US3891852A - Neutron detection and radiography - Google Patents

Neutron detection and radiography Download PDF

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US3891852A
US3891852A US303387A US30338772A US3891852A US 3891852 A US3891852 A US 3891852A US 303387 A US303387 A US 303387A US 30338772 A US30338772 A US 30338772A US 3891852 A US3891852 A US 3891852A
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gadolinium
silver halide
screen
layer
neutron
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Romain Henri Bollen
Esch Robert Florent Van
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Agfa Gevaert NV
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Agfa Gevaert NV
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Priority to BE1005460A priority patent/BE806545A/xx
Priority to DE19732354354 priority patent/DE2354354A1/de
Priority to FR7339019A priority patent/FR2205674B1/fr
Priority to JP12328873A priority patent/JPS5717476B2/ja
Priority to GB5082873A priority patent/GB1461386A/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
    • G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
    • G01N23/06—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption
    • G01N23/09—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being neutrons
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
    • C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
    • C09K11/77—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing rare earth metals
    • C09K11/7766—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing rare earth metals containing two or more rare earth metals
    • C09K11/7767—Chalcogenides
    • C09K11/7769—Oxides
    • C09K11/777—Oxyhalogenides
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T3/00—Measuring neutron radiation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
    • G21K4/00—Conversion screens for the conversion of the spatial distribution of X-rays or particle radiation into visible images, e.g. fluoroscopic screens
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D69/00—Friction linings; Attachment thereof; Selection of coacting friction substances or surfaces
    • F16D69/04—Attachment of linings
    • F16D2069/0425—Attachment methods or devices
    • F16D2069/045—Bonding
    • F16D2069/0466—Bonding chemical, e.g. using adhesives, vulcanising
    • F16D2069/0475—Bonding chemical, e.g. using adhesives, vulcanising comprising thermal treatment

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT [52] US. Cl 250/39]; 250/483 An improved method of recording neutron images [5 l] Int. Cl. G0lt 3/00 which comprises imagewise irradiating with neutrons [58] Field of Search across 250/312 VT. 483, 486.
  • neutron radiatiomsensitive screens can be divided into three classes according to the function they have to perform.
  • the first class includes screens which are called here "neutron conversion screens.” Such screens have the property to produce ultraviolet light or visible light photons in a fluorescent screen contacting a photocathode that emits photoelectrons under the influence of the fluorescent light. Such screens may find application in image intensifier or image conversion tubes similar to those known from X-ray radiography (ref. 0.]. Van der Plaats, Medical X-ray Technique (1959) Phillips Technical Library, pages l03-l08). in such tubes the photo-electrons emitted by the photocathode are acclerated electrically in vacuum and an electric or magnetic focusing field is used to focus the electron image on another fluorescent screen which is sensitive for fast moving electrons. The photo-electrons are thus transformed into visible light in a way similar to that known from television picture tubes.
  • the second class includes screens which are called here fluorescopic screens.” Such screens have the function of producing a directly viewable image in correspondence with the neutron image.
  • the screen is viewed e.g., by means of optical means or photographed for the purposes of cineradiography or for producing television pictures.
  • the fluorescopic image may be intensified with an electronic image intensifying tube before being viewed or phtotgraphed.
  • the third class includes screens which are called here intensifying screens.” Such screens have the function to transform the neutron radiation into electromagnetic radiation or high energy particle radiation e.g., B or a-rays, for which a photographic material directly contacting the screen is sensitive.
  • Such screens have the function to transform the neutron radiation into electromagnetic radiation or high energy particle radiation e.g., B or a-rays, for which a photographic material directly contacting the screen is sensitive.
  • intensifying screens are used in combination with silver halide emulsion film sheets that together and in immediate contact with the screen(s) are mounted in a light-tight cassette.
  • intensifying screens used in thermal neutron radiography, viz. granular, glass and metal foil screens.
  • M. R. Hawkesworth et al. in the Journal of Scientif. instruments 3 (November 1970) Nr. ll, pages 85 l-854 describes as granular intensifying screen a screen containing a l:2:l (by weight) mixture of lithium-6 fluoride, zinc sulphide and perspex having a thickness of 0.65 mm, as metal screen a 25 um foil of gadolinium and as glass screen a sheet oflithium-6 oxide loaded, cerium activated, scintillator glass l.3 mm in thickness.
  • the metal foil screens have to be divided in two types viz. metal screens for direct exposure and metal screens for transfer exposure.
  • the most useful metal screen for direct exposure is the gadolinium metal screen, which has a very high thermal neutron absorption coupled with the immediate emission ofB-particles of low energy keV).
  • the screen has therefore extremely-high resolving power.
  • the 70 keV electrons carry only 1/68 of the energy of the Li(n,a )T taking place in the above mentioned granular lithium-6 fluoride-zinc sulphide screen.
  • the basic reaction in such a screen is Li n ,T a 4.79 MeV.
  • the gadolinium metal screens are insufficiently selective to detect neutrons in the presence of 'y-rays.
  • Most metals unlike gadolinium, emit B-particles some time after neutron absorption. If such a foil is exposed behind an object in a neutron beam the neutron radiographic image will be stored in the foil, which can be removed from the beam after exposure and pressed against a suitable photographic film. The radiograph will then be produced as the foil activity decays.
  • the metals most often used for this work are dysprosium and indium. The transfer technique takes more time than the direct exposure technique.
  • gadolinium compounds that have the property of fluoreseing when struck with X-rays have a very effective neutron stopping power and have the property of very efiectively transforming captured neutron radiation into visible or near visible radiation for which silver halide is inherently sensitive or can be made sensitive by spectral sensitization.
  • relative intensification factor is to be understood here, a factor measured at a pre-elected density D, indicating the dosis (neutrons per cm2) required to produce this density when a silver halide film is exposed to neutrons with a standard screen divided by the dosis required to produce the same density with the screen to be tested. Exposure conditions, film and developing conditions are kept constant for the comparative tests.
  • gadolinium compounds of the oxide, oxyhalide, and oxysulphide type are particularly valuble substances for the detection and recording of neutron beams.
  • Preferred substances for the purpose of the invention contain gadolinium as "host” metal in a phosphor in which (an) other rare earth metal(s) is (are) present as fluorescence activating metal.”
  • Visible light emitting neutron detecting screens applied according to the present invention are preferably gadolinium oxysulphide or oxyhalide fluorescing substances activated with at least one other selected rare earth metal e.g., terbium, dysprosium, erbium, europium, holmium, neodymium, praseodymium, samarium, thullium or ytterbium.
  • rare earth metal e.g., terbium, dysprosium, erbium, europium, holmium, neodymium, praseodymium, samarium, thullium or ytterbium.
  • M is at least one of the metals terbium, dysprosium,
  • X is sulphur or halogen e.g., chlorine, bromine or fluorine
  • n 0.0002 to 0.2
  • w is 1 when X is halogen or is 2 when X is sulphur.
  • Gadolinium oxyhalides activated with dysprosium are more particularly described in the United States Patent Application Ser. No. 769,922, gadolinium oxyhalides activated with terbium are described in US. Pat. No. 3,617,743, gadolinium oxybromide activated with erbium has been described in the US. Pat. No. 3,546,128. Fluoro-substituted europium activated gadolinium oxides have been described in the US. Pat. No. 3,415,757.
  • Gadolinium oxysulfide activated with other rare earth elements has been described in the US. Pat. No. 3,418,246 and by S. P. Wang et a1. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science Vol. NS-17 (February 1970) p. 49-56; and by R. A. Buchanan IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, February 1972, pages 81-83.
  • Fluorescent gadolinium compounds that may be used according to the present invention are mentioned in the following documents the United Kingdom Pat. Nos. 1,018,005 1,022,930 1,284,296 1,131,956 1,110,290 1,122,923 1,128,512 1,254,271 1,257,322 1,266,407 1,248,299 1,249,544 1,279,450 1,247,602 1,263,038 and 1,269,329. in the US. Pat. Nos. 3,415,757 3,434,863 3,301,791 3,282,856 3,502,590 3.562,]74 3,563,909 3,484,381 3,418,246 3,418,247
  • Gadolinium compounds that emit in the ultra-violet and/or visible spectrum range are very useful for neutron radiography witih silver halide recording materials.
  • a high speed neutron sensitive intensifying screen contains e.g., terbiumactivated gadolinium oxysulphide that has emission peaks at 490 and 540 nm and falls within the scope of the above general formula.
  • a suitable fluorescent screen contains a mixture of 25:75 by weight of:
  • gadolinium oxysulphide activated with terbium or dysprosium is particularly useful for its high visible light emission through neutron exposure.
  • a silver halide recording material can be made optimally sensitive for the visible light e.g., green light emitted by the fluorescent gadolinium compound.
  • a fluorescence over the whole visible spectrum can be obtained, so that such combination is particularly useful for recording with silver halide recording elements that have been made spectrally sensitive for light of the whole visible spectrum.
  • the selected fluorescent gadolinium containing compound(s) is (are) in the form ofa layer applied to a support or applied as a self-supporting layer or sheet.
  • Particularly suited fluorescent layers or sheets have a thickness of preferably 10 to 300 microns and contain the fluorescent compound(s) or phosphors e.g., dispersed in a binder or in the form of a vapour deposited or sintered particle layer either or not in the presence of a glassy material.
  • the binder if any is used is e.g., an organic high molecular weight polymer.
  • Preferred binding agents are, e.g., cellulose nitrate, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, polyvinyl acetate, polystyrene, polyvinylbutyral, polymethylmethacrylate and the like.
  • the proportion of high molecular weight polymer binder to fluorescent material is in general within the range of 5-15% by weight.
  • a preferred grain size of the fluorescent gadolinium compounds is in the range of about 1 to 20 microns.
  • the surface of the fluorescent material layer may be protected against moisture and mechanical damage by a coating of an organic high molecular weight polymer applied to a thickness of 0.001 to 0.05 mm.
  • Such protecting coating is, e.g., a thin film of cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, polymethyl methacrylate and the like.
  • screening dye a fluorescent light-absorbing dye
  • the term screening dye includes here dyestuffs i.e., coloured substances in molecularly divided form as well as pigments.
  • Diffuse radiation reflecting from the support of the fluorescent s'creen material is mainly attenuated in an antihalation layer containing the screening dyes subjacent to the fluorescent layer.
  • the use of screening dyes in a covering layer to the fluorescent layer mainly reduces the strength of the obliquely emitted light originating from the fluorescent layer.
  • An appropriate screening dye for use in the fluorescent screens emitting in the green part (500-600 nm) of the visible spectrum is, e.g., Neozapon Fire Red (C.l. Solvent Red 119), an azochromium rhodamine complex.
  • Other suitable screening dyes are C.l. Solvent Red 8, 25, 30, 31, 32, 35, 7
  • the screening dye has not to be removed from the fluorescent screen material and therefor may be any dye or pigment absorbing in the emission spectrum of the fluorescent substance(s).
  • a black substance such as carbon black incorporated in the antihalation layer of the screen material yields quite satisfactory results.
  • the screening dye(s) is (are) preferably used in the antihalation layer in an amount of at least 0.5 mg per sq.m. Their amount in the anti-halation layer is not limited.
  • the screening dye(s) in the antihalation layer and in the layer containing the fluorescent substances contains e.g., the screening dye or dyes in an amount of 5 mg per sq.m.
  • the amount of screening dye(s) in the fluorescent layer and/or covering layer may be adapted to the results of image sharpness and intensity of emitted radiation aimed at.
  • the present invention includes the use of fluorescent gadolinium compound-containing screens in neutronradiography in conjunction with an other neutron absorbing screen e.g., of the metallic, glassy or granular type.
  • an other neutron absorbing screen e.g., of the metallic, glassy or granular type.
  • the invention includes likewise the use of fluorescent gadolinium compound-containing screens in neutron radiography in conjunction with metal screens that have a relatively high neutron absorption e.g., an absorption at least as high as lithium in order to remove a certain amount of diffuse neutron rays to improve thereby image-sharpness.
  • Metal screens with a high neutron absorption power may be made of the metals cadmium, gadolinium, europium and samarium or alloys thereof.
  • Preferred neutron radiographic combinations for use according to the present invention employ in addition to the fluorescent screen a photosensitive element comprising a suitable support bearing photosensitive silver halide.
  • Said silver halide may be present in a layer or coating such as a single coating or a duplitized or dual coating, i.e., in a material having a silver halide emulsion layer on each side of a support.
  • Suitable supports are those having the properties to permit their ready passage through a rapid automatic processor. The support should therefore be reasonably flexible and preferably transparent but able to maintain the dimensional stability and integrity of the various coatings thereon.
  • Typical film supports are cellulose nitrate, cellulose ester, polyvinyl acetal, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, and the like.
  • Supports such as cards or paper that are coated with a-olefln polymers, particularly polymers of a-oleflns containing two or more carbon atoms, as exemplified by polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-butene copolymers and the like, give good results.
  • dyes are used in the silver halide emulsion recording material which dyes are called hereinafter filtering dyes.” They are preferably incorporated in a hydrophilic colloid layer e.g., between the silver halide emulsion layers and/or in the emulsion layers themselves. They may, however, likewise be incorporated in one or more subbing layers or in an antihalation layer at either side of the support and even in the support, e.g., giving it a blue aspect preferably offering it a specular absorption density reaching 0.45 in the 480 to 700 nm wavelength range.
  • the dyes have, however, preferably such chemical and- /or physical characteristics that they can be removed or decolourized in one of the processing baths.
  • a filtering dye or mixture of filtering dyes absorbing in the wavelength range of about 480 to 600 nm is used when fluorescent screens are applied that emit mainly green light (480-600 nm) by neutron exposure.
  • the amount of filtering dye is preferably in the range of 25 to 1,000 mg per sq.m but here likewise lower or higher amounts may be appropriate according to the result aimed at.
  • Suitable filtering dyes that can be removed from hydrophilic colloid layers are e.g., those listed in table 1.
  • the screens may be arranged separately from the lightsensitive silver halide material or they may form with the silver halide emulsion an integral arrangement so that on one and the same support both a silver halide emulsion and a neutron-sensitive fluorescent screen are provided.
  • Unitary screen-silver halide emulsion materials for X-ray recording have been described e.g. in the United States Patent Specification 2,887,379.
  • the emulsions may be spectrally sensitized by any of the known procedures. They may be spectrally sensitized by means of common spectrally sensitizing dyes used in silver halide emulsions, which include cyanine dyes and merocyanine dyes as well as other dyes as described by F. M. Hamer in The Cyanine Dyes and related Compounds, lnterscience Publishers (1964). These dyes are preferably used in an amount in the range of 20 mg to 250 mg per mole of silver halide.
  • Suitable spectral sensitizing dyes for silver halide to be used in the combination with screens emitting light in the wavelength range of 4S0 600 nm are listed for 50 illustrative purposes in the following table 2.
  • the silver halide in the emulsion layer(s) may comprise varying amounts of silver chloride, silver iodide, silver bromide, silver chlorobromide, silver bromoiodide, and the like, but when coated must be capable, after exposure and processing, of producing a negative silver image remaining thereon, i.e., in situ. Particularly good results are obtained with silver bromoiodide emulsions in which the average grain size of the silver bromoiodide crystals is in the range of about 0.1 to about 3 microns.
  • the image-forming silver halide emulsion may be chemically sensitized by any of the known procedures.
  • the emulsions may be digested with naturally active gelatin or with small amounts of sulphur-containing compounds such as allyl thiocyanate, allylthiourea, sodium thiosulphate, etc.
  • the image-forming emulsion may be sensitized likewise by means of reductors, e.g., tin compounds as described in the United Kingdom Pat. No. 789,823, polyamines e.g., diethyltriamine, and small amounts of noble metal compounds such as of gold, platinum, palladium, iridium, ruthenium, and rhodium as described by R.
  • noble metal compounds are ammonium chloropalladate, potassium chloroplatinate, potassium chloroaurate and potassium aurithiocyanate.
  • Emulsion stabilizers and antifoggants may be added to the silver halide emulsion before or after admixture of the low-speed emulsion, e.g., the known sulphinic and selenic acids or salts thereof, aliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic mercapto compounds or disulphides, e.g.,
  • each of R, and R represents hydrogen, an alkyl, an
  • R represents hydrogen, an alkyl, a carboxy, or an alkoxycarbonyl group, such as 5-methyl-7- hydroxy-s-triazolol 1,5-a]-pyrimidine.
  • additives may be present in one or more of the hydrophilic colloid layers of the radiation-sensitive silver halide elements of the present invention, e.g., hardening agents such as formaldehyde, dialdehydes, hydroxy aldehydes, muccchloric and mucobromic acid, acrolein, and glyoxyal, mordanting agents for anionic colour couplers or dyes formed therefrom, plasticizers and coating aids e.g., saponin, e.g., dialkylsulphosuccinic acid salts such as sodium diisooctylsulphosuccinate, alkylaryl polyether sulphuric acids, alkylarylpolyethersulphonic acids, carboxyalkylated polyethyleneglycol ethers or esters as described in French Pat.
  • hardening agents such as formaldehyde, dialdehydes, hydroxy aldehydes, muccchloric and mucobromic acid, a
  • No. 1,537,417 such as isoC H, C,,1-1- ,(OCH CH,),,OCH COONa, fluorinated surfactants e.g., those described in Belgian Pat. No. 72,680 and the published German Patent Applications 1,950,121 and 1,942,665, inert particles such as silicon dioxide, glass,
  • development accelerators For the purpose of accelerating the development, the exposed photographic material is developed preferably in the presence of development accelerators.
  • development accelerators can be used either in the silver halide emulsion, in adjacent layer(s) or in the developing bath. They include alkylene oxide compounds of various types, e.g., alkylene oxide condensation products or polymers as described in US. Pat. Nos.
  • Other development accelerating compounds are onium and polyonium compounds preferably of the ammonium, phosphonium, and sulphonium type for example trialkyl sulphonium salts such as dimethyl-n-nonyl sulphonium p-toluene sulphonate, tetraalkyl ammonium salts such as dodecyl trimethyl ammonium p-toluene sulphonate, alkyl pyridinium and alkyl quinolinium salts such as l-m-nitrobenzyl quinolinium chloride and l-dodecylpyridinium chloride, bisalkylene pyridinium salts such as N,N'-tetramethylene bispyridinium chloride, quaternary ammonium and phosphonium polyoxyalkylene salts especially polyoxyalkylene bispyridinium slats, examples of which can be found in US. Pat. No. 2,944,900, etc.
  • the radiographic silver halide elements of the present invention are developed, preferably in an energetic surface developer.
  • the high energy is required in order to allow the development to proceed quickly and may be obtained by properly alkalizing the developing liquid (pH 9-12), by using high-energy developing substances or a combination of developing substances, which as a consequence of their superadditive action is very energetic.
  • covering power is understood the reciprocal of the photographic equivalent of developed silver, i.e., the number of grams of silver per sq. decimeter divided by the maximum optical density.
  • Fine-grained emulsions have a lower photographic speed.
  • the low speed of said fine-grained emulsions having a high covering power e.g., at least 50, and low silver halide content, e.g., less that 80 mg of silver per sq.dm, may be compensated by the use of fluorescent screens containing fluorescent gadolinium compounds and having a particularly high intensification factor.
  • Such couplers contain in the coupling position, e.g., a halogen atom such as iodine, brominepor chlorine (see therefor e.g., the US. Pat. No. 3,006,759).
  • a halogen atom such as iodine, brominepor chlorine
  • those phenol or a-naphthol type colour couplers are particularly suitable that on colour development of the silver halide with an aromatic primary amino developing agent form a quinoneimine dye mainly absorbing in the red and also absorbing in the green and having an absorption maximum in the spectral wavelength range of 550 to 700 (ref. therefor is made e.g., to the published German Patent Application D.O.S. No. P 1,946,652.)
  • Phenol couplers suited for that purpose correspond, e.g., to the following general formula:
  • each of R, and R represents a carboxylic acid acyl or sulphonic acid acyl group including said groups in substituted state, e.g., an aliphatic carboxylic acid acyl group, an aromatic carboxylic acid acyl group, an heterocyclic carboxylic acid acyl group, e.g., a 2-furoyl group or a 2-thienoyl group, an aliphatic sulphonic acid acyl group, an aromatic sulphonic acid acyl group, a sulphonyl thienyl group, an aryloxy-substituted aliphatic carboxylic acid acyl group, a phenyl carbamyl aliphatic carboxylic acid acyl group, or a tolyl carboxylic acid acyl group.
  • an aliphatic carboxylic acid acyl group an aromatic carboxylic acid acyl group
  • an heterocyclic carboxylic acid acyl group e.g., a
  • aromatic primary amino colour developing agents e.g., N,N-dialkyl-p-pheny1enediamines and derivatives thereof, e.g., N,N-diethyl-pphenylenediamine, N-butyl-N-sulphobutyl-p-phenylene-diamine, 2-amino-5-diethylaminotoluene hydrochloride, 4-amino-N-ethyl-N(B-methane sulphonamidoethyl)-m-toluidine sesquisulphate monohydrate and N-hydroxy-ethyl-N-ethyl-p-pheny1enediamine.
  • aromatic primary amino colour developing agents e.g., N,N-dialkyl-p-pheny1enediamines and derivatives thereof, e.g., N,N-diethyl-pphenylenediamine, N-butyl-N-sulphobutyl-p-phenylene
  • the colour developer can be used together with black-andwhite developing agents e.g., 1-phenyl-3- pyraiolidinone and p-monomethylaminophenol which are known to have a superadditive effect on colour development (see L. F. A. Mason, J.Phot.Sci. 11 (1963) 136-139), and other p-aminophenol derivatives, e.g. those according to French Pat. No.
  • black-andwhite developing agents e.g., 1-phenyl-3- pyraiolidinone and p-monomethylaminophenol which are known to have a superadditive effect on colour development (see L. F. A. Mason, J.Phot.Sci. 11 (1963) 136-139), and other p-aminophenol derivatives, e.g. those according to French Pat. No.
  • 1,283,420 such as 3-methyl-4-hydroxy-N,N-diethylaniline, 3-methyl-4 hydroxy-N-ethyl-N-l'3-hydroxyethylani1ine, 1-methy1-6- hydroxy-l ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, 1 -B- hydroxyethyl--hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, N-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-pyrrolidine, etc. It is also possible to use combinations of aromatic primary amino colour developing agents to obtain an increased rate of colour development (see e.g., German Pat. No. 954,311 and French Pat. No.
  • the developing solutions may also comprise any of the usual additional ingredients e.g., sodium sulphite and hydroxylamine or derivatives thereof, hardening agents, antifoggants e.g., benzotriazole, S-nitrobenzimidazole. Smitro-indazole, halides such as potassium bromide. silver halide solvents, toning and intensifying compounds, solvents e.g., dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide and N-methyl-pyrrolidone for chemical ingredients that are difficult to dissolve in the preparation of the developing solutions or that tend to precipitate upon standing, etc.
  • additional ingredients e.g., sodium sulphite and hydroxylamine or derivatives thereof, hardening agents, antifoggants e.g., benzotriazole, S-nitrobenzimidazole. Smitro-indazole, halides such as potassium bromide. silver halide solvents, toning and intensifying compounds, solvents e.g.,
  • the radiation-sensitive emulsions for use in the present invention may be coated on a wide variety of supports e.g., films of cellulose nitrate, cellulose esters, polyvinylacetal, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate and other polyester materials as well as a-olefincoated papers e.g., paper coated with polyethylene or polypropylene.
  • supports e.g., films of cellulose nitrate, cellulose esters, polyvinylacetal, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate and other polyester materials as well as a-olefincoated papers e.g., paper coated with polyethylene or polypropylene.
  • Preferred supports comprise a linear condensation polymer, polyethylene terephthalate being an example thereof.
  • the supports used in the present recording materials may be coated with subbing layers for improving the adhesion of (a) geIatino-silver halide emulsion layer(s) thereto.
  • the support may be coloured.
  • blue dyes are preferred. Blue polyester resin supports are known from the prior art.
  • the mechanical strength of melt-extruded supports of the polyester type can be improved by stretching.
  • the support may carry a subbing layer in the stretching stage.
  • subbing layers are known to those skilled in the art of silver halide photography. With regard to the use of hydrophobic film supports reference is made to the composition of subbing layers described in the United Kingdom Pat. No. 1,234,755.
  • a hydrophobic film support has 1 a layer which is directly adherent to the said hydrophobic film support and comprises a copolymer formed from 45 to 99.5% by weight of at least one of the chlorine-containing monomers vinylidene chloride and vinyl chloride, from 0.5 to by weight of at least an ethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic monomer, and from 0 to 54.5% by weight of at least one other copolymerisable ethylenically unsaturated monomer; and (2) a layer comprising in a ratio of 1:3 to 120.5 by weight a mixture of gelatin and a copolymer of 30 to 70% by weight of butadiene with at least one copolymerisable ethylenically unsaturated monomer.
  • the exposed radiographic elements of the present invention are preferably processed in an automatic processing apparatus as is used for X-ray films in which the photographic material may be guided automatically and at a constant speed from one processing unit to the other, but it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the radiographic image recording elements disclosed herein can also be processed apart from the above mentioned automatic processing apparatus in a variety of ways, such as by using the manual conventional multi-tank methods well known in the art.
  • the present invention includes the use of fluorescent gadolinium compounds in all types of neutron detection. neutron energy conversion and neutron image recording.
  • a very interesting use of said fluorescent compounds lies in the conversion of neutron energy into visible light in image-intensifier tubes and in so-called neutron-ray image converters in analogy with X-ray image converters e.g., as described in the US. Pat. Nos. 3,403,279 and 3,617,743.
  • the structure of the neutron-ray image converter is basically the same as that of the X-ray image converter.
  • the neutron energy conversion in fluorescent electromagnetic radiation takes place in a vacuum or reduced pressure photo-electron producing tube containing said neutron-absorbing screen in contact or optically coupled e.g., with fiber optics or lens system with a photocathode the image-wise emitted photo-electrons of which are electrically and/or magnetically focused to strike a luminescent cathode-ray sensitive screen.
  • the neutron image is thus first converted in a fluoresent light image which is transformed with all its variations in luminance, into an electron image" with similar variations in density.
  • the acceleration of the electrons in the focusing electric field brings about essentially an intensification of the total light" flux. In other words the greater the kinetic energy these electrons possess when impinging upon the cathode luminescent screen the more light they release. Therefore these tubes are also called image-intensifier tubes.”
  • Suitable X-ray image conversion orintensifier tubes using gadolinium containing rare earth oxysulfide phosphors and that can be used in neutron image conversion according to the present invention have been de scribed by S. P. Wang et al. in IEEE Nuclear Science Transactions (1970). February, 49-56.
  • the fluorescent gadolinium compounds are suitable for the detection of neutrons of any energy content e.g. for the detection of cold" neutrons 0.01 eV), "thermal” neutrons (0.0l0.5 eV). epithermal" neutrons (0.5 eV 10 keV), fast” neutrons 10 keV).
  • the fluorescent gadolinium compounds normally contain 15.68 of the gadolinium isotope Gd 157, which isotope is the most effective neutron absorber known. The higher the content of that isotope in the fluorescent compound the higher the neutron absorption.
  • the fluorescent gadolinium compounds contain gadolinium that is characterized by a higher Gd 157 content than 15.68 7:. thus contain so-called isotope 157 enriched gadolinium.
  • the invention is illustrated in the drawing where a neutron image recording material comprising a support 1 covered with an anti-reflection layer 2 which contains a screening dye 6 dispersed in a binder 7 is coated with a fluorescent layer 3 containing a fluorescent substance 4 dispersed in a binder 5 with particular reference to the following example.
  • a silver bromoiodide X-ray emulsion (2 mole of silver iodide) was prepared in such a way that it contained silver halide grains with an average grain size of 0.4 p. and comprised per kg an amount of silver halide corresponding to 190 g of silver nitrate and 74 g of gelatin.
  • the emulsion contained per kg 545 mg of 5-methyl-7-hydroxy-s-triazolol1,5- a]pyrimidine, 6.5 mg of l-phcnyl-S-mercaptotetrazole, and 0.45 mg of mercury cyanide.
  • the above emulsion was coated on one side of a subbed polyethylene terephthalate support in such a way that on the support a silver halide emulsion layer was obtained containing an amount of silver halide equivalent to I25 g of silver nitrate per sq.m.
  • the emulsion layer was coated with a gelatino antistress layer at a coverage of l g/mZ.
  • the above defined silver halide emulsion material was made with the object to obtain a recording material with optimum sensitivity for B-rays.
  • a silver bromoiodide X-ray emulsion (2 mole of silver iodide) was prepared in such a way that it contained silver halide grains with an average grain size of 1.25 p. and comprised per kg an amount of silver halide corresponding to 190 g of silver nitrate and 74 g of gelatin.
  • the obtained silver halide emulsion was spectrally sensitized for light in the wavelength range of 480-600 nm with 150 mg per kg emulsion of a spectral sensitizing dye corresponding to the following structural formula:
  • the emulsion contained per kg 545 mg of S-methyl-7-hydroxy-s-triazolo[1,5- alpyrimidine, 6.5 mg of l-phenyl-5-mercaptotetrazole, and 0.45 mg of mercury cyanide.
  • the above emulsion was coated on one side of 21 subbed polyethylene terephthalate support in such a way that on the support a silver halide emulsion layer was obtained containing an amount of silver halide equivalent to 7 g of silver nitrate per sq.m.
  • the emulsion layer was coated with a gelatino antistress layer at a coverage of l g/m2.
  • composition of the "standard screen” metal screen for use in the direct method”
  • the standard screen is a gadolinium metal foil with a thickness of 20 microns.
  • Composition of the fluorescent screen material used according to the present invention in the direct method is provided.
  • the fluorescent screen is composed of a fluorescent layer applied onto a polyethylene terephthalate resin support having a thickness of 250 microns.
  • the fluorescent layer contains dispersed in a binder Gd O S activated with 0.3 (calculated on the gadolinium) of terbium.
  • the fluorescent layer is applied to an antihalation layer containing 5 mg per sq.m of the dye NEOZAPON FIRE RED (C.l. Solvent Red 119) in a binder adhering to the polyester.
  • the fluorescent particles have an average grain size of 10 microns and are applied at a coverage of 390 grams per sq.m.
  • the thickness of the fluorescent screen is lOl microns.
  • the fluorescent layer is covered with a resin type antistress layer of IS microns.
  • a thermal neutron beam was emitted from the nuclear reactor through a monocristal of copper. Operating that way a beam of monochromatic neutrons (A 0.1065 nm) of a flux of 4. 10" neutrons per sq.cm per sec. was obtained for the exposure. The -y-ray intensity in that beam was 300 milliroentgen (mr) per hour.
  • test object was an iron step wedge containing three steps (total height of the three steps l2.7 mm) having on each step small objects of different size, form and neutron absorption coefficient (ref. British Journal of Applied Physics, 7 (October 1956) (page 346)) viz. objects of Fe, Cd, In, Gd, polyamide, Pb and Dy.
  • Test object images with same average optical density were obtained by using for the combination of the standard screen and the silver halide material I a dosis of 4.2 X 10 neutrons per sq.cm and for the combination of the fluorescent gadolinium compound screen with the silver halide material ll only 1.7 X 10 neutrons per sq.cm so that the last mentioned combination may be considered as being about 250 times more sensitive for neutron detection and recording than the combination containing the standard screen.”
  • a dysprosium screen was used as converter screen that becomes radioactive and B-ray emitting after neutron bombardment.
  • the dysprosium screen was exposed with a neutron dosis of 3.6 X 10 neutrons per sq.cm.
  • the thus exposed dysprosium screen was l8 min after the neutron irradiation kept for 3 hours in direct contact with the above described silver halide emulsion layer of material 1.
  • the obtained optical density was the same as the one obtained in the direct method" with the silver halide material ll combined with the gadolinium oxysulphide screen which received, however, a neutron dosis being 2,000 times smaller than the above neutron dose applied onto the dysprosium screen.
  • a method of recording neutron images which method comprises the steps of l information-wise irradiating with neutrons an intensifying screen incorporating a phosphor compound in which gadolinium is the host metal and at least one other rare earth metal is present as a fluorescence activating metal; and (2) subjecting the fluorescent light pattern resulting from the impact of the neutrons on the screen onto a photographic material.
  • gadolinium host metal is an oxide, oxyhalide or oxysulphide of gadolinium.
  • gadolinium host metal is gadolinium oxysulphide or gadolinium oxyhalide.
  • the activating metal is at least one of the metals of the group consisting of terbium, dysprosium, erbium, europium, holmium, neodymium, praseodymium, samarium, thulium and ytterbium.
  • gadolinium host metal corresponds to the following general formula:
  • M is at least one of the metals terbium, dysprosium,
  • X is sulphur or halogen
  • n 0.0002 to 0.2
  • w is I when X is halogen or is 2 when X is sulphur.
  • gadolinium host metal is gadolinium oxysulphide activated with terbium.
  • gado linium host metal contains gadolinium with a Gd 157 isotope content larger than 15.68
  • the intensifying screen is in the form of a layer applied to a support or is a self-supporting layer or sheet.
  • the layer or sheet contains the gadolinium host metal in the form of particles dispersed in a binder.
  • the photographic material includes a photosensitive silver halide emulsion layer coated on a support.
  • the photographic material includes a silver halide emulsion layer on each side of a support.
  • said photographic material contains a filtering dye or dyes improving the sharpness of the silver image obtainable in said material.
  • a method according to claim 16, wherein the silver halide is a silver bromoiodide having an average grain size in the range of about 0.1 to 5 u.
  • the silver halide emulsion layer(s) contain(s) a colour coupler for forming a dye with an oxidized pphenylenediamine developing agent.

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US303387A US3891852A (en) 1972-11-03 1972-11-03 Neutron detection and radiography
BE1005460A BE806545A (nl) 1972-11-03 1973-10-26 Methode voor het registreren van neutronbeelden
DE19732354354 DE2354354A1 (de) 1972-11-03 1973-10-30 Der nachweis von neutronen und die aufzeichnung von neutronenbildern
FR7339019A FR2205674B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-11-03 1973-10-30
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GB5082873A GB1461386A (en) 1972-11-03 1973-11-01 Method of recording neutron images or detecting neutrons

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Cited By (22)

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US4297584A (en) * 1977-04-11 1981-10-27 Lockheed Missiles & Space Company, Inc. Rare earth phosphors and phosphor screens
EP0112204A1 (fr) * 1982-11-17 1984-06-27 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Dispositif d'acquisition d'images de rayonnement en temps réel
US4587555A (en) * 1981-11-24 1986-05-06 Ltv Aerospace And Defense Co. Neutron and X-ray radiation combined inspection means and method
GB2167280A (en) * 1984-11-15 1986-05-21 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Component testing
US4604649A (en) * 1981-11-24 1986-08-05 Vought Corporation Radiographic inspection means and method
US4667107A (en) * 1985-06-19 1987-05-19 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Ultrafast neutron detector
EP0226661A1 (en) * 1985-12-24 1987-07-01 Loral Vought Systems Corporation Radiographic inspection means and method
US5315103A (en) * 1991-10-31 1994-05-24 Thomson Tubes Electroniques Radiological image intensifier tube with dyed porous alumina layer
EP0682268A3 (en) * 1994-05-10 1998-03-18 Yeda Research And Development Company, Ltd. Solid radiation converter for use in neutron imaging detectors
US6251304B1 (en) * 1998-10-19 2001-06-26 U.S. Philips Corporation Luminescent material
WO2001051124A3 (en) * 2000-01-14 2002-04-18 Neutron Therapy And Imaging In Linac neutron therapy and imaging
US6392236B1 (en) * 1999-07-30 2002-05-21 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Radiation detector
WO2002046728A1 (en) * 2000-12-04 2002-06-13 The Regents Of The University Of California Dosimeter and method for using the same
RU2222818C1 (ru) * 2002-07-09 2004-01-27 Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Научно-исследовательский институт импульсной техники" Устройство для детектирования и спектрометрии нейтронов
US20040041099A1 (en) * 2000-12-11 2004-03-04 Herbert Gebele Storage layer, conversion layer and a device for reading x-ray information, in addition to an x-ray cassette
US20080290296A1 (en) * 2007-05-22 2008-11-27 Jean-Pierre Tahon Radiation image phosphor or scintillator panel
US20110114887A1 (en) * 2008-07-23 2011-05-19 Koninklijke Phillips Electronics N.V. Gd2O2S MATERIAL FOR USE IN CT APPLICATIONS
FR2982992A1 (fr) * 2011-11-22 2013-05-24 Commissariat Energie Atomique Dispositif destine a de l'imagerie neutronique en milieu immerge et procede d'imagerie utilisant ledit dispositif
US20150185337A1 (en) * 2012-09-04 2015-07-02 Sony Corporation Scintillator, radiation detection unit, and method of manufacturing scintillator
WO2016102484A1 (en) * 2014-12-22 2016-06-30 Arktis Radiation Detectors Ltd. Neutron conversion foil, neutron detecting device with such a foil, and method for operating such a neutron-detecting device
US20160268008A1 (en) * 2013-10-25 2016-09-15 Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research & Design Institute Gray control rod and neutron absorber thereof, and gray control rod assembly
CN114578409A (zh) * 2020-11-18 2022-06-03 中国科学院理化技术研究所 一种高分辨率的冷中子成像材料及其制备方法和应用

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FR2492159A1 (fr) * 1980-10-14 1982-04-16 Thomson Csf Ecran convertisseur de neutrons, intensificateur d'images comprenant un tel ecran
JPS5832479U (ja) * 1981-08-28 1983-03-03 昭和電工株式会社 中性子線フイルムバツジ
DE19644522A1 (de) * 1996-10-25 1998-05-07 Siemens Ag Neutronendetektor und Verfahren zum Nachweis von Neutronen

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US3140397A (en) * 1962-09-20 1964-07-07 Hugh F Henry Neutron detector unit utilizing indium
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US3617743A (en) * 1968-10-23 1971-11-02 Gen Electric X-ray image convertors utilizing lanthanum and gadolinium oxyhalide luminescent materials activated with terbium
US3617285A (en) * 1969-10-21 1971-11-02 William Joseph Staudenmayer Light intensifying screens

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US3076895A (en) * 1960-04-28 1963-02-05 Gen Electric Neutron detector
US3140397A (en) * 1962-09-20 1964-07-07 Hugh F Henry Neutron detector unit utilizing indium
US3617747A (en) * 1968-09-26 1971-11-02 Gen Electric Detecting minute amounts of residual core material by means of neutron radiography
US3617743A (en) * 1968-10-23 1971-11-02 Gen Electric X-ray image convertors utilizing lanthanum and gadolinium oxyhalide luminescent materials activated with terbium
US3617285A (en) * 1969-10-21 1971-11-02 William Joseph Staudenmayer Light intensifying screens

Cited By (35)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4297584A (en) * 1977-04-11 1981-10-27 Lockheed Missiles & Space Company, Inc. Rare earth phosphors and phosphor screens
US4587555A (en) * 1981-11-24 1986-05-06 Ltv Aerospace And Defense Co. Neutron and X-ray radiation combined inspection means and method
US4604649A (en) * 1981-11-24 1986-08-05 Vought Corporation Radiographic inspection means and method
EP0112204A1 (fr) * 1982-11-17 1984-06-27 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Dispositif d'acquisition d'images de rayonnement en temps réel
GB2167280A (en) * 1984-11-15 1986-05-21 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Component testing
US4667107A (en) * 1985-06-19 1987-05-19 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Ultrafast neutron detector
EP0226661A1 (en) * 1985-12-24 1987-07-01 Loral Vought Systems Corporation Radiographic inspection means and method
US5315103A (en) * 1991-10-31 1994-05-24 Thomson Tubes Electroniques Radiological image intensifier tube with dyed porous alumina layer
EP0682268A3 (en) * 1994-05-10 1998-03-18 Yeda Research And Development Company, Ltd. Solid radiation converter for use in neutron imaging detectors
US6251304B1 (en) * 1998-10-19 2001-06-26 U.S. Philips Corporation Luminescent material
US6392236B1 (en) * 1999-07-30 2002-05-21 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Radiation detector
WO2001051124A3 (en) * 2000-01-14 2002-04-18 Neutron Therapy And Imaging In Linac neutron therapy and imaging
WO2002046728A1 (en) * 2000-12-04 2002-06-13 The Regents Of The University Of California Dosimeter and method for using the same
US6582657B2 (en) * 2000-12-04 2003-06-24 The Regents Of The University Of California Dosimeter and method for using the same
US7109496B2 (en) * 2000-12-11 2006-09-19 Agfa-Gevaert Healthcare Gmbh Storage layer, conversion layer and a device for reading x-ray information, in addition to an x-ray cassette
US20040041099A1 (en) * 2000-12-11 2004-03-04 Herbert Gebele Storage layer, conversion layer and a device for reading x-ray information, in addition to an x-ray cassette
RU2222818C1 (ru) * 2002-07-09 2004-01-27 Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Научно-исследовательский институт импульсной техники" Устройство для детектирования и спектрометрии нейтронов
US20080290296A1 (en) * 2007-05-22 2008-11-27 Jean-Pierre Tahon Radiation image phosphor or scintillator panel
US7554101B2 (en) * 2007-05-22 2009-06-30 Agfa Healthcare Radiation image phosphor or scintillator panel
US20110114887A1 (en) * 2008-07-23 2011-05-19 Koninklijke Phillips Electronics N.V. Gd2O2S MATERIAL FOR USE IN CT APPLICATIONS
US8668844B2 (en) * 2008-07-23 2014-03-11 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Fluorescent material for use in CT applications
RU2605154C2 (ru) * 2011-11-22 2016-12-20 Коммиссариат А Л'Энержи Атомик Э О Энержи Альтернатив Устройство для нейтронографии при погружении и способ нейтронографии с использованием данного устройства
FR2982992A1 (fr) * 2011-11-22 2013-05-24 Commissariat Energie Atomique Dispositif destine a de l'imagerie neutronique en milieu immerge et procede d'imagerie utilisant ledit dispositif
WO2013076142A1 (fr) * 2011-11-22 2013-05-30 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives Dispositif destine a de l'imagerie neutronique en milieu immerge et procede d'imagerie utilisant ledit dispositif
CN103946338A (zh) * 2011-11-22 2014-07-23 原子能和能源替代品委员会 浸入式中子成像设备以及使用所述设备的成像方法
CN103946338B (zh) * 2011-11-22 2017-06-13 原子能和能源替代品委员会 浸入式中子成像设备以及使用所述设备的成像方法
US9429529B2 (en) 2011-11-22 2016-08-30 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives Device for neutron imagery in immersion and imaging method using said device
US9766353B2 (en) * 2012-09-04 2017-09-19 Sony Corporation Scintillator, radiation detection unit, and method of manufacturing scintillator
US20150185337A1 (en) * 2012-09-04 2015-07-02 Sony Corporation Scintillator, radiation detection unit, and method of manufacturing scintillator
US20160268008A1 (en) * 2013-10-25 2016-09-15 Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research & Design Institute Gray control rod and neutron absorber thereof, and gray control rod assembly
US10650930B2 (en) * 2013-10-25 2020-05-12 Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research & Design Institute Gray control rod having a neutron absorber comprising terbium and dysprosium
WO2016102484A1 (en) * 2014-12-22 2016-06-30 Arktis Radiation Detectors Ltd. Neutron conversion foil, neutron detecting device with such a foil, and method for operating such a neutron-detecting device
US10274619B2 (en) 2014-12-22 2019-04-30 Arktis Radiation Detectors Ltd. Neutron conversion foil, neutron detecting device with such a foil, and method for operating such a neutron-detecting device
EP3237933B1 (en) * 2014-12-22 2024-08-28 Arktis Radiation Detectors Ltd. Neutron detecting device with a neutron conversion foil
CN114578409A (zh) * 2020-11-18 2022-06-03 中国科学院理化技术研究所 一种高分辨率的冷中子成像材料及其制备方法和应用

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FR2205674B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1978-02-24
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FR2205674A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-05-31
DE2354354A1 (de) 1974-05-16
JPS5717476B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1982-04-10
JPS4988580A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-08-23

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