of earth, said sheet having a net-like configuration throughout its length and width and being fabricated of a substantially noncorrosive material, each of the opposing comparatively wide ends of said elongated sheet being interposed and rigidly anchored between the facing edges of a pair of elongated, contiguous, superposed beam elements extending respectively in directions substantially parallel to the plane of said sheet.
  • said complementary non-planar configurations comprise at least one outwardly protruding rib extending in the direction of elongation of one of said beam elements, and an elongated complementary groove extending in the direction of elongation of the other of said elements for receiving said rib.
  • each beam element extending in directions generally perpendicular to the plane of said sheet, are provided respectively with an outstanding elongated rib and with a complementarily shaped elongated groove to permit plural such beam elements to be assembled in interengaged relation to one another in a direction generally parallel to the plane of said sheet.
  • each of said beam elements is provided with at least one of said ribs and with at least one of said grooves respectively, a plurality of said beam elements being disposed in superposed stacked configuration to form a substantially solid wall, and a plurality of said sheets extending in generally parallel spaced relation to one another in directions transverse to the plane of said wall, the corresponding ends of each of said sheets being rigidly anchored between the facing edges of different superposed pairs of said beam elements at different vertical levels along said wall.
  • said superposed beam elements are provided with interior, generally vertically oriented channels in alignment with one another from one to the other of said beam elements, and a rod-like member extending through each of said aligned channels from one to the other of said beam elements to maintain said superposed beam elements at predetermined positions relative to one another.
  • each of said beam elements comprises a plurality of preformed members which have predetermined standard dimensions.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Floor Finish (AREA)
  • Sewage (AREA)
  • Diaphragms For Electromechanical Transducers (AREA)
  • Working Measures On Existing Buildindgs (AREA)
  • Bulkheads Adapted To Foundation Construction (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)
  • Pit Excavations, Shoring, Fill Or Stabilisation Of Slopes (AREA)

Abstract

An earth-filling reinforcement structure comprises one or more elongated, earth-imbedded carpets oriented in a plane substantially parallel to the surface of the earth being reinforced. Each carpet comprises a comparatively wide net-like sheet fabricated of a substantially non-corrosive metallic or synthetic material, with the opposing ends of each sheet being rigidly anchored between a pair of beam elements fabricated of concrete or the like.

Description

United States Patent [1 1 Broms et a1.
[ Dec. 16, 1975 SYSTEM OF ARMOURING EARTH Inventors: Bengt Brorns, Vallingby; Oleg Wager, Bromma, both of Sweden Assignee: AB Fodervavnader, Boras, Sweden Filed: June 20, 1974 Appl. No.: 481,296
Foreign Application Priority Data June 21, 1973 Sweden 7308792 US. Cl. 61/39; 61/49; 404/31 Int. Cl. EOZD 5/00 Field of Search 61/35, 37, 38, 39, 49;
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3/1943 Schaefer 61/35 2/1971 Nishizawa et a1 61/38 3,587,964 6/1971 Cork 404/31 X 3,613,382 10/1971 Dickinson.... 61/49 3,686,873 8/1972 Vidal 61/39 FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLlCATlONS 281,265 7/1970 USSR 61/49 Primary E.\'aminerCasmir A. Nunberg Assistant E.\'aminerDavid H. Corbin Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Elliott 1. Pollock [57] ABSTRACT An earthfilling reinforcement structure comprises one or more elongated, earth-imbedded carpets oriented in a plane substantially parallel to the surface of the earth being reinforced. Each carpet comprises a comparatively wide net-like sheet fabricated of a substantially non-corrosive metallic or synthetic material, with the opposing ends of each sheet being rigidly anchored between a pair of beam elements fabricated of concrete or the like.
10 Claims, 7 Drawing Figures US. Patent Dec. 16, 1975 Sheet1of3 3,925,994
U.S. Patent Dec. 16, 1975 Sheet20f3 3,925,994
US. Patent Dec.l6,1975 Sheet3of3 3,925,994
FIGS
SYSTEM OF ARMOURING EARTH The present invention refers to a system for armouring of earth by means of at least one net-like sheet or carpet fabricated of a non-corrosive metal or a synthetic material, oriented in a plane substantially parallel with the level of the earth.
Armouring systems of the above general kind have to a steadily increasing degree (especially in France and Japan) replaced the conventional expensive, as well as clumsy and heavy steel armourings mostly in the form of pulling or anchoring bars for guarding against earth slides and slips accidently occurring in earth filling structures for various purposes.
However, the previously known and applied armouring structures for earth by means of carpets have not been able to appropiately meet the requirements of efficiency, and they have been restricted to relatively limited application fields. I
A more universal use of application, combined with an improved armouring ability, is attained by the present invention by the fact that the carpet is, at both ends, rigidly anchored in a beam member of concrete or the like, said beam member consisting of two beam elements, one on top of the other and fixing between themselves an end of said carpet length, and if required supplemented with a clamping bond for pressing the beam elements against each other.
The structure of the invention can be used for stabilizing bank fillings on a weak underground support, for reducing the earth pressure against walls of brick, stones or the like, as well as for the actual building-up of such walls, quays, platforms etc.; further, the invention can advantageously be used for locking kerbstones during the building of streets with pavements, for stabilizing road banks and for stabilizing slopes in banks and intersections.
Further details of the invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein FIG. 1 shows a schematic isometric view of a portion of a platform or a wharf;
FIG. 2, drawn on a larger scale, shows an element or a module in the structure according to FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 shows, in a sectional view, a schematic isometric picture of a quay (or a wall);
FIGS. 4, and 6 show, in sections, a view of a first and a second bank filling, and a street with a pavement, respectively; and
FIG. 7 shows, in section, a view of a slope.
The platform or the wharf shown in FIG. 1 has rails and sleepers indicated at l and 2, respectively, on each side of the structure. In the example chosen, the structure comprises walls of preformed, preferably from concrete, plate shaped elements 3, piled orstacked one over the other. The elements are maintained in place vertically and laterally by, on one hand, engaging members in the form of ribs 4 on the upper edge surfaces and associated first side edges (FIG. 2) of each element, and corresponding grooves 5 on the under edge surfaces and the associated second side edges, and on the other hand, by round iron bars which are pushed through vertical channels 6 in each element, as indicated in FIG. 1.
Between the horizontal engagement means of the elements in each of the two parallel walls the respective ends of carpets 7 fabricated of a non-corrosive material, preferably of a synthetic fibre woven fabric, are firmly clamped. The figure shows two such carpets which delimit three layers of earth. Due to the firm anchoring of the carpets 7 between the concrete elements, 3 each of such elements (of the two undermost in FIG. 1) is subjected to only the pressure applied by each separate layer of earth instead of a downwardly accumulating pressure throughout the whole depth of the earth, as hitherto has been the case and thus required a downwardly increasing thickness of the wall structure. Thus, the elements 3 may, on one hand, be manufactured with a uniform thickness and, on the other hand, be made surprisingly thin.
The figure also shows a pair of drain holes 8.
FIG. 2 shows in more detail an example of a concrete element 3 having ribs 4 on its upper and one side edge and grooves 5 in its under and second side edge. The four channels 6 schematically indicated in FIG. 1 are also present in FIG. 2, pairwise designated 6a and 6b. The purpose of the channels is to facilitate the assembling and the vertical alignment of elements 3 when building the wall. Thus, first the lowest elements are laterally engaged with each other, and over these elements an additional row of elements are positioned, whereafter guiding round irons are inserted in the channels 6a and 6b. Before the positioning of the second row of elements, however, a first set of carpets (preferably of the same width as the elements) are placed with their ends resting on the upper edges of the elements. Before the positioning of the third row of elements another set of carpets is applied etc. It is, of course, understood that earth filling (marked by small dots) is alternately supplied with the carpets.
The thin and therefore relatively light concrete elements in conjunction with the guiding method described above facilitates greatly the building-up which may be performed rapidly as well as exactly contrary to the known techniques where heavy walls have to be cast at the building site after a labourous preparing of supporting form structures and could not be used until after an adequate hardening.
In their lower part the elements are provided with drain holes 9.
In the quay or wall structure shown in FIG. 3 the actual (brick) wall 10 corresponds completely to the left wall in FIG. 1. Particularly obvious from this figure is the uniform thinness of the wall enabled by the concept on which the invention is based. To the left of the quay wall there is shown water 11, and at the right side a fairly steep slope 12. Thus, as no wall exists to the right, the right ends of the carpets 7 must be fixed in another way, namely by clamping right the end edge of each carpet between two (concrete) beams 13 and 14. The anchoring between the beams may be secured by means of engaging means in the same manner as with the wall 10 and/or by bolt joints or the like. The wall is shown founded on piles 15.
An armouring arrangement by means of two pairs of concrete beams 13 and 14 and an intermediate carpet 7 is shown in FIG. 4 for a bank filling on a weak underground support, for a stabilizing of a bank crest in FIG. 5, and for a street with a pavement in FIG. 6.
In FIG. 7, finally, there is shown a stabilizing of a slope, where a carpet 7 is anchored in the bank crest by means of the beam element pair 13, 14 and laid along the slope and, if required, i.e. if the slope is steep and therefore the length of the carpet is too short for accumulating a sufficiently strong friction maintained in 3 place along the slope by means of thinner beam pairs 16, spaced at geotechnically adequate distances from each other.
Summing up, the invention makes it possible to use preformed, material-saving element modules which are easily transportable and easy to handle so as to enable a rapid and economic building of platform and quay structures as well as stabilizing of slopes, road borders and slope crests on causeways etc.
The invention is not restricted to the embodiments described above but various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention, especially be replacing the specified details by means of an equivalent nature. Thus, the cooperating engaging means of the elements not necessarily made of concrete may be varied in a multitude of ways, and the round irons extending through channels in the elements for effecting the straightening-up may be replaced by fixed guide pins for inserting in corresponding holes in the adjacent element. As to the carpets, they may instead of synthetic fiber (woven polyester) consist of a noncorrosive metal net; as a general rule the carpet material should have a relatively high coefficient of elasticity and a substantially negligable creeping during load. As in most cases it is considered that the carpets represent the larger part of the total costs for the combination elements/carpets, one may if allowed by the geotechnical conditions reduce the total costs by, in the vertical direction, omitting carpets in certain element joints. Instead of clamping the ends of the carpets between the associated pair of elements, the carpets could be made continuous and arranged to form a loop around one element of the pair and return to the start point, where it again could be looped etc.
What we claim is:
l. A structure for reinforcing and anchoring a body of earth, comprising at least one comparatively wide, elongated, substantially continuous sheet of reinforcing material imbedded within said body of earth and oriented in a plane spaced from and substantially parallel to the external surface of said body of earth, said sheet having a net-like configuration throughout its length and width and being fabricated of a substantially noncorrosive material, each of the opposing comparatively wide ends of said elongated sheet being interposed and rigidly anchored between the facing edges of a pair of elongated, contiguous, superposed beam elements extending respectively in directions substantially parallel to the plane of said sheet.
2. The structure of claim 1 including means extending between said superposed beam elements in a direc- 4 tion transverse to the plane of said sheet for forcibly pressing the facing edges of said superposed beam elements against one another.
3. The structure of claim 1 wherein the facing edges of said superposed beam elements have complementary non-planar configurations which interengage one another though the end of said elongated sheet interposed therebetween.
4. The structure of claim 3 wherein said complementary non-planar configurations comprise at least one outwardly protruding rib extending in the direction of elongation of one of said beam elements, and an elongated complementary groove extending in the direction of elongation of the other of said elements for receiving said rib.
5. The structure of claim 4 wherein the opposing side edges of each beam element, extending in directions generally perpendicular to the plane of said sheet, are provided respectively with an outstanding elongated rib and with a complementarily shaped elongated groove to permit plural such beam elements to be assembled in interengaged relation to one another in a direction generally parallel to the plane of said sheet.
6. The structure of claim 4 wherein the upper and lower edge of each of said beam elements is provided with at least one of said ribs and with at least one of said grooves respectively, a plurality of said beam elements being disposed in superposed stacked configuration to form a substantially solid wall, and a plurality of said sheets extending in generally parallel spaced relation to one another in directions transverse to the plane of said wall, the corresponding ends of each of said sheets being rigidly anchored between the facing edges of different superposed pairs of said beam elements at different vertical levels along said wall.
7. The structure of claim 1 wherein said superposed beam elements are provided with interior, generally vertically oriented channels in alignment with one another from one to the other of said beam elements, and a rod-like member extending through each of said aligned channels from one to the other of said beam elements to maintain said superposed beam elements at predetermined positions relative to one another.
8. The structure of claim 1 wherein each of said beam elements comprises a plurality of preformed members which have predetermined standard dimensions.
9. The structure of claim 1 wherein said sheet comprises a woven fabric of synthetic fiber material.
10. The structure of claim 1 wherein said sheet comprises a metallic mesh.

Claims (10)

1. A structure for reinforcing and anchoring a body of earth, comprising at least one comparatively wide, elongated, substantially continuous sheet of reinforcing material imbedded within said body of earth and oriented in a plane spaced from and substantially parallel to the external surface of said body of earth, said sheet having a net-like configuration throughout its length and width and being fabricated of a substantially noncorrosive material, each of the opposing comparatively wide ends of said elongated sheet being interposed and rigidly anchored between the facing edges of a pair of elongated, contiguous, superposed beam elements extending respectively in directions substantially parallel to the plane of said sheet.
2. The structure of claim 1 including means extending between said superposed beam elements in a direction transverse to the plane of said sheet for forcibly pressing the facing edges of said superposed beam elements against one another.
3. The structure of claim 1 wherein the facing edges of said superposed beam elements have complementary non-planar configurations which interengage one another though the end of said elongated sheet interposed therebetween.
4. The structure of claim 3 wherein said complementary non-planar configurations comprise at least one outwardly protruding rib extending in the direction of elongation of one of said beam elements, and an elongated complementary groove extending in the direction of elongation of the other of said elements for receiving said rib.
5. The structure of claim 4 wherein the opposing side edges of each beam element, extending in directions generally perpendicular to the plane of said sheet, are provided respectively with an outstanding elongated rib and with a complementarily shaped elongated groove to permit plural such beam elements to be assembled in interengaged relation to one another in a direction generally parallel to the plane of said sheet.
6. The structure of claim 4 wherein the upper and lower edge of each of said beam elements is provided with at least one of said ribs and with at least one of said grooves respectively, a plurality of said beam elements being disposed in superposed stacked configuration to form a substantially Solid wall, and a plurality of said sheets extending in generally parallel spaced relation to one another in directions transverse to the plane of said wall, the corresponding ends of each of said sheets being rigidly anchored between the facing edges of different superposed pairs of said beam elements at different vertical levels along said wall.
7. The structure of claim 1 wherein said superposed beam elements are provided with interior, generally vertically oriented channels in alignment with one another from one to the other of said beam elements, and a rod-like member extending through each of said aligned channels from one to the other of said beam elements to maintain said superposed beam elements at predetermined positions relative to one another.
8. The structure of claim 1 wherein each of said beam elements comprises a plurality of preformed members which have predetermined standard dimensions.
9. The structure of claim 1 wherein said sheet comprises a woven fabric of synthetic fiber material.
10. The structure of claim 1 wherein said sheet comprises a metallic mesh.
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US4126001A (en) * 1975-12-09 1978-11-21 Kyokado Engineering Co., Ltd. Method for constructing a soil structure
US4273476A (en) * 1977-11-29 1981-06-16 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Reinforcement of armored earth work constructions
US4324508A (en) * 1980-01-09 1982-04-13 Hilfiker Pipe Co. Retaining and reinforcement system method and apparatus for earthen formations
US4421439A (en) * 1979-09-03 1983-12-20 Akzona Incorporated Supporting fabric for bearing bulk material and a method of building a road, dike or dam embankment
US4519730A (en) * 1984-01-20 1985-05-28 Tekken Construction Co., Ltd. Method for constructing underground structure
US4591297A (en) * 1984-04-19 1986-05-27 Tekken Construction Co., Ltd. Method of building strengthened, embanked foundation
US4616959A (en) * 1985-03-25 1986-10-14 Hilfiker Pipe Co. Seawall using earth reinforcing mats
US4797026A (en) * 1984-05-09 1989-01-10 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Expandable sand-grid for stabilizing an undersurface
US4834584A (en) * 1987-11-06 1989-05-30 Hilfiker William K Dual swiggle reinforcement system
US4923339A (en) * 1987-09-14 1990-05-08 Fomico International, Inc. Foldable concrete retaining wall structure
US5064313A (en) * 1990-05-25 1991-11-12 Rothbury Investments Limited Embankment reinforcing structures
US5156495A (en) * 1978-10-16 1992-10-20 P. L. G. Research Limited Plastic material mesh structure
US5419659A (en) * 1978-10-16 1995-05-30 P.L.G. Research Limited Plastic material mesh structure
US5490363A (en) * 1992-10-06 1996-02-13 Anchor Wall Sytems, Inc. Composite masonry block
US5522682A (en) * 1994-03-02 1996-06-04 The Tensar Corporation Modular wall block system and grid connection device for use therewith
US5564865A (en) * 1993-12-17 1996-10-15 Jansson; Jan E. Concrete module for retaining wall and improved retaining wall
US5589124A (en) * 1989-09-28 1996-12-31 Block Systems, Inc. Method of forming composite masonry blocks
US5636938A (en) * 1994-06-15 1997-06-10 Ragazzo; George Gabion system
US5704183A (en) * 1992-10-06 1998-01-06 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Composite masonry block
US5709062A (en) * 1992-10-06 1998-01-20 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Composite masonry block
US5879603A (en) * 1996-11-08 1999-03-09 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Process for producing masonry block with roughened surface
US6029943A (en) * 1996-11-08 2000-02-29 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Splitting technique
USD435302S (en) * 1999-10-15 2000-12-19 Kiltie Corp. Front surface of a retaining wall module
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CN105696701A (en) * 2016-01-15 2016-06-22 武汉大学 Along-slope shear wall building development platform and construction method thereof
US20180305883A1 (en) * 2015-10-13 2018-10-25 John Jarvie Earth retention levee system
US20240018737A1 (en) * 2020-12-22 2024-01-18 Zhen's Corporation Retaining-wall panel system and flexible reinforcement mechanical connection method therefor

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US4591297A (en) * 1984-04-19 1986-05-27 Tekken Construction Co., Ltd. Method of building strengthened, embanked foundation
US4797026A (en) * 1984-05-09 1989-01-10 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Expandable sand-grid for stabilizing an undersurface
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US4923339A (en) * 1987-09-14 1990-05-08 Fomico International, Inc. Foldable concrete retaining wall structure
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US7048472B2 (en) 1989-09-28 2006-05-23 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Composite masonry block
US6616382B2 (en) 1989-09-28 2003-09-09 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Composite masonry block
US6183168B1 (en) 1989-09-28 2001-02-06 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Composite masonry block
US6312197B1 (en) 1989-09-28 2001-11-06 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Composite masonry block
US5589124A (en) * 1989-09-28 1996-12-31 Block Systems, Inc. Method of forming composite masonry blocks
US7360970B2 (en) 1989-09-28 2008-04-22 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Composite masonry block
US6142713A (en) * 1989-09-28 2000-11-07 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Composite masonry block
US5827015A (en) * 1989-09-28 1998-10-27 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Composite masonry block
US5064313A (en) * 1990-05-25 1991-11-12 Rothbury Investments Limited Embankment reinforcing structures
US5795105A (en) * 1992-10-06 1998-08-18 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Composite masonry block
US5711129A (en) * 1992-10-06 1998-01-27 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Masonry block
US5709062A (en) * 1992-10-06 1998-01-20 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Composite masonry block
US7384215B2 (en) 1992-10-06 2008-06-10 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Composite masonry block
US6113318A (en) * 1992-10-06 2000-09-05 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Composite masonry block
US5704183A (en) * 1992-10-06 1998-01-06 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Composite masonry block
US5490363A (en) * 1992-10-06 1996-02-13 Anchor Wall Sytems, Inc. Composite masonry block
US5564865A (en) * 1993-12-17 1996-10-15 Jansson; Jan E. Concrete module for retaining wall and improved retaining wall
US5522682A (en) * 1994-03-02 1996-06-04 The Tensar Corporation Modular wall block system and grid connection device for use therewith
US5636938A (en) * 1994-06-15 1997-06-10 Ragazzo; George Gabion system
US5879603A (en) * 1996-11-08 1999-03-09 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Process for producing masonry block with roughened surface
US6178704B1 (en) 1996-11-08 2001-01-30 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Splitting technique
US6029943A (en) * 1996-11-08 2000-02-29 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Splitting technique
USD458693S1 (en) 1996-11-08 2002-06-11 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Retaining wall block
USD445512S1 (en) 1997-10-27 2001-07-24 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Retaining wall block
US7244079B1 (en) 1999-10-15 2007-07-17 Kiltie Corporation Retaining wall system
US6488448B1 (en) 1999-10-15 2002-12-03 Kiltie Corp. Block module
US20060002769A1 (en) * 1999-10-15 2006-01-05 Kiltie Corporation Retaining wall system
US7229235B2 (en) 1999-10-15 2007-06-12 Kiltie Corporation Retaining wall system
US6960048B2 (en) 1999-10-15 2005-11-01 Kiltie Corporation Modular segmented retaining wall
USD435302S (en) * 1999-10-15 2000-12-19 Kiltie Corp. Front surface of a retaining wall module
US7524144B2 (en) 2004-06-22 2009-04-28 Allan Block Corporation Retaining wall
US20060096180A1 (en) * 2004-10-06 2006-05-11 Price Brian A Retaining wall block and grid system
US20180305883A1 (en) * 2015-10-13 2018-10-25 John Jarvie Earth retention levee system
EP3362607A4 (en) * 2015-10-13 2019-07-31 Jarvie, John Earth retention levee system
US10494783B2 (en) * 2015-10-13 2019-12-03 Armour Wall Group Pty Ltd Earth retention levee system
CN105696701A (en) * 2016-01-15 2016-06-22 武汉大学 Along-slope shear wall building development platform and construction method thereof
CN105696701B (en) * 2016-01-15 2017-11-10 武汉大学 A kind of suitable slope shear wall building development platform and its construction method
US20240018737A1 (en) * 2020-12-22 2024-01-18 Zhen's Corporation Retaining-wall panel system and flexible reinforcement mechanical connection method therefor

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FR2234427A1 (en) 1975-01-17
SE7308792L (en) 1974-12-23
DK143718C (en) 1982-03-15
DK331574A (en) 1975-02-10
NL7408165A (en) 1974-12-24
NO146962C (en) 1983-01-05
SE389358B (en) 1976-11-01
DE2429949A1 (en) 1975-01-16
YU174774A (en) 1982-02-25
NO742241L (en) 1975-01-20
BR7405098D0 (en) 1975-10-07
AU7077274A (en) 1976-01-08
NO146962B (en) 1982-09-27
DK143718B (en) 1981-09-28
FI58192C (en) 1980-12-10
GB1453537A (en) 1976-10-27
IN139791B (en) 1976-07-31
DD116279A5 (en) 1975-11-12
FI185774A (en) 1974-12-22
ZA743941B (en) 1975-06-25
FI58192B (en) 1980-08-29
CA1003231A (en) 1977-01-11
HU178226B (en) 1982-04-28
JPS5069803A (en) 1975-06-10
FR2234427B1 (en) 1979-08-17

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