US3886991A - Method and apparatus for controlling the withdrawal of heat in molds of continuous casting installations - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for controlling the withdrawal of heat in molds of continuous casting installations Download PDF

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Publication number
US3886991A
US3886991A US351772A US35177273A US3886991A US 3886991 A US3886991 A US 3886991A US 351772 A US351772 A US 351772A US 35177273 A US35177273 A US 35177273A US 3886991 A US3886991 A US 3886991A
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heat
mold
withdrawn
cooling
quantities
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US351772A
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English (en)
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Walter Meier
Werner Bruderer
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SMS Concast AG
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Concast AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/16—Controlling or regulating processes or operations
    • B22D11/22—Controlling or regulating processes or operations for cooling cast stock or mould

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A method of, and apparatus for, controlling the withdrawal of heat from a cast strand by means of a cooling agent during the continuous casting of metals in continuous casting molds having cooling regions along the periphery of the mold and which cooling regions are separated from one another and thus constituting several ducts for said cooling agent, and wherein the withdrawn quantity of heat of each cooling region is measured.
  • the quantity of withdrawn heat is compared with reference values for such quantity of heat which is to be withdrawn and which reference values are dependent upon the form or shape of the continuous casting mold.
  • the present invention relates to a new and improved method of controlling the withdrawal of heat by means of a cooling agent during casting of metallic strands in continuous casting molds having cooling regions spaced from one another along the periphery of the mold thus constituting a number of ducts for said cooling agent, and wherein the withdrawn quantity of heat of each cooling region is measured, and this invention also pertains to a new and improved construction of apparatus for the performance of the aforesaid method.
  • guide elements are arranged beneath the mold and such guide elements can be transversely displaced with respect to the path of travel of the strand.
  • These guide elements are controlled as a function of the thermal deviation of the individual cooling compartments: in other words, by means of such displaceable guide elements the strand can be again brought back into its prescribed path of travel, insuring for uniform contact of the prevailing strand skin or shell along its periphery against the walls of the mold.
  • This prior art installation is designed in consideration of a predetermined casting speed which depends upon the casting parameters.
  • a predetermined casting speed which depends upon the casting parameters.
  • This taper corresponds approximately to the shrinkage of the strand for a desired casting speed.
  • this taper cannot be adjusted during casting, whenever there occurs any deviation from the desired casting speed there are present the drawbacks which will be explained more fully hereinafter.
  • Yet a further significant object of the present invention relates to a new and improved method of, and apparatus for, controlling the withdrawal of heat at a continuous casting mold of a continuous casting installation in a manner overcoming the aforementioned drawbacks and limitations of the prior art proposals.
  • the method of this development contemplates that through the comparison of the withdrawn quantities of heat with reference values for the withdrawn quantities of heat and which reference values are dependent upon the shape or format of the mold, there can be determined contact of the skin of the strand at the walls of the cooling regions of the mold, and that dependent upon the control deviation determined by the comparison operation there is controlled the withdrawal of the quantity of heat at least at one cooling region which neighbors a measured region.
  • the strand skin for each casting speed bears or contacts in the most suitable manner over the entire cooling region walls, it is possible to produce an improved surface of the cast strand and the solidified strand skin or shell grows more uniformly. As a result there can be prevented fissures in the cast product and the frequency of metal breakout is reduced to a minimum.
  • the produced strand also exactly possesses the desired geometric cross-sectional configuration. Furthermore, in the mold there is always withdrawn the maximum possible quantity of heat without damaging the strand or the strand surface in any other way.
  • the withdrawn quantities of heat at the controlled side are controlled in sections starting from the measured side. Whether a greater quantity of heat is to be withdrawn at the regions located in the neighborhood of the measured side than at the remotely situated cooling regions, is dependent upon the properties of the mold and the shape of the cast strand.
  • the sectionwise control in any case allows for accommodation of the withdrawn quantities of heat at the locations decisive for cooling at the measured cooling region.
  • the invention is not only concerned with the aforementioned method aspects, but also relates to a new and improved construction of apparatus for the performance of such method which is manifested by the features that the measurement devices for determination of the withdrawn quantites of heat by means of a cooling agent are coupled with a regulator having a connection line for transmitting the reference values from a computer, to which there is simultaneously delivered the measurement values of the withdrawn quantities of heat and which retains such measurement values as a function of the throughflow quantity of the cooling agent and the withdrawn quantity of heat respectively at the cooling regions adjoining the measured region and from such values determines the point serving as the reference value for the regulator which possesses the greatest difference of the withdrawn quantity of heat per unit of throughflow quantity of the cooling agent.
  • the computer determines that value having the greatest difference of the withdrawn quantity of heat per unit throughflow quantity of cooling agent. In so doing, the throughflow quantity units are to be chosen as a function of the desired regulation accuracy. As soon as this point has been reached, then there is introduced to the regulator as the reference value the new cooling agent quantitative value and there again occurs a new equilibrium condition between the casting speed and the cooling behavior at the mold which results in the most advantageous heat transfer.
  • FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a block circuit diagram of the control apparatus for controlling the removal of heat at a mold of a continuous casting installation
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing the dependency of the withdrawn quantity of heat at the mold narrow sides during a change in the quantity of cooling agent e.g. water at the wide sides of the mold owing to a change in the casting speed.
  • the quantity of cooling agent e.g. water at the wide sides of the mold owing to a change in the casting speed.
  • FIG. 1 a slab mold of a continuous casting installation, this slab mold 1 essentially consisting of both of the wide mold sides 2 and 3 and both of the narrow mold sides 4 and 5.
  • These mold walls 2, 3 and 4, 5 are provided with cooling compartments or chambers constituting ducts for the cooling agent, conveniently referred to hereinafter as the cooling regions 7, 8 and 9, 10, respectively.
  • Each of the individual cooling regions 7, 8, 9 and 10 has operatively associated therewith cooling agent infeed and withdrawal conduits or lines 12, and the cooling agent or coolant is typically water.
  • the water infeed and withdrawal lines of the narrow mold sides 4 and 5 there are operatively connected measurement elements or devices 14 and 15 for determining the quantity of with drawn or removed heat.
  • the water infeed and withdrawal lines 12 of the wide sides 2 and 3 of the mold 1 are equipped with adjustment or setting elements 16, 17, and 18, 19 respectively for regulating the water quantity.
  • the data determined by the measurement elements 14 and 15 is delivered through the agency of connection lines 25 to a regulator 20 and at the same time also to a computer 30.
  • the adjustment elements 16, 17, 18 and 19 are controlled by the regulator 20 through the agency of the connection lines 24.
  • the regulator 20 encompasses a function transmitter 21, a comparator 22 and a reference value indicator 23.
  • the reference value indicator 23 receives the momentary reference values via a connection line 26 from the computer 30.
  • the computer 30 is operatively connected via connection lines 27 with suitable and therefore not particularly illustrated date input devices for the infeed of relevant information concerning the mold, the taper or conicicity, the quality of the steel, the temperature of the steel, and so forth.
  • both of the narrow mold sides 4 and 5 Prior to the casting operation, both of the narrow mold sides 4 and 5 are set to a certain taper or conicicity corresponding to an average or mean casting speed, in other words, the spacing between the narrow sides 4 and 5 of the molds is less at the outlet end of the mold 1 than at the inlet or pour-in side of such mold.
  • the quantities of water for the narrow mold sides 4, 5 and for the wide mold sides 2, 3 and corresponding to such average or mean casting speed and the corresponding mold taper or conicicity are calculated or determined by trial, stored at the computer 30 and selected thereby and delivered to the cooling regions 7, 8, 9 and 10.
  • the formed strand skin will bear more intensely or less intensely, as the case may be, at the walls 6 of the cooling regions 9, of the narrow mold sides 4, 5. Due to this change in the contact of the strand skin, the quantity of heat withdrawn at the cooling regions 9 and 10 also becomes correspondingly greater or smaller. Such change is determined by the measurement elements or devices 14 and 15 and indicated via the connection lines 25 at the regulator as well as at the computer 30.
  • the comparator 22 there is compared the measurement value with the reference value received from the reference value indicator or transmitter 23 and via the function transmitter 21 there is controlled the water quantity at the adjoining cooling regions 7, 8 of the wide mold sides 2, 3 by means of the adjustment elements 16, 17, 18 and 19. Since as a result the shrinkage of the strand again will be influenced, there is brought about a change in the contact or bearing of the strand at the walls 6 of the cooling regions 9, 10 of the narrow sides 4, 5 of the mold, and this again is ascertained by the measurement elements 14, 15 and delivered to the regulator 20 as well as the computer 30.
  • the regulator 20 now controls the quantity of cooling water delivered to the wide sides 2, 3 of the mold for such length of time until the quantities of heat withdrawn at the cooling regions 9, 10 coincide with the reference values prescribed by the reference value indicator or transmitter 23.
  • the computer retains such changes of the quantities of heat withdrawn from the cooling regions 9, 10 as a function of the quantity of water flowing through the cooling regions 7, 8 and from these values determines that point having the greatest difference in the withdrawn quantity of heat per unit of throughput quantity of cooling agent.
  • This value is then introduced via the connection line 26 to the reference value indicator 23 in the form of a new reference value, this operation simultaneously occurring together with the regulation operation.
  • FIG. 2 there is plotted a possible course of such values, and specifically in terms of a reduction in the casting speed.
  • the water quantity 38 which flows through the cooling regions 7, 8 of the mold wide sides 2, 3.
  • the ordi nate 36 of this graph there has also been plotted without any dimensions the heat quantity 37 withdrawn at the cooling regions 9, 10 of the mold narrow sides 4, 5.
  • Such withdrawn heat quantity is normally related to the useful mold surface.
  • the regulator 20 begins to control the withdrawn quantity of heat and the water quantity at the wide sides 2, 3, that is to say, with decreasing casting speed the water quantity at the wide sides 2, 3 of the mold is reduced. Due to the reduced withdrawal of heat at the wide sides 2, 3 of the mold the strand shrinks less along the regions of the wide sides of the mold, so that it again bears better at the narrow sides of the mold and the withdrawn quantity of heat at the narrow sides of the mold again increases.
  • This increase in the withdrawn heat quantity 37 during the reduction of the throughflowing water quantity 38 is stored or retained at the computer 30, with the result that the withdrawn heat quantity 37 per unit of throughflow quantity 38 of cooling water at the beginning increases much more markedly until it has reached its maximum value and thereafter becomes less.
  • the computer 30 determines the point of greatest increase in the withdrawn heat quantity 37 per unit of throughflow quantity 38 of cooling water and gives such determined point in the form of a new reference value 42 for the heat quantities which are to be withdrawn at the narrow sides 4, 5 to the reference value transmitter 23.
  • the withdrawn heat quantity 42 is again associated with a predetermined water quantity 44 which flows through the cooling regions 7, 8 of the wide sides 2, 3 of the mold. This condition is now maintained by the regulator 20 until there occurs a renewed change in the casting speed.
  • a more precise operation of the control can be realized in that the measurement values determined by the measurement elements or devices 14, 15 associated with the cooling regions 9, 10 of the mold narrow sides 4 and 5 are individually introduced into the computer 30 and the cooling regions 7, 8 of the mold wide sides 2, 3 are also individually controlled.
  • FIG. 1 there are shown for each mold side two cooling regions. The number of cooling regions per mold side can, however, be increased depending upon requirements.
  • the wide sides 2, 3 of the mold With a sub-division of the wide sides 2, 3 of the mold into more than two cooling regions, it is possible to progressively accurately control the heat quantity removed at the mold narrow sides 4, 5.
  • the withdrawn heat quantity at the adjoining wide sides in this case at the wide sides consisting of more than two cooling regions, is controlled in sections beginning from the cooling region 9.
  • the desired cooling operation it is possible to, however, also beginning from the center of the controlled sides, carry out the control operation in sections towards the measured sides.
  • the formed strand possesses along its periphery a particularly uniform thickness of the strand skin and in the direction of the lengthwise axis of the mold a certain growth of such skin or shell, then there are associated with the cooling regions 9, 10 of the narrow sides 4, 5 additional non-depicted adjustment elements 16, 17, 18 and 19 for regulating the water quantity and the cooling regions 7, 8 of the wide sides 2, 3 have associated therewith measurement elements 14, for the determination of the withdrawn heat quantities. All measurement data is then simultaneously transmitted via connection lines to the regulator 20 and the computer and via appropriate connection lines 24 it is possible to control with the aid of the adjustment elements 16, 17, 18 and 19 the throughflowing water quantity for all cooling regions.
  • the formed strand skin bears in desired manner against the wide sides 2, 3 of the mold owing to the ferrostatic pressure. It is also possible that the strand does not bear in the desired fashion only at the corner regions of the wide sides 2, 3 of the mold, something which can be particularly ascertained in the case of a small ratio in the length of the wide sides 2, 3 with respect to the length of the narrow sides 4, 5 of the mold.
  • a method of controlling the withdrawal of heat from a cast strand by means of a cooling agent during continuous casting of metals comprising the steps of casting the strand in a continuous casting mold having several cooling regions adjacent one another around the periphery of the mold and constituting several ducts for the cooling agent, measuring the quantity of heat withdrawn at least at given ones of the cooling regions, comparing the withdrawn quantities of heat with reference values for such quantities of heat which are to be withdrawn and which reference values are dependent upon the shape of the mold, to thereby determine contact of the skin of the strand against the walls of the mold, and as a function of the deviations of the withdrawn quantities of heat and the reference values of such quantities of heat whichare to be withdrawn determined by the comparison operation controlling the quantity of heat withdrawn at least at one cooling region adjoining a measured region so as to control the contact of the strand skin and mold wall.
  • Apparatus for controlling the withdrawal of heat from a cast strand by means of a cooling agent during continuous casting of metals at a continuous casting installation comprising a continuous casting mold having cooling regions separated from one another along the periphery of the mold and constituting several ducts for the cooling agents, means for controlling the cooling of the cast strand in order to control the strand skin-mold measurement values as a function of the throughflow quantity of cooling agent and the withdrawn quantity of heat at the cooling regions adjoining the measured regions, and said computer determining from such values the point having the greatest difference between the withdrawn quantity of heat per unit of such throughflow quantity of cooling agent and which point serves as anew reference value for the regulator as concerns the heat quantities to be withdrawn.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
US351772A 1972-04-18 1973-04-16 Method and apparatus for controlling the withdrawal of heat in molds of continuous casting installations Expired - Lifetime US3886991A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH566672A CH552423A (de) 1972-04-18 1972-04-18 Verfahren und vorrichtung zum steuern des waermeentzuges in kokillen beim stranggiessen.

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JP (1) JPS5219808B2 (de)
AU (1) AU470292B2 (de)
BE (1) BE798388A (de)
CA (1) CA977930A (de)
CH (1) CH552423A (de)
FI (1) FI54067C (de)
FR (1) FR2180902B1 (de)
GB (1) GB1409947A (de)
NL (1) NL154132B (de)
ZA (1) ZA732632B (de)

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4009750A (en) * 1972-09-06 1977-03-01 Concast Ag Apparatus for controlling the cooling of a strand emanating from a continuous casting mold
US4066114A (en) * 1974-08-20 1978-01-03 Mannesmann Aktiengesellschaft Supervision and control of continuous casting
US4132259A (en) * 1976-08-12 1979-01-02 Pierre Poncet Automatic control of the level of a molten metal bath
US4235276A (en) * 1979-04-16 1980-11-25 Bethlehem Steel Corporation Method and apparatus for controlling caster heat removal by varying casting speed
EP0026390A1 (de) * 1979-09-21 1981-04-08 Concast Holding Ag Verfahren zur Einstellung der Verstellgeschwindigkeit von Schmalseiten einer Plattenkokille beim Stahlstranggiessen
US4300620A (en) * 1979-10-02 1981-11-17 Concast Ag Method of monitoring the mold geometry during the continuous casting of metals, especially steel
US4356862A (en) * 1979-11-02 1982-11-02 Concast Ag Method for changing the dimensions of a strand during continuous casting
US4580614A (en) * 1983-01-31 1986-04-08 Vereinigte Edelstahlwerke Aktiengesellschaft Cooling apparatus for horizontal continuous casting of metals and alloys, particularly steels
US4756357A (en) * 1985-12-09 1988-07-12 Swiss Aluminium Ltd. Process and device for controlling the rate of cooling a continuously cast ingot
US4987950A (en) * 1989-06-14 1991-01-29 Aluminum Company Of America Method and apparatus for controlling the heat transfer of liquid coolant in continuous casting
US5148853A (en) * 1989-06-14 1992-09-22 Aluminum Company Of America Method and apparatus for controlling the heat transfer of liquid coolant in continuous casting
AU653399B2 (en) * 1991-05-22 1994-09-29 Arvedi, Giovanni Temperature measurement ingot mould
AU692243B2 (en) * 1994-06-06 1998-06-04 Danieli & C. Officine Meccaniche S.P.A. Method to control the deformations of the sidewalls of a crystalliser, and continuous-casting crystalliser
US20100044000A1 (en) * 2006-11-02 2010-02-25 Friedrich Juergen Method and control device for controlling the heat removal from a side plate of a mold
US20100084108A1 (en) * 2007-04-26 2010-04-08 Sms Siemag Ag Continuous Casting Mold
CN103192047A (zh) * 2013-02-21 2013-07-10 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司 新型连铸机结晶器冷却水自动控制系统及其控制方法
CN104084553A (zh) * 2014-07-24 2014-10-08 山西太钢不锈钢股份有限公司 连铸结晶器软水自动调节系统
CN105149538A (zh) * 2015-09-17 2015-12-16 河北钢铁股份有限公司邯郸分公司 一种确保结晶器冷却水温度稳定的装置和方法
CN108356242A (zh) * 2018-04-13 2018-08-03 东北大学 一种微合金钢薄板坯边角裂纹控制装备及工艺
CN108356240A (zh) * 2018-04-13 2018-08-03 东北大学 一种角部高效传热薄板坯窄面曲面结晶器及其设计方法

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IT1021775B (it) * 1974-10-11 1978-02-20 Centro Speriment Metallurg Processo e dispositivo per il controllo della fusione di metalli sotto scoria elettrofusa
FR2513912A2 (fr) * 1981-10-02 1983-04-08 Fives Cail Babcock Procede de controle du refroidissement du produit coule dans une installation de coulee continue
DE3247207A1 (de) * 1982-12-21 1984-07-05 SMS Schloemann-Siemag AG, 4000 Düsseldorf Verfahren und vorrichtung zur einstellung der konizitaet von schmalseitenwaenden von stranggiesskokillen
DE19529931C1 (de) * 1995-08-02 1997-04-03 Mannesmann Ag Plattenkokille zur Erzeugung von Strängen aus Stahl

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3204460A (en) * 1962-08-13 1965-09-07 United States Steel Corp System for indicating the liquid level in a continuous-casting mold or the like
US3478808A (en) * 1964-10-08 1969-11-18 Bunker Ramo Method of continuously casting steel
US3630270A (en) * 1968-06-05 1971-12-28 Wiener Schwachstromwerke Gmbh Cooling device for continuous casting apparatus
US3786856A (en) * 1971-02-22 1974-01-22 Concast Ag Method for controlling a continuous casting installation in the event of molten metal breakout

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3204460A (en) * 1962-08-13 1965-09-07 United States Steel Corp System for indicating the liquid level in a continuous-casting mold or the like
US3478808A (en) * 1964-10-08 1969-11-18 Bunker Ramo Method of continuously casting steel
US3630270A (en) * 1968-06-05 1971-12-28 Wiener Schwachstromwerke Gmbh Cooling device for continuous casting apparatus
US3786856A (en) * 1971-02-22 1974-01-22 Concast Ag Method for controlling a continuous casting installation in the event of molten metal breakout

Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4009750A (en) * 1972-09-06 1977-03-01 Concast Ag Apparatus for controlling the cooling of a strand emanating from a continuous casting mold
US4066114A (en) * 1974-08-20 1978-01-03 Mannesmann Aktiengesellschaft Supervision and control of continuous casting
US4132259A (en) * 1976-08-12 1979-01-02 Pierre Poncet Automatic control of the level of a molten metal bath
US4235276A (en) * 1979-04-16 1980-11-25 Bethlehem Steel Corporation Method and apparatus for controlling caster heat removal by varying casting speed
EP0026390A1 (de) * 1979-09-21 1981-04-08 Concast Holding Ag Verfahren zur Einstellung der Verstellgeschwindigkeit von Schmalseiten einer Plattenkokille beim Stahlstranggiessen
US4304290A (en) * 1979-09-21 1981-12-08 Concast Ag Method of adjusting the setting speed of the narrow sides of plate molds
US4300620A (en) * 1979-10-02 1981-11-17 Concast Ag Method of monitoring the mold geometry during the continuous casting of metals, especially steel
US4356862A (en) * 1979-11-02 1982-11-02 Concast Ag Method for changing the dimensions of a strand during continuous casting
US4580614A (en) * 1983-01-31 1986-04-08 Vereinigte Edelstahlwerke Aktiengesellschaft Cooling apparatus for horizontal continuous casting of metals and alloys, particularly steels
US4756357A (en) * 1985-12-09 1988-07-12 Swiss Aluminium Ltd. Process and device for controlling the rate of cooling a continuously cast ingot
US4987950A (en) * 1989-06-14 1991-01-29 Aluminum Company Of America Method and apparatus for controlling the heat transfer of liquid coolant in continuous casting
US5148853A (en) * 1989-06-14 1992-09-22 Aluminum Company Of America Method and apparatus for controlling the heat transfer of liquid coolant in continuous casting
AU653399B2 (en) * 1991-05-22 1994-09-29 Arvedi, Giovanni Temperature measurement ingot mould
AU692243B2 (en) * 1994-06-06 1998-06-04 Danieli & C. Officine Meccaniche S.P.A. Method to control the deformations of the sidewalls of a crystalliser, and continuous-casting crystalliser
US5762127A (en) * 1994-06-06 1998-06-09 Danieli & C. Officine Meccaniche Spa Method to control the deformations of the sidewalls of a crystalliser and continuous-casting crystalliser
US20100044000A1 (en) * 2006-11-02 2010-02-25 Friedrich Juergen Method and control device for controlling the heat removal from a side plate of a mold
US20100084108A1 (en) * 2007-04-26 2010-04-08 Sms Siemag Ag Continuous Casting Mold
CN103192047A (zh) * 2013-02-21 2013-07-10 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司 新型连铸机结晶器冷却水自动控制系统及其控制方法
CN103192047B (zh) * 2013-02-21 2015-09-16 内蒙古包钢钢联股份有限公司 连铸机结晶器冷却水自动控制系统及其控制方法
CN104084553A (zh) * 2014-07-24 2014-10-08 山西太钢不锈钢股份有限公司 连铸结晶器软水自动调节系统
CN104084553B (zh) * 2014-07-24 2016-06-22 山西太钢不锈钢股份有限公司 连铸结晶器软水自动调节系统
CN105149538A (zh) * 2015-09-17 2015-12-16 河北钢铁股份有限公司邯郸分公司 一种确保结晶器冷却水温度稳定的装置和方法
CN105149538B (zh) * 2015-09-17 2017-05-17 河北钢铁股份有限公司邯郸分公司 一种确保结晶器冷却水温度稳定的装置和方法
CN108356242A (zh) * 2018-04-13 2018-08-03 东北大学 一种微合金钢薄板坯边角裂纹控制装备及工艺
CN108356240A (zh) * 2018-04-13 2018-08-03 东北大学 一种角部高效传热薄板坯窄面曲面结晶器及其设计方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS4921329A (de) 1974-02-25
AU5460773A (en) 1974-10-17
CH552423A (de) 1974-08-15
NL154132B (nl) 1977-08-15
BE798388A (fr) 1973-08-16
DE2319323A1 (de) 1973-11-08
AU470292B2 (en) 1976-03-11
DE2319323B2 (de) 1975-12-18
GB1409947A (en) 1975-10-15
FR2180902A1 (de) 1973-11-30
FR2180902B1 (de) 1981-12-31
FI54067B (fi) 1978-06-30
FI54067C (fi) 1978-10-10
JPS5219808B2 (de) 1977-05-31
NL7305351A (de) 1973-10-22
CA977930A (en) 1975-11-18
ZA732632B (en) 1974-03-27

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