US3856650A - Cathode for an aluminium fusion electrolysis cell and method of making the same - Google Patents

Cathode for an aluminium fusion electrolysis cell and method of making the same Download PDF

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Publication number
US3856650A
US3856650A US00342450A US34245073A US3856650A US 3856650 A US3856650 A US 3856650A US 00342450 A US00342450 A US 00342450A US 34245073 A US34245073 A US 34245073A US 3856650 A US3856650 A US 3856650A
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Prior art keywords
pot
ceramic material
coating
pot according
cell
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US00342450A
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English (en)
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T Kugler
H Rieger
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Alcan Holdings Switzerland AG
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Alusuisse Holdings AG
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
    • C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
    • C25C3/08—Cell construction, e.g. bottoms, walls, cathodes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D2205/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of means for transferring or converting the output of a sensing member
    • G01D2205/20—Detecting rotary movement
    • G01D2205/26—Details of encoders or position sensors specially adapted to detect rotation beyond a full turn of 360°, e.g. multi-rotation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a cathode for an aluminium fusion electrolysis cell, particularly to a cathode in the form of a pot, comprising walls of electrically conducting material and a coating on the inner surface of the walls of a ceramic material which is electrically conducting and insoluble in fused cryolite and in molten aluminium and further to a method of making a pot in which the ceramic material is applied in finely dispersed form with such energy as to produce adhesion between the ceramic material and the inner surface of the pot and consolidation of the ceramic material.
  • a conventional aluminium fusion electrolysis cell consists of a casing consisting of metal or concrete in which is arranged a pot intended to receive cryolite and electrolytically separated aluminium. Between the outer wall of the pot and the inner wall of the casing there is introduced an electrically non-conducting thermal insulation, which at the same time also supports the pot in the casing. For conductwon of the electrical energy for maintaining the electrolysis in progress, there are provided conductors of a ferrous material connected with the pot.
  • the pot is usually made of carbon. It can be manufactured by moulding of a mass consisting of carbon with a binder, with subsequent thermal treatment. However, it is preferred to assemble pre-fabricated carbon blocks, with sealing of the separating gaps with a carbon mass, and thereafter to treat the pot thermally.
  • the ferrous conduct ors otherwise known as cathode bars, are inserted in a previous operation in channel-shape recesses in one side of the preformed carbon bodies, and are cast around with cast iron to produce the electrical contact, whereupon, for embedding the conductors without gaps, the channel-shaped recesses are filled with carbon mass.
  • the working temperature of (130) an aluminium fusion electrolysis cell lies between 950 and 980C, and consequently the contents of the pot, consisting of cryolite and separated aluminium, exerts extreme thermal conditions on the pot by reason of its high heat content, which limits the working life of the pot by reason of mechanical effects.
  • the contents of the pot consisting of cryolite and separated aluminium
  • an impregnation of the material of the pot with alkali fluorides originating from the cryolite which produces an additional chemical action on the pot material reducing the life of the pot. This action penetrates to the iron cathods bars, and finally has as a consequence a break through.
  • a given internal cell resistance is unavoidable at the starting of the electrolytic process, but at the present state of cell technology the losses to be noted, and pure losses over and above, are in an order of magnitude which justifies all endeavours to form the cell components with smallest possible individual resistance.
  • the pot consisting of carbon by reason of its wall thickness, produces a resistance which amounts to a not insignificant part of this output loss.
  • the invention exerts influences on this, in that the pot on its inner surface has a coating consisting of a ceramic material which is electronically conducting and insoluble in fused cryolite and molten aluminium.
  • pots consisting of carbon or of carbon with ceramic materials advantages are also achieved.
  • the coating permits ones of smaller dimensions, with enlargement of the cell space.
  • a deformation of the pot which is based upon an interaction of the pot material with constituents of the pot content is through hindered, which means a significant extension of the working life of the pot.
  • the coating protects the inner surfaces of the pot, and especially protects the pot material against impregnation with alkali fluorides.
  • the pot consists of a metal resistant to high temperature, for example Cr Ni-steel.
  • pot of a mixture of carbon with titanium boride, titantium carbide or sili con carbide or of carbon with mixtures of titanium boride, titanium carbide or silicon carbide. This permits a further reduction of the wall thickness as compared with pots consisting of carbon, but without the employment of metallic materials for formation of the pot.
  • the ceramic material is applied in finely dispersed form with such energy as to produce adhesion between the ceramic material and the inner surface of the pot and consolidation of the ceramic material.
  • the cathodically connected part of the aluminium fusion electrolysis cell consists of a pot l0 and a casing 11 surrounding the pot 10, while an insulating layer 12 is provided between the casing ll and the pot 10 for maintenance of a desired balance in the pot.
  • the fused electrolyte 1S solidifies to a crust 18, which is covered with a layer 16 of alumina intended for introduction into the electrolyte from time to time.
  • anodes 13 extend into the electrolyte 15, penetrating the alumina and crust.
  • the base of the housing 11 is formed by a floor plate 20, which, according to whether the casing consists of metal or concrete, can be made of the same material.
  • the pot 10 of rectangular shape is prepared from a heat-resistant steel which still has an adequate mechanical rigidity at the working temperature of the aluminium fusion electrolysis cell of 1,000C max.
  • the wall thickness of the pot 10 depends on the kind of steel employed, but amounts to at least 5 mm, and reinforcing ribs 22 are fitted on the outer face of the pot. With employment of a metallic pot material, it is suitable to connect the current conductor 21 directly to the floor 17 of the pot.
  • the outer face of the pot 10 is in contact with the po rous insulating layer 12, which for example can consist of fire-clay blocks.
  • This outer face is preferably coated with a protective coating 23 for the purpose of supression of scaling effects.
  • the protective coating 23 applied on the outer surface of the pot can consist of an aluminium layer applied by means of flame spraying with a layer of fire-proof cement on it, of iron aluminite/chromium aluminite or nickel aluminite.
  • the vessel 10 On its inner surface the vessel 10 carries the coating 24 according to the invention, which consists of a ceramic material which is electrically conducting and insoluble with reference to the contents of the pot, namely cryolite and aluminium. It is to be particularly required of the ceramic material that, at the working temperature of the aluminium fusion electrolysis cell of l,000C max., it still has electric conductivity as far as possible unaffected, and the resistance to attack by the contents of the pot is ensured, even when the pot is cathodically connected.
  • Materials suitable for the coating 24 include the carbides, nitrides, borides and silicides of elements of the 4th to 6th groups of the periodic table, and also silicon carbide, as well as their combinations in intimate mixture and also in successive coatings.
  • the thickness of the coating amounts to at least 0.1 mm.
  • the coating thickness is determined from the electrical properties of the material employed for formation of the coating, the magnitude of the chemical and thermal actions on the pot material and what residual porosity of the applied coating can be accepted.
  • a coating thickness of 0.5 to 1.0 mm has appeared as suitable, because the thickness ensures an electrical resistance which can be disregarded, and a sufficient statistical pore closure for protection of the material of the pot.
  • the pot undergoes deformations released by heat, which the coating has to match for the purpose of remaining free of fracture.
  • a coating thickness in the advantageous range there forms a layer arranged adjacent to the pot material which, after the manner of a buffer coating, equalises a differing movement behaviour of the pot and coating under thermal action.
  • an aluminium fusion electrolysis cell continuously undergoes recurrent working operations.
  • a crust floating on the cryolite has to be broken through by means of mechanical tools, to eliminate an anode effect the melt has to be set in motion by a stirring tool, the anodes have to be adjusted in the direction towards the cathode to balance their burning away, and separated aluminium has to be removed periodically from the pot by means of a suction pipe.
  • a suction pipe thus for example during the adjustment of the anodes fragments of anode may fall into the pot contents.
  • the suction pipe mouth may knock against the floor of the pot.
  • the floor 17 is provided with a grating 25, which consists of a material insoluble in fused aluminium.
  • the grating 25 is formed out of rows of tile-like plates 26, the rows being spaced apart and extending parallel to one another along the floor 17.
  • channels 27 arise between the rows of tile-like plates 26, the shape and dimensions of which are so chosen that a suction pipe mouth, large fragments from the anodes 13, and also parts of tools for servicing of the cell, cannot knock against the floor 17 and thus cannot cause destruction or damage to the coating 24.
  • electrolytically separated aluminium is received in the channels 27.
  • an expansion gap is provided for avoidance of thermal stresses between the individual plates 26 and the pot 10 or the pot floor 17.
  • tile-like plates 26 there come into consideration both electrically conducting and also non-conducting materials, which are resistant to aluminium and inert at a temperature of the separated aluminium, preferably with a safety margin upwards, and have a greater specific gravity than the aluminium.
  • Sintered corundum or silicon carbide have proved themselves especially suitable.
  • the coating 24 on the inner surface of the pot 10 can suitably be formed in that the ceramic material of the coating is applied in finely dispersed form with such energy as to produce adhesion between the material and the inner surface of the pot 10 and consolidation of the ceramic material.
  • the coating 24 can be formed by applying the ceramic material to the inner surface with production of adhesion, and thereafter consolidating the material, for example by a sintering process.
  • a sintering process for coating of a pot formed of carbon or of a ferrous material, it is preferred to carry out the formation of the coating with bonding of the material to the surface to be coated and with simultaneous consolidation of the coating material.
  • an ionised gas stream which can be produced in a plasma spray pistol, supplied the energy necessary for this.
  • the gas stream carries the coating material in finely dispersed form, and the output of the plasma generator or plasma burner is adjustable, matching the material to be applied, so that material of the coating 24 is applied molten, between tacky and liquid.
  • the energy content of the ionised gas stream suitable for formation of the coating can amount to up to KcaL/kg gas.
  • the energy content of the ionised gas stream suitable for formation of the coating can amount to up to KcaL/kg gas.
  • the energy content of the ionised gas stream can be adjusted to match the technological properties of the titanium boride and of the layer 24 to be produced in such a way that the energy for application and for consolidation is optimal, but not so great that the titanium boride, which has arrived at application well melted, should vaporise before it has reached the surface of the pot 10 to be coated.
  • a protective gas atmosphere for avoidance of oxide formations during the cooling of the material of the coating 23 applied in molten condition, one advantageously works in a protective gas atmosphere.
  • a protective sheath of inert or reducing gas as for example hydrogen, carbon monoxide or argon, beneath which, upon progressive movement of the plasma spray pistol, the applied material solidifies without formation of oxides.
  • This bell of gas is advantageously employed during the coating of complete pots, while in the coating of individual carbon blocks an atmosphere surrounding the block can also be used.
  • the coating thickness is formed in a single pass of the ionised gas stream loaded with the material over the surface to be coated. If the coating thickness is produced in several passes, i.e., coatingoperations, then oxides could form on the surface of the individual partial coating, which would hinder a bonding of the next following coating with the underlying one.
  • the coating 23 With the help of an ionised gas stream not only can the coating 23 be applied to the inner face of the vessel 10, but also the protective coating can be applied on the outer face.
  • the protective coating 23 consists of a flame-sprayed aluminium coating bonded with the metallic pot and covered with fire-proof cement, then the coating can be applied with an ionised gas stream by reason of the wide range of adjustability of the plasma generator.
  • the pot 10 was made of a steel of composition according to ASRM 347 (Mn 2%, Si 1%, Cr 17%, Ni 9l2%, Nb 1%, C O, 1% and remainder Fe).
  • the protective coating 23 consisted of a flame-sprayed aluminuium coating of 0.4 mm thickness, which was covered with fire-proof cement.
  • the inner surface of the pot 10 was throughly sand-sprayed with a corundum sand of particle size 0.5 to 1.0 mm and directly thereafter provided with the coating 24.
  • the coating consisted of titanium boride applied by means of an ionised gas stream and its thickness amounted to 0.5 mm.
  • the energy of the ionised gas stream was so adjusted that all titanium boride particles melted, and so that the inner surface of the pot 10 was brought to a temperature which permitted a bonding of the titanium boride with the pot material.
  • the ionised gas stream loaded with titanium boride was surrounded with a protective sheath of an inert or reducing gas, for example hydrogen, carbon monoxide or argon.
  • the total thickness of the: coating 24 was applied in one pass without oxide inclusions.
  • the height, breadth and lenth of the tile-like plates amounted to 10 X X 250 mm.
  • Sintered corunduim was employed as material for the plates 26.
  • the channels 27 had a clear width of 25 mm.
  • the insulating layer 12 consisted of fire-clay blocks and the casing 11 was formed of steel plates welded together.
  • EXAMPLE 2 Another pot 10 was formed of a steel of composition Cr 20%, Ni 24%, remainder Fe, which is resistant to scaling up to l,l00C. In this case an outer scaleresisting protective coating 23 was unnecessary. After the sand-spray, a coating 0.1 mm thick of Ni- CrB-Si alloy was applied with a welding pistol. This coating served for improvement of the adheson of the coating 24 on the pot walls and for equalisation of the thermal stresses between the pot walls and the protective coating 24.
  • the protective coating 24 consisted of titanium carbide. The titanium carbide was supplied to a plasma generator in powder form with a particle size of 30 to 45 and was applied by means of the ionised gas stream.
  • the part of the ionised gas stream loaded with titanium carbide powder and also the gas protective sheath must consist of a carbonising gas, i.e. C H C H OH.
  • the pot was formed as in Example EXAMPLE 3
  • a further pot was formed of a steel of the composition Cr 21%, Ni 33%, (Al Ti Si Mn), 0.08% C, remainder Fe.
  • outer protective coating 23 there was applied a layer ofiron aluminite chrome/aluminite, which was produced by spraying of a 0.1 mm thick aluminium coating on the outer side with subsequent reaction under influence of heat.
  • the sand-sprayed inner surface of the pct 10 was provided, by coating by means of a plasma burner, with a 0.2 mm thick NiAl under coating for resistance to diffusion and improvement of ahesion. On this under coating there was further applied a combined coating of NbB -TiB of composi- EXAMPLE 4 A pot was assembled of a steel of composition Cr 24%,-Ni 20%, C 0,06%, remainder Fe. The inner surface of the pot 10, the wall thickness of which as of all previously described ones amounted to at least 0.5 cm, was provided with a diffusion resisting coating of NiAl.
  • Example 1 Onto this coating was applied a 0.3 mm thick coating of ZrN by spraying of ZrN powder with a particle size of 30 to 45 uby means of an ionised gas stream. As gas, nitrogen was used, while N H was supplied as surrounding protective gas. The remaining cell construction corresponded to Example 1.
  • the present invention is not limited to the employment of metallic pots, but aluminium fusion electrolysis cells can also be advantageously developed, the pots of which are formed of carbon with or without admixtures of ceramic materials.
  • the current conductors 21 are then embedded in the vessel wall as in conventional cells.
  • the pots may be moulded, or built up of blocks.
  • pre-formed blocks intended for formation of a vessel consisting of carbon or of carbon with titanium boride, titanium carbide or silicon carbide or their mixtures with carbon and provided with the coating according to the invention, it can be advisable to let the necessary working operations and energy expenditure for application, bonding of the coating material to the pot material, and consolidation of the coating material follow one another.
  • the drawing shows a vessel 10 with a horizontally extending floor 17. This only shown by way of example.
  • the invention can also advantageously be employed in cells the floor of which is inclined, and formed with a collecting gutter for molten aluminium, either centrally or at one side.
  • a pot suitable for use as the cathode of an aluminum fusion electrolysis cell comprising a heat insulating outer shell and, on the interior thereof, an inner chamber having walls of electrically conductive material, and an inner protective thin lining comprising compacted interfused particles strongly adhering to the inner surface of said chamber walls and adapted to be in contact with the melt, said lining being composed of a ceramic material which is electrically conductive and insoluble in a melt of fused cryolite and in molten aluminum.
  • said ceramic material is selected from the group consisting of borides, carbides, nitrides and silicides of a metal in the 4th to 6th groups of the periodic system.
  • the pot according to claim 1 further comprising a grating of material insoluble in molten aluminum and cryolite, supported on the floor of the chamber.
  • the grating consists of rows of tile-like plates, the rows being space apart and extending parallel to one another along the floor.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
  • Furnace Housings, Linings, Walls, And Ceilings (AREA)
US00342450A 1972-03-21 1973-03-19 Cathode for an aluminium fusion electrolysis cell and method of making the same Expired - Lifetime US3856650A (en)

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CH429572A CH576005A5 (it) 1972-03-21 1972-03-21

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JP (1) JPS577236B2 (it)
AT (1) AT335188B (it)
BR (1) BR7301954D0 (it)
CH (1) CH576005A5 (it)
DE (1) DE2312439C2 (it)
FR (1) FR2177009B1 (it)
IS (1) IS1023B6 (it)
IT (1) IT983600B (it)
NL (1) NL7303706A (it)
NO (1) NO141692C (it)
ZA (1) ZA731980B (it)

Cited By (28)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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US4057480A (en) * 1973-05-25 1977-11-08 Swiss Aluminium Ltd. Inconsumable electrodes
US4160715A (en) * 1978-06-28 1979-07-10 Aluminum Company Of America Electrolytic furnace lining
US4231853A (en) * 1979-04-27 1980-11-04 Ppg Industries, Inc. Cathodic current conducting elements for use in aluminum reduction cells
FR2467891A1 (fr) * 1979-10-17 1981-04-30 Alusuisse Cuve pour electrolyse dont les elements de renfort lateraux des parois sont etudies pour equilibrer la dilatation thermique des parois de la cuve
WO1981002170A1 (en) * 1980-01-28 1981-08-06 Diamond Shamrock Corp Packed cathode bed for electrowinning metals from fused salts
US4297180A (en) * 1976-08-25 1981-10-27 Aluminum Company Of America Electrolytic production of metal
US4308115A (en) * 1980-08-15 1981-12-29 Aluminum Company Of America Method of producing aluminum using graphite cathode coated with refractory hard metal
US4308114A (en) * 1980-07-21 1981-12-29 Aluminum Company Of America Electrolytic production of aluminum using a composite cathode
US4333813A (en) * 1980-03-03 1982-06-08 Reynolds Metals Company Cathodes for alumina reduction cells
US4396482A (en) * 1980-07-21 1983-08-02 Aluminum Company Of America Composite cathode
US4514268A (en) * 1982-12-30 1985-04-30 Corning Glass Works Electrolytic Al production with reaction sintered cermet component
US4534835A (en) * 1982-12-30 1985-08-13 Corning Glass Works Electrolytic Al production with reaction sintered multiphase ceramic
US4544457A (en) * 1982-05-10 1985-10-01 Eltech Systems Corporation Dimensionally stable drained aluminum electrowinning cathode method and apparatus
US4592820A (en) * 1982-05-28 1986-06-03 Alcan International Limited Electrolytic reduction cells for aluminium production
US4717692A (en) * 1984-04-27 1988-01-05 Aluminum Company Of America Composites comprising one or more interwoven matrix compositions each containing a refractory hard metal and method of forming same
WO1993025731A1 (en) * 1992-04-01 1993-12-23 Moltech Invent S.A. The application of refractory borides to protect carbon-containing components of aluminium production cells
US5472578A (en) * 1994-09-16 1995-12-05 Moltech Invent S.A. Aluminium production cell and assembly
US5486278A (en) * 1993-06-02 1996-01-23 Moltech Invent S.A. Treating prebaked carbon components for aluminum production, the treated components thereof, and the components use in an electrolytic cell
US5527442A (en) * 1992-04-01 1996-06-18 Moltech Invent S.A. Refractory protective coated electroylytic cell components
US5651874A (en) * 1993-05-28 1997-07-29 Moltech Invent S.A. Method for production of aluminum utilizing protected carbon-containing components
US5667664A (en) * 1990-08-20 1997-09-16 Comalco Aluminum Limited Ledge-free aluminum smelting cell
US5683559A (en) * 1994-09-08 1997-11-04 Moltech Invent S.A. Cell for aluminium electrowinning employing a cathode cell bottom made of carbon blocks which have parallel channels therein
US5753382A (en) * 1996-01-10 1998-05-19 Moltech Invent S.A. Carbon bodies resistant to deterioration by oxidizing gases
US5753163A (en) * 1995-08-28 1998-05-19 Moltech. Invent S.A. Production of bodies of refractory borides
US6001236A (en) * 1992-04-01 1999-12-14 Moltech Invent S.A. Application of refractory borides to protect carbon-containing components of aluminium production cells
WO2012025498A1 (de) * 2010-08-23 2012-03-01 Sgl Carbon Se Kathode, vorrichtung zur aluminiumgewinnung und verwendung der kathode bei der aluminiumgewinnung
EP3191624A4 (en) * 2014-09-10 2018-05-23 Alcoa USA Corp. Systems and methods of protecting electrolysis cell sidewalls
WO2018184008A1 (en) * 2017-03-31 2018-10-04 Alcoa Usa Corp. Systems and methods of electrolytic production of aluminum

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NZ194195A (en) * 1979-07-02 1982-03-30 United States Borax Chem Alumina reduction cell with floor coated with titanium diboride
JPS5812352B2 (ja) * 1980-03-31 1983-03-08 宇部興産株式会社 有機化合物の電解還元用窒化チタン電極
JPS5928775A (ja) * 1982-08-09 1984-02-15 Sanyo Electric Co Ltd ビデオ信号切換回路
US4600481A (en) * 1982-12-30 1986-07-15 Eltech Systems Corporation Aluminum production cell components
DE102011079967A1 (de) * 2011-07-28 2013-01-31 Sgl Carbon Se Beschichtete Hochofensteine

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US2971899A (en) * 1957-09-10 1961-02-14 Gen Motors Corp Method of electroplating aluminum
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US3578580A (en) * 1966-05-17 1971-05-11 Alusuisse Electrolytic cell apparatus
US3700581A (en) * 1966-07-06 1972-10-24 Giuseppe De Varda Cryolitic vat for the production of aluminum by electrolysis
US3788968A (en) * 1971-01-08 1974-01-29 Metallgesellschaft Ag Layered electrode

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Patent Citations (8)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3202600A (en) * 1951-05-04 1965-08-24 British Aluminium Co Ltd Current conducting element for aluminum reduction cells
US2971899A (en) * 1957-09-10 1961-02-14 Gen Motors Corp Method of electroplating aluminum
US3400061A (en) * 1963-11-21 1968-09-03 Kaiser Aluminium Chem Corp Electrolytic cell for production of aluminum and method of making the same
US3434957A (en) * 1966-02-18 1969-03-25 Arthur F Johnson Aluminum reduction cell with aluminum and refractory layered bottom construction
US3578580A (en) * 1966-05-17 1971-05-11 Alusuisse Electrolytic cell apparatus
US3700581A (en) * 1966-07-06 1972-10-24 Giuseppe De Varda Cryolitic vat for the production of aluminum by electrolysis
US3514520A (en) * 1967-02-01 1970-05-26 Montedison Spa Linings of electrolysis,remelting,and similar furnaces,containing molten metals,alone or together with molten salts
US3788968A (en) * 1971-01-08 1974-01-29 Metallgesellschaft Ag Layered electrode

Cited By (31)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4057480A (en) * 1973-05-25 1977-11-08 Swiss Aluminium Ltd. Inconsumable electrodes
US4297180A (en) * 1976-08-25 1981-10-27 Aluminum Company Of America Electrolytic production of metal
US4160715A (en) * 1978-06-28 1979-07-10 Aluminum Company Of America Electrolytic furnace lining
US4231853A (en) * 1979-04-27 1980-11-04 Ppg Industries, Inc. Cathodic current conducting elements for use in aluminum reduction cells
FR2467891A1 (fr) * 1979-10-17 1981-04-30 Alusuisse Cuve pour electrolyse dont les elements de renfort lateraux des parois sont etudies pour equilibrer la dilatation thermique des parois de la cuve
WO1981002170A1 (en) * 1980-01-28 1981-08-06 Diamond Shamrock Corp Packed cathode bed for electrowinning metals from fused salts
US4333813A (en) * 1980-03-03 1982-06-08 Reynolds Metals Company Cathodes for alumina reduction cells
US4396482A (en) * 1980-07-21 1983-08-02 Aluminum Company Of America Composite cathode
US4308114A (en) * 1980-07-21 1981-12-29 Aluminum Company Of America Electrolytic production of aluminum using a composite cathode
US4308115A (en) * 1980-08-15 1981-12-29 Aluminum Company Of America Method of producing aluminum using graphite cathode coated with refractory hard metal
US4544457A (en) * 1982-05-10 1985-10-01 Eltech Systems Corporation Dimensionally stable drained aluminum electrowinning cathode method and apparatus
US4592820A (en) * 1982-05-28 1986-06-03 Alcan International Limited Electrolytic reduction cells for aluminium production
US4514268A (en) * 1982-12-30 1985-04-30 Corning Glass Works Electrolytic Al production with reaction sintered cermet component
US4534835A (en) * 1982-12-30 1985-08-13 Corning Glass Works Electrolytic Al production with reaction sintered multiphase ceramic
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FR2177009B1 (it) 1978-03-03
ZA731980B (en) 1973-12-19
JPS497111A (it) 1974-01-22
AU5356873A (en) 1974-09-26
BR7301954D0 (pt) 1974-07-11
NO141692C (no) 1980-04-23
IT983600B (it) 1974-11-11
CH576005A5 (it) 1976-05-31
FR2177009A1 (it) 1973-11-02
NO141692B (no) 1980-01-14
ATA200173A (de) 1976-06-15
IS1023B6 (is) 1979-12-14
DE2312439A1 (de) 1973-10-04
IS2146A7 (is) 1973-05-23
DE2312439C2 (de) 1984-07-12
JPS577236B2 (it) 1982-02-09
NL7303706A (it) 1973-09-25
AT335188B (de) 1977-02-25

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