Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
  • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
  • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
  • A24B15/10—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
  • A24B15/16—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of tobacco substitutes

Definitions

• ABSTRACT Tobacco substitute based smoking mixture containing a minimum amount of organic combustible material and a maximum amount of harmless inorganic filler, the composition of the filler having been selected so as to impart a commercially acceptable burning rate to the mixture.
• Smoking mixtures are systems by which desirable flavours and drugs are conveniently distilled or aerosoled to the mouth during the smoking action.
• tobacco Being of natural origin, tobacco contains many chemical species which, although necessary for the growth and survival of the plant, contribute nothing to the smoking enjoyment and may unfortunately be the precursors of chemicals which are injurious to health.
• the ideal smoking substitute would be a material or fuel which burns harmlessly to give the energy to distil, aerosol or pyrolytically produce and distill only the necessary amounts of those components required for taste and drug effects.
• An object of the present invention is to provide a smoking composition which is suitable for aerosoling flavours and drugs but which contains a minimum amount of combustible organic material or smokeproducing fuel which on burning inevitably gives rise to some harmful products.
• a smoking mixture comprising an organic combustible material or fuel, a (on pyrolysis) harmless inorganicfiller and a binder, the inorganic filler being present in quantities such as to considerably reduce the amount of harmful products produced on combustion of the mixture and the composition of the filler having been selected by ion balancing to impart a commercially acceptable burning rate to the smoking mixture.
• the organic combustible material or fuel may comprise to 80 percent by weight of the smoking mixture, preferably -30 percent by weight.
• the harmless inorganic filler may comprise 15 to 65 percent by weight of the smoking mixture, preferably 40-60 percent by weight.
• the mixture may also contain a plasticiser/humectant in addition to the binder.
• the present invention is a method of manufacturing said smoking mixture comprising preselecting a specific organic combustible material as smoke-producing fuel and preselecting the proportion by weight of said combustible material to be incorporated in the smoking mixture, admixing said combustible material with a predetermined amount of harmless inorganic filler, the ionic content of which has been balanced to impart a commercially acceptable burning rate to said preselected amount of organic combustible material and finally forming a shaped arti cle of the mixture utilising a binder.
• the shaped article is preferably a film, extruded filament or tape.
• harmless inorganic filler is intended to include inorganic salts of some relatively simple organic acids.
• formates, oxalates, tartrates and citrates can be used as harmless inorganic fillers but these are less satisfactory than the preferred completely inorganic materials on account of some undesirable pyrolytic decomposition. This decomposition becomes potentially more harmful as the size of the organic molecule increases.
• the inorganic filler preferably comprises a mixture of two or more such inorganic salts admixed in quantities such as to obtain the balance of anions and cations most appropriate for imparting the desirable rate of combustion to the preselected amount of the specific organic combustible material incorporated in the smoking mixture.
• an acceptable rate of combustion for the smoking mixture of the invention can be correlated to the puff number of 10-12 of a machine-made standard Class B British cigarette containing 1.1 g. tobacco, where each puff is of 25 ml. volume in two seconds, followed by a 58 second rest or smouldering period and where the mm. cigarette is smoked to a butt length of 20 mm.
• the smoking mixture of the invention is intended to be used as a comparatively safe neutral substrate which burns at a correct rate and has a low content of relatively harmless organic fuel and a high content of harmless inorganic filler.
• Flavourants, drugs, medicaments, materials to improve ash coherence and colour and other additives, including tobacco can be incorporated as desired to produce the final product sold to the smoker.
• the smoking mixture containing such a high content of harmless inorganic material can advantageously be produced by a process similar to reconstituted tobacco processes which utilise film-forming agents or binders. Such a film-forming process enables a relatively large proportion of inorganic materials to be incorporated into the smoking mixture.
• the film-forming agent or binder and the plasticiserlhumectant incorporated in the mixture are also organic in nature but they may have an inorganic content and they can be carefully chosen from materials known to burn to produce lesser amounts of harmful products than tobacco.
• Preferred binders include carboxymethyl cellulose and its salts and other carboxylated carbohydrates. Where the amount of binder employed is very small other less satisfactory binder materials such as natural gums, guar gums, locust bean gums and other synthetic binders such as methyl and other ethers of cellulose may be used.
• Preferred plasticiser/humectants include glycerol, ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol.
• Organic combustible materials suitable as smokeproducing fuel in the mixtures of the invention include carbohydrates, modified carbohydrates and certain aldol condensation products. Carbon samples which produce lower amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can also be used.
• the smoke-producing carbohydrate may advantageously comprise cellulose, cellulose derivatives, sugars, starch, alginate, pectin, natural gum, glucuronic acid or polygalacturonic acid.
• the modified carbohydrate may advantageously be prepared as disclosed in our US. Pat. No. 1,1 13,979 by subjecting it to a catalysed degradation process at a temperature of lO-250C until the weight of the degraded material is less than 90 percent of the dry weight of the original carbohydrate.
• Preferred degradation catalysts include sulphuric acid, sulphamic acid and ammonium sulphamate.
• the modified carbohydrate may be oxidised cellulose.
• the aldol condensation products may advantageously be prepared by acid or based catalysed condensation of a compound of the formula RCOCH CH- COR (I) (or a precursor thereof) wherein R and R which may be the same or different, each represent a hydrogen atom, or an alkyl, hydroxyalkyl or formyl group.
• the aldol condensation product comprises the condensate from succinaldehyde, acetonyl acetone or the condensate from a precursor of (1) which is a compound containing a furan ring structure.
• a further object of the present invention is to utilise the combustion modifying properties of known inorganic fillers to reduce the quantity of health hazard chemicals in smoking compositions, this object being attained by reducing the amount of organic fuel in the smoking mixtures and making up the weight with said inert fillers.
• the choice of the inert inorganic fillers to be incorporated in the smoking mixture determines the rate of combustion or how many normal puffs can be had from a given weight of the mixture.
• composition A will burn away more quickly.
• Composition B in two compositions identical except that A contains calcium carbonate and B contains calcium borate, Composition A will burn away more quickly than Composition B.
• the fillers chosen should not have the power to retain excessive quantities of water, otherwise glowproofing will result.
• the fillers should be insoluble in water.
• Calcium carbonate has been found to be a most useful agent for use as a combustion accelerator balanced against combustion retarding agents such as calcium orthophosphate (CaH- P0 211 0), magnesite (MgCO light basic magnesium carbonate (3MgCO .Mg.(Ol-1) .3H O), and calcium sulphate (CaSO /2H O). Using these and other inorganic materials, films can be made which give shred with filling powers comparable to tobacco shred.
• the lower amounts of organic materials present mean that proportionately lower amounts of the harmful smoke products are formed whilst maintaining a desirable rate of combustion for the mixture.
• tests carried out on smoking mixtures of the invention show a reduction in the benzpyrene content of the smoke and a reduction in other chemical species known or suspected to be harmful because of the reduced organic fuel content.
• the mixtures of the invention advantageously have the same burning characteristics as tobacco based smoking mixtures. They keep lit and continue to burn and they have the same rate of combustion as tobacco.
• the process of the invention permits the use of fuels which were previously impossible to use on account of their physical properties, e. g. the high solubility and non-fibrous nature of sucrose, glucose and glucuronic acid.
• the high inorganic content gives body to the films of these materials which were previously unusable in smoking mixtures.
• the principle of ion balancing of the inert fillers is illustrated in the following tables. According to this principle the specific fuel and the amount thereof to be used in the mixture are first selected and then ion balance tests are effected to determine the composition having the most desirable rate of combustion. As can be seen from the tables the ions are investigated separately to ascertain their relative suitabilities for the selected fuel.
• Tables 1 to 5 illustrate the comparative retarding powers of cations of various inert fillers when added to a smoking mixture of the following composition:
• Thermally degraded cellulose 53 SCMC Glycerol 14 Calcium carbonate 5 Citric acid 4 Potassium citrate 5 Ammonium sulphate 4
• the thermally degraded cellulose was prepared as follows and in accordance with the method described in our British Patent Specification No. 1,113,979. 1,0 part by weight of sheeted alpha-cellulose was immersed in a 50% aqueous Solution of ammonium sulphamate and the pulp compressed between rolls to leave 1.0 part of solution in the pulp. The pulp was airdried at 45C and then heated at 240C so that the pulp became black and the weight of the degraded material was 75% of the original weight of alpha-cellulose plus ammonium sulphamate. The black pulp sheet was allowed to cool and was then ground to a powder passing a 120 BSS sieve.
• the inorganic filler constituted 5 percent of the total weight of the smoking mixture.
• the effect of the basicity of the cation is clearly indicated in each table.
• Table 2 added Puff Filler (by weight) Basicity of cation number Mg (PO 5 increasing 18.2 CaHPO,.2H O 5 16.0 Na HlO 5 I 16.0 Na HPO .l2H O 5 15.0
• Table 3 added Basicity Filler (by weight) of cation Puff number CaB O, 5 increasing 19.8 Na mo, 5 I: 19.8 Na B O 101-1 0 5 17.0
• Tables 6 to 8 illustrate the retardant properties of different anions. The same basic smoking mixture of Tables l to 5 was used in the tests for Tables 6 to 8.
• a second smoking mixture was prepared of similar composition to that utilised for the tests of Tables 1 to 8 but with 53 parts by weight thermally degraded cellulose replaced by 53 parts by weight carbon black as fuel. Tests similar to those of Tables 1 to 8 were carried out on the carbon black based smoking mixture and the results are indicated in the following Tables 1a, 2a, 4a, 6a and 8a which correspond respectively to Tables 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8. No Tables corresponding to Tables 3, 5 and 7 were produced.
• Tables 9 and 9a illustrate the effect of the ratio of percent CaCO percent Cal-lPO .2H O on Table 2a the uff number res ectivel of thermal] de raded P Y 8 cellulose based smoking mixtures and carbon black Flue added l of Puff number based smoking mixtures.
• Table 9 it is to Mgqwom 5 increasing 167 be noted that 15-17 is the correct puff number for Cal-lPO .2H O 5 14.7 hand rolled cigarettes made wlth commercially avail- NazHPO 5 H able hand rolling paper in contrast to machine made Na HPO .l2H O 5 9.5 0
• Table 4a The five compositions indicated in Table 9 and Table I 9a as having a correct puff number constituted the first Filler added Basicity of cation P ff number five Examples of smoking mixtures of the invention. M CO 5 Tables 9 and 9a thus serve to illustrate how the ion bal- 5 if 2:? ancing principle of the present invention is applied.
• Example 6 to 13 the final composition as aforesaid was reached after tests similar to those indicated in Tables 9 and 9a had been effected.
• the compositions actually illustrated in Examples 6 to 13 are those having the best puff numbers.
• Examples 14 to 23 illustrate further variations in the parameters of the in vention.
• EXAMPLE 6 5.38 parts thermally degraded cellulose powder, 4.26 parts powdered chalk, 7.10 parts powdered magnesium carbonate and 60 parts water were stirred together. 1.34 parts glycerol and 20 parts water were stirred together then added to the previous mixture. The whole was paddle-stirred together for 30 minutes.
• the mixture was transferred to a Probst & Class mill and at a gap setting of 2, milled for minutes. The gap was reduced to setting Zero and the mixture milled for a further 5 minutes. At the end of this period, 1.92 parts SCMC were added quickly into the centre of the vortex and the slurry immediately discharged into a clean container then paddle stirred for 15 minutes. Sufficient water was then added to reduce the viscosity to 55,000 cps.
• Film material was made by spreading the slurry at 0.020 in. on a band-drier and drying by means of hot air at 150C. The band speed was 19 ft. min. The film material was shredded and processed satisfactorily on cigarette making machinery.
• EXAMPLE 7 5.38 parts thermally degraded cellulose powder, 3.84 parts powdered chalk, 6.72 parts powdered light basic magnesium carbonate and 60 parts water were stirred together. 1.36 parts glycerol, 0.78 part potassium citrate and 20.0 parts water were stirred together, then added to the previous mixture. The whole was paddlestirred together for 30 minutes.
• the mixture was transferred to a Probst & Class mill and at a gap setting of 2, stirred for 5 minutes. The gap was reduced to zero and the mixture milled for a further 5 minutes. At the end of this time, 1.92 parts SCMC were added quickly into the vortex and the slurry immediately discharged into a clean container. The slurry was paddle-stirred for minutes. Sufficient water was then added to reduce the viscosity to 50,000
• Film material was made by spreading the slurry at 0.020 in. on a band-drier and dried by hot air at 150C.
• the band speed was 19 ft. min..
• the film material was shredded and processed satisfactorily on cigarette making machinery.
• EXAMPLE 8 4.08 parts thermally degraded cellulose powder, 4.34 parts powdered chalk, 5.75 parts calcium hydrogen orthophosphate and 60 parts water were stirred together. 2.33 parts glycerol, 0.57 part potassium citrate, 0.72 part citric acid, 0.57 part ammonium sulphate and 20 parts water were stirred together then added to the previous mixture. The whole was stirred together for 30 minutes.
• the mixture was transferred to a Probst & Class mill and at a gap setting of 2 milled for 5 minutes. The gap was reduced to zero and the mixture milled for a further 5 minutes. At the end of this period 1.76 parts SCMC were quickly added into the centre of the vortex and the slurry immediately discharged into a clean container, then paddle-stirred for 15 minutes. The viscosity was 42.000 ops.
• Film material was made by spreading the slurry at 0.010 in. on a band-drier and drying by means of hot air at C.
• the band speed was 22 ft. min..
• the film material was shredded and processed satisfactorily on cigarette making machinery.
• the mixture was transferred to a Probst & Class mill and at a gap setting of 2 milled for 5 minutes. The gap was now reduced to zero and the mixture milled for a further 5 minutes. At the end of this time, 1.7 parts SCMC were added quickly into the centre of the vortex and the slurry immediately discharged into a clean container. The slurry was paddle-stirred for 15 minutes and at the end of this period sufficient water was added to reduce the viscosity to 60,000 cps.
• Film material was made by spreading the slurry at 0.020 in. on a band-drier and drying by means of hot air at 150C.
• the band speed was 16 ft. min".
• the film material was shredded and processed satisfactorily on cigarette making machinery.
• Example 9 The dry weight composition of Example 9 was:
• EXAMPLE 10 5.6 parts sucrose, 7.8 parts calcium carbonate, 2.0 parts light basic magnesium carbonate, 0.8 part potassium citrate, 1.1 parts citric acid and 0.8 part ammonium sulphate were stirred for half an hour with 68.6 parts of water. The mixture was transferred to a probst & Class mill and at a gap setting of 2 milled for 5 minutes. The gap was reduced to setting zero and the mixture milled for a further 5 minutes. At the end of this time 2.0 parts SCMC were added quickly and the slurry discharged immediately into a container and paddlestirred for 15 minutes. 11.3 parts of water were added to reduce the viscosity to 56,000 cps.
• Film material was prepared by spreading the slurry at 0.018 in. on a band-drier and drying by means of air at 60C.
• the band speed was 9 ft./min.
• the film material was very sensitive to moisture. It could, however, be satisfactorily shredded and processed by cigarette making machinery if the relative humidity of the atmosphere was maintained at 58-60 RH and 60F. Under these conditions the equilibrium moisture content of the shred was 6.3-6.8.
• Example 10 The dry weight composition of Example 10 was:
• EXAMPLE 1 l 5.5 parts glucose, 7.6 parts calcium carbonate, 2.0 parts light basic magnesium carbonate, 0.75 part potassium citrate, 0.75 part ammonium sulphate and 1.0 part citric acid were stirred for half an hour with 67.2 parts of water. The mixture was transferred to a Probst & Class mill and at a gap setting of 2 milled for 5 minutes. The gap was reduced to setting zero and the mixture milled for a further 5 minutes. At the end of this time 20 parts SCMC were added quickly and the slurry discharged immediately into a container and paddlestirred for minutes. 13.3 parts of water were added to reduce the viscosity to 60,000 cps.
• Film material was prepared by spreading the slurry at 0.020 in. on a band drier and drying by means of air at 150C.
• the band speed was 18 ft./min.
• the film material was very sensitive to moisture. It could, however, be satisfactorily shredded and processed by cigarette making machinery if the relative humidity of the atmosphere was maintained at 53-55 percent RH and 60F. Under these conditions the equilibrium moisture content of the shred was 5-6.
• Glucose 28 SCMC 10 CaCO 39 Light basic Mg carbonate 10 K citrate 4 Citrate acid 5 02 4 4 EXAMPLE 12 4.5 parts alpha-cellulose powder, 3.5 parts chalk, 5.1 parts calcium hydrogen orthophosphate, 2.5 parts glycerol, 0.8 part citric acid, 0.7 part ammonium sulphate, 0.7 part potassium citrate and 71 parts water were stirred together for half an hour. The mixture was transferred to a Probst & Class mill and at a gap setting of 2 milled for 5 minutes. The gap was reduced to setting zero and the mixture milled for a further 5 minutes. At the end of this period 1.7 parts of SCMC were added quickly and the slurry discharged immediately into a container and paddle-stirred for 15 minutes. 9.5 parts of water were added to reduce the viscosity to 46,000 cps.
• Film material was made by spreading the slurry at 0.012 in. on a band-drier and drying by means of hot air at C.
• the band speed was 20 ft./min.
• the film material was shredded and processed satisfactorily on cigarette making machinery.
• Example 12 The dry weight composition of Example 12 was:
• Alpha-cellulose SCMC Glycerol CaCO CaHPO,,.2H O K citrate Citric acid (NH4)2SO4 EXAMPLE 13 2.04 parts of glycerol and 1.17 parts potassium citrate were dissolved in 250 mls. of water. 2.88 parts of SCMC were then added to the solution and stirred for 15 minutes. 8.07 parts of alginic acid, 10.08 parts of magnesium carbonate and 5.76 parts powdered chalk were mixed together in the dry state, then added to the previous mixture. The whole was stirred for 1 hour.
• Film material was made by spreading the slurry at 0.02 inches on glass plates and left to dry. The film material was humidified and shredded. Ten cigarettes were hand rolled with Imperial Verge paper.
• EXAMPLE 14 2.04 parts of glycerol and 1.17 parts of potassium citrate were dissolved in 150 mls. of water. 2.88 parts of SCMC were then added to the solution and stirred for 15 minutes. 8.07 parts of thermally degraded sucrose, 10.08 parts of magnesium carbonate and 5.76 parts of powdered chalk were mixed together in the dry state then added to the previous mixture. The whole was stirred for 1 hour.
• Film material was made by spreading the slurry at 0.02 inches on glass plates and left to dry. The film material was humidified and shredded. Ten cigarettes were hand rolled with Imperial Verge paper.
• Film material was made by spreading the slurry at 0.02 inches on glass plates and left to dry. The film material was humidified and shredded. Ten cigarettes were hand rolled with Imperial Verge paper.
• EXAMPLE 16 2.04 parts of glycerol and 1.17 parts of potassium citrate were dissolved in 75 mls. of water. 2.88 parts 10- cust bean gum were then added to the solution and stirred for 15 minutes. 8.07 parts of thermally degraded cellulose, 12.66 parts magnesium carbonate and 3.18 parts powdered chalk were mixed together in the dry state then added to the previous-mixture. The whole was stirred for 1 hour.
• Film material was made by spreading the slurry at 0.02 inches on glass plate and left to dry. The film material was humidified and shredded. Ten cigarettes were hand rolled with Imperial Verge paper.
• EXAMPLE 17 2.04 parts glycerol and 1.17 parts potassium citrate were dissolved in mls. of water. 2.88 parts methyl cellulose were then added to the solution and stirred for 15 minutes. 8.07 parts thermally degraded cellulose; 12.66 parts magnesium carbonate and 3.18 parts powdered chalk were mixed together in the dry state, then added to the previous mixture. The whole was stirred for 1 hour.
• Film material was made by spreading the slurry at 0.02 inches on glass plates and left to dry. The film material was humidified and shredded. Ten cigarettes were hand rolled with Imperial Verge paper.
• EXAMPLE 18 2.04 parts glycerol and 1.17 parts potassium citrate were dissolved in 150 mls. of water. 2.88 parts SCMC were then added to the solution and stirred for 15 minutes. 8.07 parts thermally degraded cellulose, 5.76 parts ferrous sulphate and 10.08 parts magnesium carbonate were mixed together in the dry state, then added to the previous mixture. The whole was stirred for 1 hour.
• Film material was made by spreading the slurry at 0.02 inches on glass platesand. left to dry. The film material was humidified and shredded. Ten cigarettes were hand rolled with Imperial Verge paper.
• EXAMPLE 19 2.04 parts glycerol and 1.17 parts potassium citrate were dissolved in 150 mls. of water. 2.88 parts SCMC were then added to the solution and stirred for 15 minutes. 8.07 parts thermally degraded cellulose, 10.08 parts aluminium hydroxide and 5.76 parts powdered chalk were mixed together in the dry state, then added to the previous mixture. The whole was stirred for 1 hour.
• Film material was made by spreading the slurry at 0.02 inches on glass plates and left to dry. The film material was humidified and shredded. Ten cigarettes were hand rolled with Imperial Verge paper.
• EXAMPLE 20 2.04 parts glycerol and 1.17 parts potassium citrate were dissolved in 150 mls. of water. 2.88 parts SCMC were then added to the solution and stirred for 15 minutes. 8.07 parts thermally degraded cellulose, 7.56 parts magnesium carbonate and 8.16 parts titanium dioxide were mixed together in the dry state, then added to the previous mixture. The whole was stirred for 1 hour.
• Film material was made by spreading the slurry at 0.02 inches on glass plates and left to dry. The film material was humidified and shredded. Ten cigarettes were hand rolled with Imperial Verge paper.
• Film material was made by spreading the slurry at 0.02 inches on glass plates and left to dry. The film material was humidified and shredded. Ten cigarettes were hand rolled with Imperial Verge paper.
• a smoking mixture in fabricated form comprising a. as smoke-producing fuel, a particulate solid thermally degraded carbohydrate tobacco substitute which is obtained by subjecting a carbohydrate to a catalysed degradation process at a temperature of at least 100C until the weight of the degraded material is less than 90 percent of the dry weight of the original carbohydrate,
• said filler being harmless on pyrolysis and present in a proportion of 40 to 65 percent by weight of the mixture and being selected from salts wherein the anion comprises formate, oxalate, citrate, tartrate, silicate, carbonate, chloride, sulphate, phosphate, borate, oxide, dioxide or aluminate and the cation comprises sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron or titanium, the combination of cations and anions in the filler being selected to impart a burning rate correlated to a puff number of 8-12 of a machine-made standard Class B British cigarette containing 1.1 g. tobacco, where each puff is of 25 ml. volume in two seconds, followed by a 58 second rest or smouldering period and where the mm.
• the anion comprises formate, oxalate, citrate, tartrate, silicate, carbonate, chloride, sulphate, phosphate, borate, oxide, dioxide or aluminate
• the cation comprises sodium, potassium, calcium,
• a smoking mixture as claimed in claim 1 wherein the filler comprises calcium carbonate, calcium borate, sodium borate, calcium orthophosphate, calcium oxalate, iron sulphate, titanium dioxide, magnesium carbonate, sodium aluminosilicate, bentonite or aluminium hydroxide.
• a smoking mixture as claimed in claim 1 comprising a plasticiser/humectant in addition to the binder.
• a smoking mixture as claimed in claim 4 wherein the plasticiser/humectant comprises glycerol, ethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol.
• a smoking mixture as claimed in claim 1 wherein the binder comprises carboxymethyl cellulose and its salts, other carboxylated carbohydrates, natural gum, guar gum, locust bean gum or cellulose ethers.
• a method of manufacturing a smoking mixture according to claim 1 comprising preselecting a particulate solid thermally degraded carbohydrate tobacco substitute as defined in claim 1 as smoke-producing fuel and preselecting the proportion by weight of said thermally degraded carbohydrate tobacco substitute to be incorporated in the smoking mixture, admixing said combustible material with a predetermined amount of binder and a harmless filler selected from salts wherein the anion comprises formate, oxalate, citrate, tartrate, silicate, carbonate, chloride, sulphate, phosphate, borate, oxide, dioxide or aluminate and the cation comprises sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron or titanium, the filler being harmless on pyrolysis and present in a proportion of 40 to 65 percent by weight of the mixture, and the combination anions and cations in the filler being sufficient to impart a burning rate correlated to a puff number of 8-l 2 of a machine-made shaped article is a film, extruded filament or tape.
• the filler comprises calcium carbonate, calcium borate, sodium borate, calcium orthophosphate, calcium oxalate, iron sulphate, titanium dioxide, magnesium aluminate, so-

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Manufacture Of Tobacco Products (AREA)
• Cigarettes, Filters, And Manufacturing Of Filters (AREA)
• Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
• Toys (AREA)

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• 1970
  • 1970-03-23 GB GB03860/70A patent/GB1299296A/en not_active Expired
• 1971
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  • 1971-03-18 NO NO1046/71A patent/NO126416B/no unknown
  • 1971-03-22 TR TR16940A patent/TR16940A/xx unknown
  • 1971-03-22 IE IE363/71A patent/IE35236B1/xx unknown
  • 1971-03-22 IT IT22091/71A patent/IT1043835B/it active
  • 1971-03-22 NL NL717103799A patent/NL150319B/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1971-03-22 SE SE7103675A patent/SE383953B/xx unknown
  • 1971-03-22 LU LU62830D patent/LU62830A1/xx unknown
  • 1971-03-22 FI FI710811A patent/FI51036C/fi active
  • 1971-03-23 JP JP46016262A patent/JPS5233200B1/ja active Pending
  • 1971-03-23 ZA ZA711889A patent/ZA711889B/xx unknown
  • 1971-03-23 CA CA108538A patent/CA923006A/en not_active Expired
  • 1971-03-23 CH CH420971A patent/CH568027A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1971-03-23 CS CS210171A patent/CS154323B2/cs unknown
  • 1971-03-23 BE BE764732A patent/BE764732A/xx unknown
  • 1971-03-23 FR FR7110230A patent/FR2109564A5/fr not_active Expired
  • 1971-03-23 DE DE712114084A patent/DE2114084C3/de not_active Expired

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