CA1037127A - Biomedical electrode - Google Patents
Biomedical electrodeInfo
- Publication number
- CA1037127A CA1037127A CA210,545A CA210545A CA1037127A CA 1037127 A CA1037127 A CA 1037127A CA 210545 A CA210545 A CA 210545A CA 1037127 A CA1037127 A CA 1037127A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- silver
- grains
- detector
- housing
- disc
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
- A61B5/25—Bioelectric electrodes therefor
- A61B5/263—Bioelectric electrodes therefor characterised by the electrode materials
- A61B5/265—Bioelectric electrodes therefor characterised by the electrode materials containing silver or silver chloride
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
- A61B5/25—Bioelectric electrodes therefor
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
- A61B5/25—Bioelectric electrodes therefor
- A61B5/263—Bioelectric electrodes therefor characterised by the electrode materials
- A61B5/266—Bioelectric electrodes therefor characterised by the electrode materials containing electrolytes, conductive gels or pastes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B2562/00—Details of sensors; Constructional details of sensor housings or probes; Accessories for sensors
- A61B2562/02—Details of sensors specially adapted for in-vivo measurements
- A61B2562/0209—Special features of electrodes classified in A61B5/24, A61B5/25, A61B5/283, A61B5/291, A61B5/296, A61B5/053
- A61B2562/0215—Silver or silver chloride containing
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
The present invention provides an electrical detector to fix to the skin for biometrical observations, comprising an electrically conductive housing defining a cavity having an open side and having a silver inner surface, a coherent porous body of silver grains compressed in said housing substantially filling the cavity and having cohesive bonds between contacting silver surfaces of said grains and between said grains and said housing surface, and a coating of silver chloride on the sur-faces of substantially all of said grains other than said contacting surfaces.
The present invention provides an electrical detector to fix to the skin for biometrical observations, comprising an electrically conductive housing defining a cavity having an open side and having a silver inner surface, a coherent porous body of silver grains compressed in said housing substantially filling the cavity and having cohesive bonds between contacting silver surfaces of said grains and between said grains and said housing surface, and a coating of silver chloride on the sur-faces of substantially all of said grains other than said contacting surfaces.
Description
The present invention relates to an electrical detector to fix to the skin surface, for use in biometrical observations and in particular for electrocardiographic, e.g.
electroencephalographic examinations.
The electrode incorporated in the detector has the task of picking up and transferring the potential appearing on the skin surface without any change there. Since in the body we can speak of the second kind-transfer that is of ion transfer, the electrode transforms substantially the transfer of the second kind to a transfer of the first kind (to electron transfer). The most important requirement for the electrodes is the stability over a period of time of the potential of the electrode, i.e.
prevention of the substantial polarization of the electrode. This can be achieved, as is known, by means of silver silver-chloride electrodes in conjunction with an electrolyte containing Cl ions.
Besides the primary requirement, that is the stability of potential the electrode must possess between the electrolyte and the electron transferring outlet minimum contact resistance and the entire surface of the electrode must be equipolar. The electrolyte containing Cl ion located between the electrode surface and the skin surface must not irritate the skin surface even during extended use, e.g. 48 - 72 hours and it must maintain essentially its initial concentration.
With the development of medical techniques, disposable medical appliances, including electrical detectors are gaining popularity at a steadily growing rate, due to their simple manoeuvrability and quick, hygienic applicability. Disposability sets another requirement for the electrical detectors. In the interests of quick and simple manipulation it is desirable that the electrode should be all ready for use with the electrolyte necessary for its proper functioning, and with means for ensuring its proper connection to the skin surface.
;, ~ .
In a conventional electrode, the material of the electrode consists of fine-grained compressed silver silver-chloride mixture to which an electrical outlet is connected by soldering. The surface of the electrode formed this way will not be equi-potential, since the individual silver grains are in contact with each other only through silver chloride which is a bad electrical conductor. The currents flowing through the ele-ctrode which are of very low value produce voltage drops at different places on the electrode surface which have a disturbing effect on the measurements. Leading out the current from a soldered joint can be the source additional problems, since in the presence of the electrolytic substance the soldering material may cause disturbing potentials, and the developing corrosion may disadvantageously influence the contact quality.
In another construction of the silver silver-chloride electrode an electrolytic silver-chloride coating is applied on the surface of a silver plate. The disadvantage of this con-struction is that firstly the high specific resistance of the solid silver-chloride increases the resistance of the electrode, and secondly the silver-chloride does not adhere well on the surface of the silver and in aqueous substances, especially during extended examination periods particles of the silver chloride may separate, thus causing fluctuations in the potential. A
further disadvantage of the plain-surface electrode is that in comparison with electrodes of porous surface it has a surface smaller by several orders, therefore it is not well suited for examinations over extended periods, e.g. of 4~ - 72 hours. The constantly increasing popularity of disposable electrical detectors is mainly due to their simple and quick applicability. The special requirements necessitated by disposability and in partic-ular the ease of manufacturing required have not been satisfied by the conventional electrical detectors.
~r .
~037127 According to the present invention therefore there is provided an electrical detector to fix to the skin for biometri-cal observations, comprising an electrically conductive housing defining a cavity having an open side and having a silver inner surface, a coherent porous body of silver grains compressed in said housing substantially filling the cavity and having cohesive bonds between contacting silver surfaces of said grains and between said grains and said housing surface, and a coating of silver chloride on the surfaces of substantially all of said grains other than said contacting surfaces.
In accordance with the present invention the electrical detector, which can be fixed to the skin for biometrical obser-vations comprises a silver silver-chloride electrode housed in a casing with an outlet, and a biologically harmless ion conducting gel arranged between the skin surface and the electrode, the electrode having a porous structure containing silver grains desirably of less than 800 ~m linear size and with a density desirably falling between 2 and 8 g/cm , the surfaces of the individual silver grains being bound by surface adhesion without the use of an adhesive to the surface of adjacent silver grains and/or to the surface of the outlet which is also silver, the free surfaces of the silver grains being coated by the known silver-chloride layer.
The terms "adhesion bond" and "adhesive bonding" as - used herein refer to the individual silver grains which have been pressed together under sufficient pressure to provide surface cohesion forces between the adjacent silver surfaces. There is no adhesive substance but pure surface adhesion between these surfaces. This kind of connection provides for the extra good electrical conductivity and for the equipotential properties of the resulting porous structure. The silver-chloride layer covers only those surface areas which do not participate in this kind of B
adhesion bonding.
The silver grains being bonded to each other provide for good conductivity of the electrode material and by this for i the equipotential character. This formation of the electrode further maintains the very advantageous large homogeneous surface, which reduces polarisation and ensures the stability of potential.
Since the ou~;let is also made of silver, and the adjacent silver grains are bonded to it, a stable and safe electrical contact is obtained between the material of the electrode and the outlet.
The outlet can also be made of silver wire, which can be placed between the silver grains of the electrode.
Preferably, the outlet is a silver cup, which surrounds the electrode on three sides and there exists an adhesive bond between the inner surface of the cup and the silver grains of the electrode adjacent to the cup. The outlet can also form the housing of the electrode at the same time.
The ion transferring gel soaks into the pores of an elastic disc of porous structure and the disc extends from the electrode so that it is compressed when the electrode surface and the skin surface are in contact.
The cup with the electrode placed in it, and the disc soaked by the ion transferring gel may be surrounded by a disc of closed cell foam; a plastic annulus can be fastened between the disc of the closed cell foam and the exterior of this cup. The surface of the closed cell foam disc in contact with the skin surface can be coated by a biologically harmless adhesive layer.
A bell can be fixed to the external surface of the silver cup and the disc of closed cell foam will be held between the bell and the plastic annulus.
When the detector is adapted to be used only once, the adhesive coated surface of the disc of closed cell foam is suitably made of polyethylene and covered by a protective paper of silicon .
103~Z7 lining. The protective paper hermetically seals the disc soaked by the conductive gel, thus protecting it from drying. Before use the paper cover must be removed from the surface of the disc.
The electrical detector rnay be placed in a hermetically sealed container containing saturated water vapour.
The present invention will be further illustrated by way of the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 represents the scheme of the electrode struc-ture connected to the outlet, Figure 2 is a simplified sectional drawing of a dis-posable electrode.
In Figure 1, the grain structure of the electrical detector (transducer) according to one embodiment of the invention is shown. Electrode 4 is formed by silver grains 1 connected to each other and silver grains 13 connected also to the outlet. Due to the porous structure of the electrode, only specific parts of the surfaces of the silver grains 1 and 13 are connected to each other. The silver grains 1 have edge portions 2 along which the silver grains are connected to each other by adhesive bonding.
Silver grains 13 adjacent to the outlet are connected along edge portions 14, also by adhesive bonding, to the outlet made of silver. The size of silver grains 1 and 13 is less than 800 ~m and the density of the material of the electrode in this embodi-ment was 3.5 g/cm3. The free surfaces of silver grains 1 and 13 are coated by a silver-chloride layer.
In Figure 2, an embodiment of the electrical detector according to the invention is shown, which has been designed to be used once and then discarded. In this case the outlet of the electrode 4 is a cup 6 made of silver, which surrounds the elec-trode 4 on three sides. The external flange of cup 6 joints tothe inner surface of a plastic annulus 7 and this annulus 7 also forrns the seat for an annulus disc 8 of porous plastic foam. A
~5-;l metallic bell 12 is attached by solid bindin~ to the outside of cup 6. In the space between bell 12 and annulus 7 an annulus plastic foam disc 8 of closed cell structure is located. On the surface of the annulus plastic foam disc 8 which will be in contact with the skin, a conventional adhesive coat 9, which will not dissolve in water, is put on so that the electrode can be attached to the skin. In this embodiment the annulus plastic foam disc 8 of closed cell structure is made of polyurethane with a diameter of 50 mm and a thickness of 3 mm. The adhesive coating 9 applied to the disc 8 can be any glue which is not harmful to the human organism and is soluble in water, for instance glue having a polyisobutylene base.
A gel containing plastic foam disc 5 is placed in the interior of annulus 7 and its thickness exceeds the depth of the recess in annulus 7 and consequently the external surface of the disc 5 protrudes beyond th~ external flange of annulus 7. The disc 5 is soaked in a gel containing Cl ions and is harmless to the human organism. The gel utilized can contain, for example, 1~ of Cl , 6~ of glycerine, and 1~ of carboxymethylcellulose.
The other components of the gel can be various perfume substances, e.g. lemon oil, further distilled water.
Before use, the surface coated by the layer 9 of the annulus disc 8 is protected by a multi-layered protective paper 10, the surface of the paper in contact with the layer 9 being for instance a silicon lining, which will not adhere to the glue.
The electrode is placed in a hermetically sealed multi-layer bag containing saturated water vapour and this bag has at least one polythene layer and one aluminium foil layer. The ion conducting gel contained in the gel containing disc 5 and stored in the bag containing saturated water vapour does not dry out for a long time.
When the electrode is to be used, the bag is opened B
.. ... .. _ ..
--`` 10371Z~7 and protectiVe paper 10 is removed from the annulus plastic foam disc 8, thereafter the electrical detector is placed on the skin surface to be examined, and is held ~here by the adhesive layer 1 9. When placed on the skin, the gel containing plastic foam disc 5 is compressed and the ion conducting gel stored in it establishes a safe electrical contact between the skin surface and the electrode 4. Since the ion conducting gel is encircled by a hermetically sealed surface it cannot evaporate and, once in place, the electrode provides for an excellent connection for several days.
Electrical connection between the detector according to the invention and the examining device can be established by a contactor of suitable design attached to the external surface of bell 12. Due to its advantageous properties the electrode according to the invention is outstanding among the detectors of known designs: its stability of potential, contact resistance, stability in time is remarkably better than those of the electrode~
known up to now. From the simple design it is also evident, that the production costs of the detector are moderate too.
electroencephalographic examinations.
The electrode incorporated in the detector has the task of picking up and transferring the potential appearing on the skin surface without any change there. Since in the body we can speak of the second kind-transfer that is of ion transfer, the electrode transforms substantially the transfer of the second kind to a transfer of the first kind (to electron transfer). The most important requirement for the electrodes is the stability over a period of time of the potential of the electrode, i.e.
prevention of the substantial polarization of the electrode. This can be achieved, as is known, by means of silver silver-chloride electrodes in conjunction with an electrolyte containing Cl ions.
Besides the primary requirement, that is the stability of potential the electrode must possess between the electrolyte and the electron transferring outlet minimum contact resistance and the entire surface of the electrode must be equipolar. The electrolyte containing Cl ion located between the electrode surface and the skin surface must not irritate the skin surface even during extended use, e.g. 48 - 72 hours and it must maintain essentially its initial concentration.
With the development of medical techniques, disposable medical appliances, including electrical detectors are gaining popularity at a steadily growing rate, due to their simple manoeuvrability and quick, hygienic applicability. Disposability sets another requirement for the electrical detectors. In the interests of quick and simple manipulation it is desirable that the electrode should be all ready for use with the electrolyte necessary for its proper functioning, and with means for ensuring its proper connection to the skin surface.
;, ~ .
In a conventional electrode, the material of the electrode consists of fine-grained compressed silver silver-chloride mixture to which an electrical outlet is connected by soldering. The surface of the electrode formed this way will not be equi-potential, since the individual silver grains are in contact with each other only through silver chloride which is a bad electrical conductor. The currents flowing through the ele-ctrode which are of very low value produce voltage drops at different places on the electrode surface which have a disturbing effect on the measurements. Leading out the current from a soldered joint can be the source additional problems, since in the presence of the electrolytic substance the soldering material may cause disturbing potentials, and the developing corrosion may disadvantageously influence the contact quality.
In another construction of the silver silver-chloride electrode an electrolytic silver-chloride coating is applied on the surface of a silver plate. The disadvantage of this con-struction is that firstly the high specific resistance of the solid silver-chloride increases the resistance of the electrode, and secondly the silver-chloride does not adhere well on the surface of the silver and in aqueous substances, especially during extended examination periods particles of the silver chloride may separate, thus causing fluctuations in the potential. A
further disadvantage of the plain-surface electrode is that in comparison with electrodes of porous surface it has a surface smaller by several orders, therefore it is not well suited for examinations over extended periods, e.g. of 4~ - 72 hours. The constantly increasing popularity of disposable electrical detectors is mainly due to their simple and quick applicability. The special requirements necessitated by disposability and in partic-ular the ease of manufacturing required have not been satisfied by the conventional electrical detectors.
~r .
~037127 According to the present invention therefore there is provided an electrical detector to fix to the skin for biometri-cal observations, comprising an electrically conductive housing defining a cavity having an open side and having a silver inner surface, a coherent porous body of silver grains compressed in said housing substantially filling the cavity and having cohesive bonds between contacting silver surfaces of said grains and between said grains and said housing surface, and a coating of silver chloride on the surfaces of substantially all of said grains other than said contacting surfaces.
In accordance with the present invention the electrical detector, which can be fixed to the skin for biometrical obser-vations comprises a silver silver-chloride electrode housed in a casing with an outlet, and a biologically harmless ion conducting gel arranged between the skin surface and the electrode, the electrode having a porous structure containing silver grains desirably of less than 800 ~m linear size and with a density desirably falling between 2 and 8 g/cm , the surfaces of the individual silver grains being bound by surface adhesion without the use of an adhesive to the surface of adjacent silver grains and/or to the surface of the outlet which is also silver, the free surfaces of the silver grains being coated by the known silver-chloride layer.
The terms "adhesion bond" and "adhesive bonding" as - used herein refer to the individual silver grains which have been pressed together under sufficient pressure to provide surface cohesion forces between the adjacent silver surfaces. There is no adhesive substance but pure surface adhesion between these surfaces. This kind of connection provides for the extra good electrical conductivity and for the equipotential properties of the resulting porous structure. The silver-chloride layer covers only those surface areas which do not participate in this kind of B
adhesion bonding.
The silver grains being bonded to each other provide for good conductivity of the electrode material and by this for i the equipotential character. This formation of the electrode further maintains the very advantageous large homogeneous surface, which reduces polarisation and ensures the stability of potential.
Since the ou~;let is also made of silver, and the adjacent silver grains are bonded to it, a stable and safe electrical contact is obtained between the material of the electrode and the outlet.
The outlet can also be made of silver wire, which can be placed between the silver grains of the electrode.
Preferably, the outlet is a silver cup, which surrounds the electrode on three sides and there exists an adhesive bond between the inner surface of the cup and the silver grains of the electrode adjacent to the cup. The outlet can also form the housing of the electrode at the same time.
The ion transferring gel soaks into the pores of an elastic disc of porous structure and the disc extends from the electrode so that it is compressed when the electrode surface and the skin surface are in contact.
The cup with the electrode placed in it, and the disc soaked by the ion transferring gel may be surrounded by a disc of closed cell foam; a plastic annulus can be fastened between the disc of the closed cell foam and the exterior of this cup. The surface of the closed cell foam disc in contact with the skin surface can be coated by a biologically harmless adhesive layer.
A bell can be fixed to the external surface of the silver cup and the disc of closed cell foam will be held between the bell and the plastic annulus.
When the detector is adapted to be used only once, the adhesive coated surface of the disc of closed cell foam is suitably made of polyethylene and covered by a protective paper of silicon .
103~Z7 lining. The protective paper hermetically seals the disc soaked by the conductive gel, thus protecting it from drying. Before use the paper cover must be removed from the surface of the disc.
The electrical detector rnay be placed in a hermetically sealed container containing saturated water vapour.
The present invention will be further illustrated by way of the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 represents the scheme of the electrode struc-ture connected to the outlet, Figure 2 is a simplified sectional drawing of a dis-posable electrode.
In Figure 1, the grain structure of the electrical detector (transducer) according to one embodiment of the invention is shown. Electrode 4 is formed by silver grains 1 connected to each other and silver grains 13 connected also to the outlet. Due to the porous structure of the electrode, only specific parts of the surfaces of the silver grains 1 and 13 are connected to each other. The silver grains 1 have edge portions 2 along which the silver grains are connected to each other by adhesive bonding.
Silver grains 13 adjacent to the outlet are connected along edge portions 14, also by adhesive bonding, to the outlet made of silver. The size of silver grains 1 and 13 is less than 800 ~m and the density of the material of the electrode in this embodi-ment was 3.5 g/cm3. The free surfaces of silver grains 1 and 13 are coated by a silver-chloride layer.
In Figure 2, an embodiment of the electrical detector according to the invention is shown, which has been designed to be used once and then discarded. In this case the outlet of the electrode 4 is a cup 6 made of silver, which surrounds the elec-trode 4 on three sides. The external flange of cup 6 joints tothe inner surface of a plastic annulus 7 and this annulus 7 also forrns the seat for an annulus disc 8 of porous plastic foam. A
~5-;l metallic bell 12 is attached by solid bindin~ to the outside of cup 6. In the space between bell 12 and annulus 7 an annulus plastic foam disc 8 of closed cell structure is located. On the surface of the annulus plastic foam disc 8 which will be in contact with the skin, a conventional adhesive coat 9, which will not dissolve in water, is put on so that the electrode can be attached to the skin. In this embodiment the annulus plastic foam disc 8 of closed cell structure is made of polyurethane with a diameter of 50 mm and a thickness of 3 mm. The adhesive coating 9 applied to the disc 8 can be any glue which is not harmful to the human organism and is soluble in water, for instance glue having a polyisobutylene base.
A gel containing plastic foam disc 5 is placed in the interior of annulus 7 and its thickness exceeds the depth of the recess in annulus 7 and consequently the external surface of the disc 5 protrudes beyond th~ external flange of annulus 7. The disc 5 is soaked in a gel containing Cl ions and is harmless to the human organism. The gel utilized can contain, for example, 1~ of Cl , 6~ of glycerine, and 1~ of carboxymethylcellulose.
The other components of the gel can be various perfume substances, e.g. lemon oil, further distilled water.
Before use, the surface coated by the layer 9 of the annulus disc 8 is protected by a multi-layered protective paper 10, the surface of the paper in contact with the layer 9 being for instance a silicon lining, which will not adhere to the glue.
The electrode is placed in a hermetically sealed multi-layer bag containing saturated water vapour and this bag has at least one polythene layer and one aluminium foil layer. The ion conducting gel contained in the gel containing disc 5 and stored in the bag containing saturated water vapour does not dry out for a long time.
When the electrode is to be used, the bag is opened B
.. ... .. _ ..
--`` 10371Z~7 and protectiVe paper 10 is removed from the annulus plastic foam disc 8, thereafter the electrical detector is placed on the skin surface to be examined, and is held ~here by the adhesive layer 1 9. When placed on the skin, the gel containing plastic foam disc 5 is compressed and the ion conducting gel stored in it establishes a safe electrical contact between the skin surface and the electrode 4. Since the ion conducting gel is encircled by a hermetically sealed surface it cannot evaporate and, once in place, the electrode provides for an excellent connection for several days.
Electrical connection between the detector according to the invention and the examining device can be established by a contactor of suitable design attached to the external surface of bell 12. Due to its advantageous properties the electrode according to the invention is outstanding among the detectors of known designs: its stability of potential, contact resistance, stability in time is remarkably better than those of the electrode~
known up to now. From the simple design it is also evident, that the production costs of the detector are moderate too.
Claims (8)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. An electrical detector to fix to the skin for biometrical observations, comprising an electrically conductive housing defining a cavity having an open side and having a silver inner surface, a coherent porous body of silver grains compressed in said housing substantially filling the cavity and having cohesive bonds between contacting silver surfaces of said grains and between said grains and said housing surface, and a coating of silver chloride on the surfaces of substantially all of said grains other than said contacting surfaces.
2. A detector as claimed in claim 1, said housing comprising a silver cup that encompasses said grains on three sides.
3. A detector as claimed in claim 2, and an elastic disc or open cell porous structure soaked with an ion-conducting gel and closing the open side of said housing and projecting beyond said housing to contact the surface of the skin.
4. A detector as claimed in claim 2, and a plastic annulus encircling the cup, and a closed cell foam disc having a surface secured to and extending beyond said annulus said foam disc including means for attaching the disc surface to the skin.
5. A detector as claimed in claim 4, and a metallic bell secured to the external surface of said cup, said foam disc being gripped between the bell and the annulus.
6. A detector as claimed in claim 4, said attaching means including a protective paper layer covering the surface of the foam disc, and an adhesive releaseably securing said paper to said foam disc.
7. A detector as claimed in claim 1, said grains being of less than 800 µm linear size and having a density from 2 to 8 g/cm3.
8. A detector as claimed in claim 1, and a biolog-ically harmless ion conducting gel being disposed on the open side of the housing and in contact with the silver grains.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| HUME1674A HU168079B (en) | 1973-10-15 | 1973-10-15 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1037127A true CA1037127A (en) | 1978-08-22 |
Family
ID=10999316
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA210,545A Expired CA1037127A (en) | 1973-10-15 | 1974-10-01 | Biomedical electrode |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3923042A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1037127A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2449091B2 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2247724B1 (en) |
| HU (1) | HU168079B (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1022729B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7413489A (en) |
| SE (1) | SE403043B (en) |
| SU (1) | SU558620A3 (en) |
Families Citing this family (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3139953A1 (en) * | 1981-10-08 | 1983-04-28 | Nicolay Gmbh, 7312 Kirchheim | Method of producing an electrode and electrode produced by said method |
| US4556066A (en) * | 1983-11-04 | 1985-12-03 | The Kendall Company | Ultrasound acoustical coupling pad |
| DE3490675T (en) * | 1984-03-21 | 1986-04-03 | Naučno-proizvodstvennoe ob"edinenie po radioelektronnoj medicinskoj apparature "REMA", L'vov | Current-collecting element of an electrode of the second type and method for producing the same |
| GB2203344B (en) * | 1987-04-15 | 1991-11-20 | Scovill Japan | Electrode sensor |
| US20030153822A1 (en) * | 2000-04-27 | 2003-08-14 | Brian Nielsen | Method for reducing decomposition during strorage of s skin electrode |
| US7088175B2 (en) * | 2001-02-13 | 2006-08-08 | Quantum Applied Science & Research, Inc. | Low noise, electric field sensor |
| CA2379268A1 (en) * | 2002-03-26 | 2003-09-26 | Hans Kolpin | Skin impedance matched biopotential electrode |
| US6961601B2 (en) * | 2003-06-11 | 2005-11-01 | Quantum Applied Science & Research, Inc. | Sensor system for measuring biopotentials |
| US7141968B2 (en) * | 2003-10-07 | 2006-11-28 | Quasar Federal Systems, Inc. | Integrated sensor system for measuring electric and/or magnetic field vector components |
| US7173437B2 (en) * | 2004-06-10 | 2007-02-06 | Quantum Applied Science And Research, Inc. | Garment incorporating embedded physiological sensors |
| US7245956B2 (en) * | 2004-07-15 | 2007-07-17 | Quantum Applied Science & Research, Inc. | Unobtrusive measurement system for bioelectric signals |
| US20060041196A1 (en) * | 2004-08-17 | 2006-02-23 | Quasar, Inc. | Unobtrusive measurement system for bioelectric signals |
| EP2072009A1 (en) * | 2007-12-21 | 2009-06-24 | Brian Keith Russell | An Electrocardiogram Sensor |
| AT512238A1 (en) * | 2011-11-16 | 2013-06-15 | Pantec Biosolutions Ag | SKIN CONTACT DETECTION DEVICE |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3490440A (en) * | 1967-01-05 | 1970-01-20 | Nasa | Pressed disc type sensing electrodes with ion-screening means |
| US3496929A (en) * | 1967-03-30 | 1970-02-24 | Ind Medical Instr Inc | Pellet-type biopotential electrode with buffer disc |
| US3574305A (en) * | 1967-09-09 | 1971-04-13 | Hellige & Co Gmbh F | Electrode serving for the detection of electrophysiological potentials or currents |
| US3685645A (en) * | 1970-08-17 | 1972-08-22 | Physio Control Corp | Defibrillation electrode pad and package therefor |
| US3701346A (en) * | 1971-01-04 | 1972-10-31 | Bionetics Inc | Medical electrode |
| US3747590A (en) * | 1971-06-21 | 1973-07-24 | Nat Cable Molding Corp | Biopotential electrode |
| US3834373A (en) * | 1972-02-24 | 1974-09-10 | T Sato | Silver, silver chloride electrodes |
| US3828766A (en) * | 1972-08-14 | 1974-08-13 | Jet Medical Prod Inc | Disposable medical electrode |
-
1973
- 1973-10-15 HU HUME1674A patent/HU168079B/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1974
- 1974-09-30 US US510708A patent/US3923042A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1974-10-01 CA CA210,545A patent/CA1037127A/en not_active Expired
- 1974-10-09 IT IT28233/74A patent/IT1022729B/en active
- 1974-10-11 FR FR7434255A patent/FR2247724B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1974-10-14 SE SE7412892A patent/SE403043B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1974-10-14 SU SU2069454A patent/SU558620A3/en active
- 1974-10-14 NL NL7413489A patent/NL7413489A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1974-10-15 DE DE2449091A patent/DE2449091B2/en not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| SE403043B (en) | 1978-07-31 |
| DE2449091A1 (en) | 1975-04-17 |
| SU558620A3 (en) | 1977-05-15 |
| FR2247724B1 (en) | 1980-03-28 |
| DE2449091B2 (en) | 1979-09-20 |
| SE7412892L (en) | 1975-04-16 |
| IT1022729B (en) | 1978-04-20 |
| HU168079B (en) | 1976-02-28 |
| NL7413489A (en) | 1975-04-17 |
| FR2247724A1 (en) | 1975-05-09 |
| US3923042A (en) | 1975-12-02 |
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