US3923042A - Electrical detector/transducer/applicable on the skin surface for biometrical observations - Google Patents

Electrical detector/transducer/applicable on the skin surface for biometrical observations Download PDF

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Publication number
US3923042A
US3923042A US510708A US51070874A US3923042A US 3923042 A US3923042 A US 3923042A US 510708 A US510708 A US 510708A US 51070874 A US51070874 A US 51070874A US 3923042 A US3923042 A US 3923042A
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United States
Prior art keywords
silver
detector
grains
disc
electrode
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US510708A
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English (en)
Inventor
Laszlo Hajdu
Gyorgy Hegyessy
Jozsef Balla
Gabor Vitan
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Medicor Muvek
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Medicor Muvek
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Publication of US3923042A publication Critical patent/US3923042A/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/25—Bioelectric electrodes therefor
    • A61B5/263—Bioelectric electrodes therefor characterised by the electrode materials
    • A61B5/265—Bioelectric electrodes therefor characterised by the electrode materials containing silver or silver chloride
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/25—Bioelectric electrodes therefor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/25—Bioelectric electrodes therefor
    • A61B5/263—Bioelectric electrodes therefor characterised by the electrode materials
    • A61B5/266—Bioelectric electrodes therefor characterised by the electrode materials containing electrolytes, conductive gels or pastes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B2562/00—Details of sensors; Constructional details of sensor housings or probes; Accessories for sensors
    • A61B2562/02—Details of sensors specially adapted for in-vivo measurements
    • A61B2562/0209—Special features of electrodes classified in A61B5/24, A61B5/25, A61B5/283, A61B5/291, A61B5/296, A61B5/053
    • A61B2562/0215—Silver or silver chloride containing

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT [2]] App. No" 510,708 Electrical detector to be fixed on the skin surface for biometrical observations, consisting of a silver silverl l F reign Application Priority Data chloride electrode and outlet placed in a casing, fur- Oct. 15.1973 Hungary ME 1674 ther Of a biologically harmless Conducting gel placed between the skin surface and the electrode, the [52] U.S. C1. 128/2116 E; 128/2 1 E; 128/417; electrode having a porous structure containing silver 128/1316 252/514 grains of less than 800 82m linear size and its density [51 Int. Cl.
  • the invention relates to an electrical detector which can be fixed to the skin surface, to be used for biometrical observations and in particular for electrocardiographic, e.g. electroencephalographic examinations.
  • the electrode incorporated in the detector has the task of picking up and transferring the potential appearing on the skin surface without any change in it. Since in the body we can speak of the second kindtransfer that is of ion transfer, the electrode transforms substantially the transfer of the second kind to a transfer of the first kind (to electron transfer). The most important requirement for the electrodes is the stability over a period of time of the potential of the electrode, i.e. prevention of the substantial polarization of the electrode. This can be achieved, as is known, by means of silver silver-chloride electrodes in conjunction with an electrolyte containing Cl'ions.
  • the entire surface of the electrode must be equipolar.
  • the electrolyte of Chen contents placed between the electrode surface and the skin surface must not irritate the skin surface even during extended use eg 48 72 hours and on the other hand it must preserve essentially its original concentration.
  • an electrolytic silver-chloride coating is applied on the surface of a silver plate.
  • the disadvantage of this construction is that firstly the high specific resistance of the solid silver-chloride increases the resistance of the electrode, and secondly the silverchloride does not adhere well on the surface of the silver and in aqueous substances, especially during extended examination periods particles of the silverchloride may separate, thus causing fluctuations in the potential.
  • a further disadvantage of the plainsurface electrode is the fact that in comparison with electrodes of porous surface it has a surface smaller by several orders, therefore it is not well suited for examinations over extended periods, eg of 48 72 hours.
  • the constantly increasing popularity of disposable electrical detectors is mainly due to their simple and quick applicability. The special requirements necessitated by disposability and in particular the ease of manufacturing required could not have been met with the known electrical detectors.
  • an electrical detector which can be fixed to the skin for biometrical observations, consisting of the silver silverchloride electrode housed in a casing with an outlet, and a biologically harmless ion conductinggel arranged between the skin surface and the electrodeQtheelectrode having a porous structure containing silver grains of less than 800 um linear size and with a density falling between 2 and 8 g/cm, the surfaces of the individual silver grains being bound by cohesion to the surface of adjacent silver grains and/or to the surface of the outlet which is also silver, the free surfaces of the silver grains being coated by the known silver-chloride layer.
  • the silver grains being bonded to each other provide for good conductivity of the electrode material and by this for the equipotential character. This formation of the electrode further maintains the very advantageous large homogenous surface, which reduces polarisation and ensures the stability of potential. Since the outlet is also made of silver, and the adjacent silver grains are bonded to it, a stable and safe electrical contact is obtained between the material of the electrode and the outlet.
  • the outlet can also be made of silver wire, which can be placed between the silver grains of the electrode.
  • the outlet is a silver cup, which surrounds the electrode on three sides and there exists a cohesive bond between the inner surface of the cup and the silver grains of the electrode adjacent to the cup.
  • the outlet can also form the housing of the electrode at the same time.
  • the ion transferring gel soaks into the pores of an elastic disc of porous structure and the disc extends from the electrode so that it is compressed when the electrode surface and the skin surface are in contact.
  • the cup with the electrode placed in it, and the disc soaked by the ion transferring gel may be surrounded by a disc of closed cell foam; a plastic annulus can be fastened to between the disc of the closed cell foam and the exterior of this cup.
  • the surface of the closed cell foam disc in contact with the skin surface can be coated by a biologically harmless adhesive layer.
  • a bell can be fixed to the external surface of the silver cup and the disc of closed cell foam will be held between the bell and the plastic annulus.
  • the adhesive coated surface of the disc of closed cell foam is made suitably of polyethylene and covered by a protective paper of silicon lining.
  • the protective paper hermetically seals the disc soaked by-the conductive gel, thus protecting it from drying. Before use the paper cover must be removed from the surface of the disc.
  • the electrical detector may be placed in a hermetically sealed container containing saturated water vapour.
  • FIG. 1 represents the scheme of the electrode structure connected to the outlet
  • FIG. 2 is a simplified sectional drawing of a disposable electrode.
  • Electrode 4 is formed by silver grains 1 connected to each other and silver grains 13 connected also to the outlet. Owing to the porous structure of the electrode, only specific parts of the surfaces of the silver grains 1, 13 are connected to each other.
  • the silver grains 1 have edge portions 2 along which the silver grains are connected to each other by cohesive bonding.
  • Silver grains 13 adjacent to the outlet are connected along edge portions 14, also by cohesive bonding, to the outlet made of silver.
  • the size of silver grains 1, 13 is less than 800 ,u.m and the density of the material of the electrode in this embodiment was 3.5 g/cm
  • the free surfaces of silver grains 1, 13 are coated by a silverchloride layer.
  • FIG. 2 an embodiment of the electrical detector according to the invention is shown, which has been designed to be used once and then discarded.
  • the outlet of the electrode 4 is a cup 6 made of silver, which surrounds the electrode 4 on three sides.
  • the external flange of cup 6 joins to the inner surface of a plastic annulus 7 and this annulus 7 also forms the seat for a disc made of porous plastic foam.
  • a metallic bell 12 is attached by solid binding to the outside of cup 6.
  • a plastic foam disc 8 of closed cell structure is situated in the space between bell 12 and annulus 7 .
  • a known adhesive coat 9, which will not dissolve in water, is put on so that the electrode can be attached to the skin.
  • plastic foam disc 8 of closed cell structure has been made of polyurethane with a diameter of 50 mm and a thickness of 3 mm.
  • the adhesive coating 9 applied to the disc can be any glue not harmful to the human organism and non-soluble in water, for instance glue of poly-isobutylene base.
  • a plastic foam disc 5 is placed in the interior of annulus 7 and its thickness exceeds the depth of the recess in annulus 7 and consequently the external'surface of disc 5 protrudes beyond the external flange of annulus 7.
  • Disc 5 is soaked in a gel containing Cl'ions and is harmless to the human organism.
  • the gel utilized can contain, for example, 1% of Cl, 6% of glycerine, and 1% of carboxy-methyl-cellulose.
  • the other components of the gel can be various perfume substances, e.g. lemon oil, further distilled water.
  • the surface coated by layer 9 of disc 8 is protected by a multi-layer protective paper 10, the surface of the paper in contact with the layer 9 being for instance a silicone lining, which will not adhere to the glue.
  • the electrode is placed in a hermetically sealed multilayer bag containing saturated water vapour and this bag has at least one polythene layer and one aluminum foil layer.
  • the ion conducting gel contained in disc 5 and stored in the bag containing saturated water vapour does not dry out for a long time.
  • the bag When the electrode is to be used, the bag is opened and protective paper 10 is removed from plastic foam disc 8, thereafter the electrical detector is placed on the skin surface to be examined, and is held there by the adhesive layer 9.
  • plastic foam disc 5 When placed on the skin, plastic foam disc 5 is compressed and the ion conducting gel stored in it establishes a safe electrical contact between the skin surface and the electrode 4. Since the ion conducting gel is encircled by a hermetically sealed surface it cannot evaporate and, once in place, the electrode provides for an excellent connection for several days.
  • Electrode according to the invention is outstanding among the detectors of known designs: its stability of potential, contact resistance, stability in time is remarkably better than those of the electrodes known up to now. From the simple design it is also evident, that the production costs of the detector are moderate too.
  • An electrical detector to fix to the skin for biometrical observations comprising an electrically conductive housing defining a cavity having an open side and having a silver inner surface, a coherent porous body of silver grains compressed in said housing substantially filling the cavity and having cohesive bonds between contacting silver surfaces of said grains and between said grains and said housing surface, and a coating of silver chloride on the surfaces of substantially all-of said grains other than said contacting surfaces.
  • a detector as claimed in claim 1 said housing comprising a silver cup that encompasses said grains on three sides.
  • a detector as claimed in claim 2 and an elastic disc of open cell porous structure soaked with an ionconducting gel and closing the open side of said housing and projecting beyond said housing to contact the surface of the skin.
  • a detector as claimed in claim 2 and a plastic annulus encircling the cup, and a closed cell foam disc having a surface secured to and extending beyond said annulus said foam disc including means for attaching the disc surface to the skin.
  • a detector as claimed in claim 4 and a metallic bell secured to the external surface of said cup, said form disc being gripped between the bell and the annulus.
  • said attaching means including a protective paper layer covering the surface of the foam disc, and an adhesive releaseably securing said paper to said foam disc.
  • a detector as claimed in claim 1 said grains being of less than 800 um linear size and having a density from 2 to 8 g/cm".
  • a detector as claimed in claim 1 and a biologically harmless ion conducting gel being disposed on the open side of the housing and in contact with the silver grains.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Measurement And Recording Of Electrical Phenomena And Electrical Characteristics Of The Living Body (AREA)
  • Measuring And Recording Apparatus For Diagnosis (AREA)
  • Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
US510708A 1973-10-15 1974-09-30 Electrical detector/transducer/applicable on the skin surface for biometrical observations Expired - Lifetime US3923042A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
HUME1674A HU168079B (sv) 1973-10-15 1973-10-15

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US3923042A true US3923042A (en) 1975-12-02

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US (1) US3923042A (sv)
CA (1) CA1037127A (sv)
DE (1) DE2449091B2 (sv)
FR (1) FR2247724B1 (sv)
HU (1) HU168079B (sv)
IT (1) IT1022729B (sv)
NL (1) NL7413489A (sv)
SE (1) SE403043B (sv)
SU (1) SU558620A3 (sv)

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4556066A (en) * 1983-11-04 1985-12-03 The Kendall Company Ultrasound acoustical coupling pad
US4787390A (en) * 1987-04-15 1988-11-29 Scovill Japan Kabushiki Kaisha Electrode sensor
US20030153822A1 (en) * 2000-04-27 2003-08-14 Brian Nielsen Method for reducing decomposition during strorage of s skin electrode
WO2003079897A2 (en) * 2002-03-26 2003-10-02 Riccardo Brun Del Re Skin impedance matched biopotential electrode
US20040070446A1 (en) * 2001-02-13 2004-04-15 Krupka Michael Andrew Low noise, electric field sensor
US20040254435A1 (en) * 2003-06-11 2004-12-16 Robert Mathews Sensor system for measuring biopotentials
US20050073322A1 (en) * 2003-10-07 2005-04-07 Quantum Applied Science And Research, Inc. Sensor system for measurement of one or more vector components of an electric field
US20050275416A1 (en) * 2004-06-10 2005-12-15 Quasar, Inc. Garment incorporating embedded physiological sensors
US20060015027A1 (en) * 2004-07-15 2006-01-19 Quantum Applied Science And Research, Inc. Unobtrusive measurement system for bioelectric signals
US20060041196A1 (en) * 2004-08-17 2006-02-23 Quasar, Inc. Unobtrusive measurement system for bioelectric signals
US20090227856A1 (en) * 2007-12-21 2009-09-10 Brian Keith Russell Electrocardiogram sensor
US20150038955A1 (en) * 2011-11-16 2015-02-05 Pantec Biosolutions Ag Skin contact detecting device for a device to be secured

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3139953A1 (de) * 1981-10-08 1983-04-28 Nicolay Gmbh, 7312 Kirchheim "verfahren zum herstellen einer elektrode und mittels des verfahrens hergestellte elektrode"
GB2166553B (en) * 1984-03-21 1988-01-13 N Proizv Radioelek Med App Current collecting element of a second-class electrode and method for the obtention thereof

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3490440A (en) * 1967-01-05 1970-01-20 Nasa Pressed disc type sensing electrodes with ion-screening means
US3496929A (en) * 1967-03-30 1970-02-24 Ind Medical Instr Inc Pellet-type biopotential electrode with buffer disc
US3574305A (en) * 1967-09-09 1971-04-13 Hellige & Co Gmbh F Electrode serving for the detection of electrophysiological potentials or currents
US3685645A (en) * 1970-08-17 1972-08-22 Physio Control Corp Defibrillation electrode pad and package therefor
US3701346A (en) * 1971-01-04 1972-10-31 Bionetics Inc Medical electrode
US3747590A (en) * 1971-06-21 1973-07-24 Nat Cable Molding Corp Biopotential electrode
US3828766A (en) * 1972-08-14 1974-08-13 Jet Medical Prod Inc Disposable medical electrode
US3834373A (en) * 1972-02-24 1974-09-10 T Sato Silver, silver chloride electrodes

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3490440A (en) * 1967-01-05 1970-01-20 Nasa Pressed disc type sensing electrodes with ion-screening means
US3496929A (en) * 1967-03-30 1970-02-24 Ind Medical Instr Inc Pellet-type biopotential electrode with buffer disc
US3574305A (en) * 1967-09-09 1971-04-13 Hellige & Co Gmbh F Electrode serving for the detection of electrophysiological potentials or currents
US3685645A (en) * 1970-08-17 1972-08-22 Physio Control Corp Defibrillation electrode pad and package therefor
US3701346A (en) * 1971-01-04 1972-10-31 Bionetics Inc Medical electrode
US3747590A (en) * 1971-06-21 1973-07-24 Nat Cable Molding Corp Biopotential electrode
US3834373A (en) * 1972-02-24 1974-09-10 T Sato Silver, silver chloride electrodes
US3828766A (en) * 1972-08-14 1974-08-13 Jet Medical Prod Inc Disposable medical electrode

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4556066A (en) * 1983-11-04 1985-12-03 The Kendall Company Ultrasound acoustical coupling pad
US4787390A (en) * 1987-04-15 1988-11-29 Scovill Japan Kabushiki Kaisha Electrode sensor
US20030153822A1 (en) * 2000-04-27 2003-08-14 Brian Nielsen Method for reducing decomposition during strorage of s skin electrode
US20040070446A1 (en) * 2001-02-13 2004-04-15 Krupka Michael Andrew Low noise, electric field sensor
US7088175B2 (en) 2001-02-13 2006-08-08 Quantum Applied Science & Research, Inc. Low noise, electric field sensor
US20050177038A1 (en) * 2002-03-26 2005-08-11 Hans Kolpin Skin impedance matched biopotential electrode
WO2003079897A2 (en) * 2002-03-26 2003-10-02 Riccardo Brun Del Re Skin impedance matched biopotential electrode
WO2003079897A3 (en) * 2002-03-26 2004-02-05 Del Re Riccardo Brun Skin impedance matched biopotential electrode
US6961601B2 (en) 2003-06-11 2005-11-01 Quantum Applied Science & Research, Inc. Sensor system for measuring biopotentials
US20040254435A1 (en) * 2003-06-11 2004-12-16 Robert Mathews Sensor system for measuring biopotentials
US20070159167A1 (en) * 2003-10-07 2007-07-12 Hibbs Andrew D Integrated sensor system for measuring electric and/or magnetic field vector components
US20050073322A1 (en) * 2003-10-07 2005-04-07 Quantum Applied Science And Research, Inc. Sensor system for measurement of one or more vector components of an electric field
US7141987B2 (en) 2003-10-07 2006-11-28 Quantum Applied Science And Research, Inc. Sensor system for measurement of one or more vector components of an electric field
US7141968B2 (en) 2003-10-07 2006-11-28 Quasar Federal Systems, Inc. Integrated sensor system for measuring electric and/or magnetic field vector components
US20050073302A1 (en) * 2003-10-07 2005-04-07 Quantum Applied Science And Research, Inc. Integrated sensor system for measuring electric and/or magnetic field vector components
US20050275416A1 (en) * 2004-06-10 2005-12-15 Quasar, Inc. Garment incorporating embedded physiological sensors
US7173437B2 (en) 2004-06-10 2007-02-06 Quantum Applied Science And Research, Inc. Garment incorporating embedded physiological sensors
US20060015027A1 (en) * 2004-07-15 2006-01-19 Quantum Applied Science And Research, Inc. Unobtrusive measurement system for bioelectric signals
US7245956B2 (en) 2004-07-15 2007-07-17 Quantum Applied Science & Research, Inc. Unobtrusive measurement system for bioelectric signals
US20060041196A1 (en) * 2004-08-17 2006-02-23 Quasar, Inc. Unobtrusive measurement system for bioelectric signals
US20090227856A1 (en) * 2007-12-21 2009-09-10 Brian Keith Russell Electrocardiogram sensor
US20150038955A1 (en) * 2011-11-16 2015-02-05 Pantec Biosolutions Ag Skin contact detecting device for a device to be secured

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL7413489A (nl) 1975-04-17
FR2247724B1 (sv) 1980-03-28
FR2247724A1 (sv) 1975-05-09
SE403043B (sv) 1978-07-31
DE2449091B2 (de) 1979-09-20
HU168079B (sv) 1976-02-28
CA1037127A (en) 1978-08-22
IT1022729B (it) 1978-04-20
SU558620A3 (ru) 1977-05-15
DE2449091A1 (de) 1975-04-17
SE7412892L (sv) 1975-04-16

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