US3856649A - Solid state electrode - Google Patents

Solid state electrode Download PDF

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Publication number
US3856649A
US3856649A US00341999A US34199973A US3856649A US 3856649 A US3856649 A US 3856649A US 00341999 A US00341999 A US 00341999A US 34199973 A US34199973 A US 34199973A US 3856649 A US3856649 A US 3856649A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
electrode
salt
layer
hydrophilic layer
hydrophobic layer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US00341999A
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English (en)
Inventor
M Genshaw
M Smith
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Bayer Corp
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Miles Laboratories Inc
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Publication date
Application filed by Miles Laboratories Inc filed Critical Miles Laboratories Inc
Priority to US00341999A priority Critical patent/US3856649A/en
Priority to CA190,859A priority patent/CA996188A/en
Priority to AU64933/74A priority patent/AU480658B2/en
Priority to FR7407623A priority patent/FR2221730B1/fr
Priority to GB1034374A priority patent/GB1452402A/en
Priority to JP2866674A priority patent/JPS5337038B2/ja
Priority to DE19742412577 priority patent/DE2412577C3/de
Priority to CH365374A priority patent/CH569277A5/xx
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3856649A publication Critical patent/US3856649A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
    • G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
    • G01N27/333—Ion-selective electrodes or membranes
    • G01N27/3335—Ion-selective electrodes or membranes the membrane containing at least one organic component

Definitions

  • the electrode comprises an electrically conductive inner element with a salt disposed on a surface portion thereof having as a cation a cation form of the element and also having an anion, a hydrophilic layer in intimate contact with the salt and including a water soluble salt of said anion and a hydrophobic layer in intimate contact with the hydrophilic layer whereby the hydrophilic layer is shielded from contact with the ion-containing aqueous solution.
  • This electrode may function as a reference electrode as well as an electrode for identifying spe cific ions.
  • This invention relates to an electrode for use in measuring ion concentration. More specifically, this invention relates to a totally solid state electrode which may be used as a reference electrode or as an ion specific electrode for use in measuring unknown ion concentrations in a solution.
  • Electrodes potential may be used to determine ion concentration in an aqueous solution.
  • one practice has been to immerse in the solution containing the unknown ion concentration a reference electrode and an ion specific or indicator electrode.
  • the potential of the reference electrode remains substantially constant regardless of the concentration of the specific ion in the unknown solution.
  • the indicator electrode is sensitive to variations in the concentration of the specific ion, yielding a change in EMF which may be measured with known electrical devices.
  • Electrodes for use in determining ion concentrations have many forms, from the well known glass electrodes to the more recent ion selective membrane electrodes. Although the electrode art has advanced in recent years, electrodes still require special handling, particularly when assembling membrane electrodes, and caution in use. Also, these electrodes are expensive and are generally too large to use with micro quantities of solutions. Further, these electrodes share the common structural feature of a liquid inner electrolyte.
  • This invention is embodied in a totally solid state electrode for use in determining ion concentration in an aqueous solution.
  • This electrode comprises an electrically conductive inner element having disposed thereon a salt having as a cation a cation form of at least a portion of the inner element and also having an anion.
  • a solid hydrophilic layer including a water soluble salt of said anion.
  • a solid hydrophobic layer which shields the hydrophilic layer from direct contact with the ion-containing aqueous solution.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide a totally solid state electrode having a simple structure which may be inexpensively manufactured.
  • a further object of this invention is to provide a miniaturized solid state electrode suitable for use in measuring ion concentrations in micro quantities of sample solutions.
  • the electrically conductive inner element of the electrode of this invention may be selected from metals that are commonly used for this purpose.
  • This metal is preferably selected from one which readily forms an insoluble salt and has good electrical properties.
  • Such metals include silver, amalgams and the like.
  • shape of the electrode is not critical, a symmetrical shape,-such as a wire, is advantageous in that its size may be very small and it is readily available without additional fabrication.
  • Other configurations such as metalized films on nonconducting substrates, sheets of conducting material, etc., may be used in this invention.
  • the insoluble salt is in the form of a layer disposed on a surface portion of the inner element and has, as a cation, the cation form of the metal of the element. It also has an anion such as a halogen.
  • the salt layer may be formed by anodizing the element in a suitable solution, by a physical application of a dispersion of the salt in a suitable carrier that will adhere to the element or by other suitable methods.
  • the salt may be formed about an end portion of the inner element or its position may be varied according to the desired structural features of the electrode.
  • the hydrophilic layer is in intimate contact with the salt disposed on the inner element.
  • the thickness of this layer is not considered critical and may be adjusted in accordance with desired manufacturing techniques. The formation of this layer will be discussed hereinafter and will not, therefore, be set forth at this time.
  • the salt included in this layer is a water soluble salt having a cation selected from alkali metals or alkaline earth metals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and barium; and as anions halogens. Since there is a transfer of charge through ion transfer across this layer the particular salt selected is critical and must be compatible with the insoluble salt. Representative of such salts are NaCl, KCl, KBr, MgCl BaCl and other such halides that may be used with the insoluble halide covering the inner element.
  • the hydrophobic layer which shields the hydrophilic layer from direct contact with the ion-containing solution.
  • This layer may be formed from well known hydrophobic polymeric materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a polymethylmethacrylate, polyvinylidene chloride, polystyrene and the like. Prior to application these materials may be dissolved in well known solvents therefore, such as cyclohexanone, xylene, methylene chloride, ethylene chloride, etc.
  • An increase in the thickness of the hydrophobic layer results in a longer response time for the electrode while also resulting in a longer storage life (wet or dry) and longer useful life. It has been found advantageous to combine with this material additives such as glycerol triacetate, dipentyl phthalate, lbromonaphthalene and the like or combinations thereof.
  • the hydrophobic layer shields the hydrophilic layer from direct contact with the aqueous solution, the hydrophobic layer appears to be analogous to the membrane of membrane electrodes or the glass of glass electrodes. It is believed that an osmotic equilibrium is established across the hydrophobic layer similar to that established across semipermeable membranes.
  • the solid state electrode of this invention may be made ion selective by incorporating with the hydrophobic layer an ion selective material such as valinomycin; crown ethers; magnesium or zinc uranyl acetate; monensin; 6,8-dichlorobenzoylene urea; didecylphosphoric acid-dioctyl phenylphosphonate; monactin; tetraphenylboron; tridodecylhexadecylammonium nitrate in n-octyl-o-nitrophenyl ether; 4-amino-4'- chlorodiphenylhydrochloride, barium salt and other similar ion complexing and selective materials.
  • an ion selective electrode for ions such as K, Ca, N0 or 80
  • the solid state electrodes of this invention are prepared by disposing on a surface portion of the inner element a salt layer having as a cation the cation form of the inner element.
  • the salt layer is disposed on a small portion of the inner element, such as on a tip portion when it is a wire, so that it may be totally immersed in the solution to be tested.
  • the hydrophilic layer is placed in intimate contact with at least a portion of the salt layer and includes a water soluble salt having the same anion as the salt layer.
  • the hydrophilic layer is readily applied by momentarily dipping the inner electrode into a suitable solution of the components of the hydrophilic layer.
  • the partially fabricated electrode is momentarily dipped into a suitable solution of the components of the hydrophobic layer such that the hydrophobic layer will totally encompass the hydrophilic layer.
  • the dipping into the hydrophobic layer-forming solution is beneficially repeated from 2 to 6 or more times as required to provide the desired thickness of hydrophobic layer.
  • the environment around the electrode is supported at a predetermined temperature and relative humidity so that a hydrated state of the hydrophilic layer is maintained. This hydrated state is considered important to the proper functioning of the electrode of this invention.
  • EXAMPLE 1 A reference electrode was prepared using as the inner element thereof a straight length of 18 gage silver wire which was first cleaned in isopropyl alcohol to remove organic residue thereon. This wire was further cleaned with deionized water, and then a 2 mm end portion thereof was anodized for one minute at 0.8-1.0 ma. in 0.1N HCl. The silver inner element with the salt layer disposed thereon was dipped momentarily into a polyvinyl alcohol (ELVANOL grade 7260) -sodium chloride aqueous solution (10% PVA solution in 0.5M NaCl) to form thereon the hydrophilic layer.
  • EEVANOL grade 7260 polyvinyl alcohol
  • the element was then promptly dipped momentarily into a glycerol triacetate-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) solution, consisting of 14% glycerol triacetateand 6% PVC dissolved in cyclohexanone, to form the hydrophobic layer.
  • PVC glycerol triacetate-polyvinyl chloride
  • the thus coated element was thereafter similarly dipped into this glycerol triacetate-PVC solution at half hour intervals five more times.
  • the electrode was cured at 37C and 73% relative humidity during the application of the hydrophobic layer and for at least 18 hours thereafter.
  • the hydrophobic layer totally covered the hydrophilic layer.
  • the resulting electrode was about 2 mm in length and 2.5 mm in diameter.
  • the silver wire extended from the electrode an additional 1.5 cm of which about 5 mm adjacent to the electrode was covered with the wax sealant. This electrode maintained a substantially constant potential for normal testing periods when evaluated in solutions of varying sodium and potassium ion concentration.
  • EXAMPLE 2 The procedure of this Example was the same as Example 1 with the exception that KCl was substituted for NaCl in the hydrophilic layer.
  • the resulting electrode had an appearance and performance substantially identical with the electrode of Example 1.
  • EXAMPLE 3 The procedure of this Example was the same as Example 2 with the exception that the KCl concentration was reduced to 0.005 M and the solution used to form the hydrophobic layer consisted of 6% PVC, 14% dipentyl phthalate and 0.1% valinomycin in cyclohexanone.
  • the resulting electrode had an appearance substantially the same as the electrodes of Examples 1 and 2. This electrode was observed to have a high selectivity for potassium ions as set forth in the following Example 4.
  • EXAMPLE 4 An electrode prepared according to Example 3 was evaluated in aqueous solutions of different concentrations of mixtures of potassium and sodium chloride as set forth in Table 1. Replicate determinations were made in each solution in a random manner with the six solutions consisting of two KCl concentrations of 3 meq/liter and 6 meq/liter in combination respectively with NaCl concentrations of 120, and meqlliter. All electrode measurements (AE,,,,,) were made versus a Standard Calomel Electrode (SCE) (K401, Radiometer, Denmark) through a saturated lithium trichloracetate salt bridge. The electrodes were dry blotted between measurements. Measurements were made with a Hewlett-Packard (3440A) Digital Voltmeter and an Analog Device 311 J follower as a preamplifier.
  • SCE Standard Calomel Electrode
  • a solid state electrode for use in determination of ion concentration in an aqueous solution comprising, an electrically conductive inner element,
  • a salt having as a cation a cation form of at least a portion of said inner electrode material and also having an anion, said salt being disposed on a surface portion of said inner electrode,
  • solid hydrophilic layer in intimate contact with said salt, said solid hydrophilic layer including polyvinyl alcohol and a water soluble salt of said anion, and
  • a solid hydrophobic layer in intimate contact with said solid hydrophilic layer shielding said solid hydrophilic layer from direct contact with the ioncontaining aqueous solution when said electrode is immersed therein.
  • hydrophilic layer includes water and a water soluble salt.
  • hydrophobic layer includes at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl chloride, polymethylmethacrylate and polyvinylidene chloride.
  • hydrophobic layer consists essentially of a combination of polyvinyl chloride and glycerol triacetate.
  • hydrophobic layer consists essentially of a combination of polyvinyl chloride, dipentyl phthalate and valinomycm.
  • hydrophobic layer consists essentially of a combination of polyvinyl chloride, l-bromonapihthalene and valinomycin.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Fluid Adsorption Or Reactions (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
US00341999A 1973-03-16 1973-03-16 Solid state electrode Expired - Lifetime US3856649A (en)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00341999A US3856649A (en) 1973-03-16 1973-03-16 Solid state electrode
CA190,859A CA996188A (en) 1973-03-16 1974-01-24 Solid state electrode
AU64933/74A AU480658B2 (en) 1973-03-16 1974-01-29 Solid state electrode
FR7407623A FR2221730B1 (enrdf_load_html_response) 1973-03-16 1974-03-06
GB1034374A GB1452402A (en) 1973-03-16 1974-03-07 Solid state electrode
JP2866674A JPS5337038B2 (enrdf_load_html_response) 1973-03-16 1974-03-14
DE19742412577 DE2412577C3 (de) 1973-03-16 1974-03-15 Elektrode zur Bestimmung der Ionenkonzentration
CH365374A CH569277A5 (enrdf_load_html_response) 1973-03-16 1974-03-15

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JP (1) JPS5337038B2 (enrdf_load_html_response)
CA (1) CA996188A (enrdf_load_html_response)
CH (1) CH569277A5 (enrdf_load_html_response)
FR (1) FR2221730B1 (enrdf_load_html_response)
GB (1) GB1452402A (enrdf_load_html_response)

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US4172015A (en) * 1977-02-28 1979-10-23 Imperial Chemical Industries Limited Electrochemical device and analytical method
FR2425640A1 (fr) * 1978-05-10 1979-12-07 Fresenius Chem Pharm Ind Electrode selective d'ions
FR2425639A1 (fr) * 1978-05-10 1979-12-07 Fresenius Chem Pharm Ind Detecteur electrochimique pour mesurer selectivement l'activite des ions
US4199412A (en) * 1978-10-31 1980-04-22 Eastman Kodak Company Halide ion-selective devices and method
US4214968A (en) * 1978-04-05 1980-07-29 Eastman Kodak Company Ion-selective electrode
EP0021626A1 (en) * 1979-06-27 1981-01-07 Beckman Instruments, Inc. Salts of phosphoric acid diesters, their preparation and use in membranes, the membranes and their use in calcium ion determination, and the electrodes containing them
EP0021595A1 (en) * 1979-06-27 1981-01-07 Beckman Instruments, Inc. Solid state ion selective electrodes and membranes
EP0024191A3 (en) * 1979-08-13 1981-03-11 Eastman Kodak Company Reference elements, ion-selective electrodes containing said elements and method of preparing said elements
US4259164A (en) * 1979-08-13 1981-03-31 Eastman Kodak Company Silver/silver halide electrodes comprising chromium or nickel
US4269682A (en) * 1977-12-12 1981-05-26 Kuraray Co., Ltd. Reference electrode of insulated gate field effect transistor
US4272328A (en) * 1979-12-05 1981-06-09 Eastman Kodak Company Buffer overcoat for CO2 ion-selective electrodes
US4280889A (en) * 1976-03-11 1981-07-28 Honeywell Inc. Solid state ion responsive and reference electrodes
US4282079A (en) * 1980-02-13 1981-08-04 Eastman Kodak Company Planar glass ion-selective electrode
US4303740A (en) * 1978-03-31 1981-12-01 Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia Process for the preparation of highly accurate and stable electrode containing a silver salt
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Cited By (78)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4053382A (en) * 1975-02-25 1977-10-11 Horiba, Ltd. Liquid junction of reference electrode
US4052285A (en) * 1975-03-20 1977-10-04 National Research Development Corporation Ion selective electrodes
US4280889A (en) * 1976-03-11 1981-07-28 Honeywell Inc. Solid state ion responsive and reference electrodes
US4053381A (en) * 1976-05-19 1977-10-11 Eastman Kodak Company Device for determining ionic activity of components of liquid drops
US4172015A (en) * 1977-02-28 1979-10-23 Imperial Chemical Industries Limited Electrochemical device and analytical method
US4269682A (en) * 1977-12-12 1981-05-26 Kuraray Co., Ltd. Reference electrode of insulated gate field effect transistor
US4276141A (en) * 1978-02-24 1981-06-30 Beckman Instruments, Inc. Solid state ion selective electrodes
US4303740A (en) * 1978-03-31 1981-12-01 Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia Process for the preparation of highly accurate and stable electrode containing a silver salt
US4214968A (en) * 1978-04-05 1980-07-29 Eastman Kodak Company Ion-selective electrode
FR2425640A1 (fr) * 1978-05-10 1979-12-07 Fresenius Chem Pharm Ind Electrode selective d'ions
US4256561A (en) * 1978-05-10 1981-03-17 Dr. Eduard Fresenius Chemisch-Pharmazeutische Industrie Kg, Apparatebau Kg Electrochemical measuring electrode
FR2425639A1 (fr) * 1978-05-10 1979-12-07 Fresenius Chem Pharm Ind Detecteur electrochimique pour mesurer selectivement l'activite des ions
US4199412A (en) * 1978-10-31 1980-04-22 Eastman Kodak Company Halide ion-selective devices and method
EP0021595A1 (en) * 1979-06-27 1981-01-07 Beckman Instruments, Inc. Solid state ion selective electrodes and membranes
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DE2412577B2 (de) 1977-03-03

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