US3850136A - Positive pressure coating device - Google Patents

Positive pressure coating device Download PDF

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Publication number
US3850136A
US3850136A US00256466A US25646672A US3850136A US 3850136 A US3850136 A US 3850136A US 00256466 A US00256466 A US 00256466A US 25646672 A US25646672 A US 25646672A US 3850136 A US3850136 A US 3850136A
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United States
Prior art keywords
fluid
container
open
hollow
pressure
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00256466A
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English (en)
Inventor
J Ruzzo
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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Publication date
Application filed by General Electric Co filed Critical General Electric Co
Priority to US00256466A priority Critical patent/US3850136A/en
Priority to CA171,123A priority patent/CA990948A/en
Priority to DE2325862A priority patent/DE2325862A1/de
Priority to FR7318846A priority patent/FR2192469A1/fr
Priority to GB2478473A priority patent/GB1403844A/en
Priority to JP48057272A priority patent/JPS4950029A/ja
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3850136A publication Critical patent/US3850136A/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M25/00—Means for supporting, enclosing or fixing the microorganisms, e.g. immunocoatings
    • C12M25/06—Plates; Walls; Drawers; Multilayer plates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05C—APPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05C7/00—Apparatus specially designed for applying liquid or other fluent material to the inside of hollow work
    • B05C7/04—Apparatus specially designed for applying liquid or other fluent material to the inside of hollow work the liquid or other fluent material flowing or being moved through the work; the work being filled with liquid or other fluent material and emptied
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M23/00—Constructional details, e.g. recesses, hinges
    • C12M23/02—Form or structure of the vessel
    • C12M23/06—Tubular

Definitions

  • Barrese Positive pressure devices for coating the internal surfaces of open-ended, hollow, elongated structures with uniform, adherent, fluid coatings comprise (i) a pressurizable container for the fluid, having a structurereceiving opening in the top, (ii) removable means for holding the structures to be coated vertically in the opening of the container and for providing a pressure tight seal at the opening, and (iii) means for pressurizing the surface of the fluid and for interrupting and releasing the pressure when the fluid rises to a pre- 118/5, 118/7, 118/50, 118/408 B05c 7/04 118/5, 7, 408, 50, 421; 134/152, 56 R, 166 R determined height in the structures to be coated.
  • a culturing pipette which in one commercial embodiment comprises a relatively thin tube, usually of thermoplastic material, about to 12 inches long and about oneeighth inch in outside diameter.
  • the inside of the tube is coated with a layer of solidified nutrient agar.
  • a fluid such as urine, suspected of containing bacteria
  • the fluid is sucked up into contact with the layer of nutrient agar.
  • the fluid is then drained out and the treated tube is ready for incubation. Any bacteria will show their presence in the form of discrete colonies in the agar coating on the internal surface after several hours of incubation.
  • the wide demand for such tubes requires a means to mass produce the internal coating and the present invention provides a device which simultaneously coats the internal surfaces oflarge numbers of hollow elongated structures.
  • Another object is to provide a device which is capable of initiating this sequence of events semiautomatically, as with a push-button.
  • Another object of this invention is to terminate the filling automatically and to initiate drainage automatically once the fluid column reaches a predetermined fill height within the hollow structures.
  • Still another object of this invention is to provide a means for controlling the temperature of the fluidreservoir in order that molten fluids, such as hot, liquid agar, can be used as coating materials.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide a de vice capable of filling, draining and coating a multitude of open-ended hollow bodies simultaneously.
  • a further object of this invention is to provide a device which can be quickly loaded with a plurality of open-ended hollow structures prior to the coating sequence and just as quickly unloaded after completion of the sequence.
  • FIG. 1 is a pictorial diagram showing a production scheme useful to coat the internal surfaces of bacterial culturing pipettes with agar using a positive pressure device according to this invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a positive pressure coating device according to this invention, showing also a pressurized chamber holding a multitude of pipettes vertically in the coating device;
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the pressurized holder shown in FIG. 2 and shows a multitude of pipettes gripped therein under pressure;
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic, pictorial diagram of the preferred means to control filling in a positive pressure coating device of this invention and to terminate the operation at a pre-determined height in the hollow structure.
  • the present invention contemplates a positive pressure device for coating the internal surfaces of open-ended, hollow, elongated structures with uniform, adherent, fluid coatings, said device comprising i. a pressurizable container for said fluid, having an open-ended, hollow, elongated structure-receiving opening in the top thereof;
  • removable means for holding the open-ended, hollow, elongated structures vertically in said container and for providing a pressure tight seal at the structurereceiving opening of said container;
  • iii means for pressurizing the surface of said fluid and for interrupting and releasing said pressure when said fluid rises to a pre-determined height in-a vertical, open-ended hollow, elongated structure dipping into said fluid or into a second fluid of about the same specific gravity and viscosity.
  • Preferred embodiments will include means to heat and control the temperature of the fluid; adaptations to accommodate bacteriological or serological testing devices, such as culturing pipettes; and means to hold such pipettes in the positive pressure coating container.
  • FIG. 1 a production unit is illustrated, comprising the following basic solutions: fluid (e.g.,' agar) container 2, holding fixture 4 for a plurality or bundle of source, e.g., a gas cylinder, is confluent with container 2 through pressure line 8. There is a large lumen or opening in the top of container 2 to accommodate holding fixture 4.
  • fluid e.g.,' agar
  • source e.g., a gas cylinder
  • Holding fixture 4 is a tube holding device which mates with lumen or opening 10 of fluid container 2 so that the tubes or pipettes are held in position with their tips dipping into fluid 6.
  • Container 2 and holding fixture 4 are easily assembled and disassembled from one another and together they define a closed, pressurable system.
  • the optional temperature controlling system may consist of a thermometer, a sensor attached to the thermometer, an electronic controller, and heating element 14.
  • the temperature of fluid 6 in container 2 is measured with the thermometer/sensor l2, and heating element [4, e.g., an AC-powered mantle, maintains the fluid at a predetermined temperature via feedback from the sensor to the electronic controller.
  • the liquid level sensing system in .this embodiment comprises control tube (e.g., pipette) 16, a liquid level sensor, and an electronic controller.
  • Control tube 16 dips into the reservoir of fluid 6 or into a container of control fluid similar in specific gravity and viscosity to the coating fluid.
  • the liquid level sensor is preferably of the type which can be attached to control tube 16 and detects liquid level height within the tube. The sensor feeds back to the electric controller which, in turn, is connected to an optional activator, e.g., a push button activating box.
  • the pressurizing system comprises a pressure source, e.g., a gas cylinder, a three-way solenoid valve 40, and an optional, safety toggle valve openable at the atmosphere.
  • the pressure source is confluent with container 2 via the solenoid valve, the action of which controls the pressurizing and depressurizing of container 2.
  • An activating means can consist of a simple alternating current push button circuit in which the input interfaces with the electronic controller of the liquid level sensing systemand the output with the coil of solenoid valve 40.
  • the coating sequence is initiated by pushing the button mounted on activator 38 and is terminated automatically by the liquid level sensing system.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate a device capable of producing in excess of 45,000 agarcoated pipettes in an 8 hour working day.
  • the methods, materials and dimensions described in connection with this device are not intended to limit the scope of this invention in any way.
  • FIG. 2 shows the coating device with a tube holding fixture, containing a multitude oftubes ready for filling.
  • Fluid container 2 is a 6% inch high clear acrylic (or polycarbonate or the like) cylinder with an 8% inch inside diameter.
  • a inch thick circular piece of acrylic forms removable top 17 which mates with the cylinder via a circular groove fitted with a rubber gasket.
  • top 17 is easily dissembled from the container proper by removal of wing nuts 20, which hold the unit fast to base 18.
  • Top 17 has a rectangular structure receiving opening or lumen 10, measuring 7% inches X 3% inches and opening 10 is lined with a rubber gasket which receives tube holding fixture 4.
  • FIG. 3 is shown a detailed view of one type of preferred tube holding fixture.
  • This is a unique pressurizable chamber 4 which grasps and holds bundles of pipettes 22 pneumatically.
  • the acrylic (or similar material) fixture is 7% inches X 3% inches X 1-5/16 inches thick and fits into opening 10 of fluid container 2.
  • the interior of chamber 4 is hollow and it has 1** inch diameter holes drilled into it such that the holes align top and bottom.
  • the device can have any number of pairs of holes, and the version shown in FIG. 3 has three.
  • the chamber includes means to seal the holes to interconnecting tubular diaphragms.
  • tubes cut from l i inch OD X 1% inch ID acrylic and integral flanges 24 are fitted to the tops and bottoms of each hole and are interconnected with thin, tubular, flexible, fluid impermeable diaphragms 26.
  • a seal at the top and bottom of each hole e.g., an O-ring seal
  • a gas inlet port, such as tubless tire valve 28 provides the only opening into the interior of the chamber.
  • the three-hold pressurizable chamber shown in FIG. 3 will hold 25 3/ l 6 inch OD pipettes per hole for a total of pipettes.
  • one, two, and four-hole chamber/holders can also be provided.
  • the optional temperature controlling system can be seen to consist of heating element 14 (in this case a heating tape) surrounding fluid container 2, thermometer 30 which protrudes through the left side of top 17 and sensor 32 attached to the thermometer with metal clips.
  • the sensor is wired to an electronic controller (not shown).
  • the electronic controller controls the flow of current from a power supply (not shown) to heating element 14.
  • thermometer 30 With thermometer 30 dipping into fluid 6 in container 2, the electronic controller is activated and deactivated at predetermined temperatures via capacitance changes across the clips of sensor 32 caused by changes in the height of the mercury column within thermometer 30. Temperature control of coating fluid 6 is thus maintained by the proper location of the sensor clips and by the alternate on and off heating of tape 14 as dictated by the level of mercury in thermometer 30. Uniformity of temperature through the fluid reservoir is facilitated if the fluid is stirred, e.g., with a magnetic stirring bar and magnetic stirrer 34 shown located beneath stationary base 18.
  • a vertical, open-ended hollow, elongated structure, e.g., control pipette 16, of the liquid level sensing system can be seen protruding through the right rear of top 17 and dipping into fluid 6 (e.g., molten agar) in container 2.
  • fluid 6 e.g., molten agar
  • Attached to control pipette 16 via metallic clips is liquid level sensor 36.
  • Sensor 36 is a capacitance sensor similar to temperature sensor 32 and it is attached to its own electronic controller (not shown).
  • push button activating box 38 carrying push button 39 and fuze 41 can be seen mounted to the right front of stationary base 18.
  • Threeway solenoid valve 40 is mounted at the right rear of base 18.
  • Toggle valve 42 mounted between activating box 38 and three-way solenoid 40 is simply a safety valve which can be flipped open to atmosphere to vent excess line pressure.
  • the coating action takes place as follows: the liquid level sensing system, the push button activating box, and the three-way solenoid valve act in unison to alternately pressurize and depressurize the fluid container.
  • the pressure source (not shown) may consist of a tank of dry nitrogen metered with a two stage regulator.
  • FIG. 4 shows the interrelationship between these systems when the coating device is on standby.
  • the standby position is that position in which no fluid columnis in the control pipette l6, normally open switch 44 is open, normally open first relay 46 and second relay 48 aredeenergized. and fluid container 2 is open to atmosphere through ports 50-and 52 of threeway solenoid valve 40.
  • the electronic controller supplies power to push button activating box 38.
  • push button switch 44 and first relay 46 contacts are both normally open, no current flows to the coilsin first and second relays 46 and 48.
  • the coating sequence is initiated by pushing switch 44.
  • This action causes second relay 48 to immediately energize such that fluid container 2 is pressurized through ports 50 and 54 of valve 40.
  • first relay 46 is energized so that its normally open contacts close, thus keeping the pressurizing circuit locked in even after switch 44 is released.
  • control pipette l6 rises simultaneously with the agar in the pipettes which are being coated.
  • a positive pressure device for coating the internal surfaces of open-ended, hollow, elongated structures with uniform, adherent, fluid coatings, said device comprising i. a pressurizable container for said fluid, having an open-ended, hollow, elongated structure-receiving opening in the top thereof;
  • removable holding fixture means attached to the top of said container in pressure tight relationship for holding at least one bundle of said open-ended hollow, elongated structures vertically extending into said container, said fixture means being providedwith means for gripping said bundle and said fixture means being adapted toprovide that the open ends of said elongated structures can be dipped in said fluid in said container;
  • iii means for pressurizing the surface of 'said fluid when said open-ended hollow, elongated structures are clipped in said fluid;
  • v. means associated with said control structure for interrupting and releasing said pressure responsive to said fluid rising to a predetermined height in said control structure.
  • a device as defined in claim 1 including vi. means for heating and controlling the temperature of said fluid.
  • a device as defined in claim 2 wherein the means for heating and controlling the temperature of said fluid comprises, in combination, a power supply, an electrical element for heating the fluid, and a temperature level sensor immersed in said fluid to close the electrical circuit when the temperature in the fluid falls below a pre-determined level and to open the electrical fircuit when the temperature exceeds a predetermined evel.
  • a device as defined in claim 1 wherein said openended, hollow, elongated structures are bacteriological or serological testing devices and said fluid is nutrient agar.
  • said removable holding fixture means for holding said elongated structures in said container is a pressurizable chamber, said chamber including gripping means comprising at least one thin tubular, flexible, fluid impermeable diaphragm sealed to the walls of at least one pair of apertures vertically aligned at the top and bottom of said chamber, said tubular diaphragm and apertures being sized to accommodate a bundle of culturing pipettes.
  • a device as defined in claim 1 wherein the means for pressurizing the surface of said fluid and for interrupting and releasing said pressure comprises an external source of gas pressure in openable communication with the container above the surface of said fluid, and said meansassociated with said control structure comprises a liquid level sensor at a pre-determined height determined level.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Clinical Laboratory Science (AREA)
  • Coating Apparatus (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
  • Devices For Use In Laboratory Experiments (AREA)
  • Apparatus Associated With Microorganisms And Enzymes (AREA)
US00256466A 1972-05-24 1972-05-24 Positive pressure coating device Expired - Lifetime US3850136A (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00256466A US3850136A (en) 1972-05-24 1972-05-24 Positive pressure coating device
CA171,123A CA990948A (en) 1972-05-24 1973-05-07 Positive pressure coating device
DE2325862A DE2325862A1 (de) 1972-05-24 1973-05-22 Ueberdruck-ueberzugsvorrichtung
FR7318846A FR2192469A1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1972-05-24 1973-05-24
GB2478473A GB1403844A (en) 1972-05-24 1973-05-24 Positive pressure coating device
JP48057272A JPS4950029A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1972-05-24 1973-05-24

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00256466A US3850136A (en) 1972-05-24 1972-05-24 Positive pressure coating device

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US3850136A true US3850136A (en) 1974-11-26

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US00256466A Expired - Lifetime US3850136A (en) 1972-05-24 1972-05-24 Positive pressure coating device

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US (1) US3850136A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
JP (1) JPS4950029A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
CA (1) CA990948A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
DE (1) DE2325862A1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
FR (1) FR2192469A1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
GB (1) GB1403844A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4144836A (en) * 1976-05-06 1979-03-20 Georg Fischer Ag Brugg Apparatus for the vacuum impregnation of boards or panels of porous material
USD254974S (en) 1978-04-17 1980-05-13 Cha Industries Vacuum deposition apparatus
USD255122S (en) 1978-04-17 1980-05-27 Cha Industries Vacuum deposition apparatus
US4295913A (en) * 1979-03-03 1981-10-20 Mathias Bauerle Gmbh Electrically operated device, especially duplicating device, with a receptacle to accommodate fluid for the chemical treatment of objects
WO1983003140A1 (en) * 1982-03-04 1983-09-15 Medical & Scient Designs Method and apparatus for performing assays
US4587999A (en) * 1979-12-21 1986-05-13 Pelikan Ag Process for the production of a ball point pen cartridge
EP1097240A4 (en) * 1998-07-10 2002-08-28 Bio Merieux Inc VACUUM SENSOR DEVICE FOR DETECTING MICROORGANISMS IN BLOOD SAMPLES, AND METHOD OF USE
US6723381B1 (en) * 1999-09-06 2004-04-20 Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for manufacturing ceramic-based composite member
US20070060009A1 (en) * 2005-09-09 2007-03-15 Dms Co., Ltd. Cassette Assembly and Method of Manufacturing Fluorescent Lamps Using the Cassette Assembly
CN1929073B (zh) * 2005-09-09 2010-05-12 显示器生产服务株式会社 荧光灯制造用盒式装配机
CN107444781A (zh) * 2017-06-21 2017-12-08 广西放心源生物科技有限公司 固体培养基保温分流瓶
CN110764160A (zh) * 2019-11-14 2020-02-07 哈尔滨联科自动化技术开发有限公司 上袋成功正压检测装置及检测方法

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5665658A (en) * 1979-11-05 1981-06-03 Suriibondo:Kk Coating apparatus
JP2646038B2 (ja) * 1990-10-30 1997-08-25 富士写真フイルム株式会社 ピペットチップの表面処理装置

Citations (6)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2303290A (en) * 1941-06-28 1942-11-24 Sylvania Electric Prod Method of coating glass envelopes
US2349444A (en) * 1940-06-29 1944-05-23 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Apparatus for inside coating
US2392229A (en) * 1943-01-26 1946-01-01 Wheelco Instr Company Control apparatus for coating machines
US2449783A (en) * 1943-09-30 1948-09-21 Westinghouse Electric Corp Apparatus for coating the inside surfaces of tubular vitreous envelopes
US2700951A (en) * 1952-02-12 1955-02-01 Rca Corp Apparatus for internal coating of containers
US3412707A (en) * 1962-02-01 1968-11-26 Litton Business Systems Inc Apparatus for hot wax carbon printing

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2349444A (en) * 1940-06-29 1944-05-23 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Apparatus for inside coating
US2303290A (en) * 1941-06-28 1942-11-24 Sylvania Electric Prod Method of coating glass envelopes
US2392229A (en) * 1943-01-26 1946-01-01 Wheelco Instr Company Control apparatus for coating machines
US2449783A (en) * 1943-09-30 1948-09-21 Westinghouse Electric Corp Apparatus for coating the inside surfaces of tubular vitreous envelopes
US2700951A (en) * 1952-02-12 1955-02-01 Rca Corp Apparatus for internal coating of containers
US3412707A (en) * 1962-02-01 1968-11-26 Litton Business Systems Inc Apparatus for hot wax carbon printing

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4144836A (en) * 1976-05-06 1979-03-20 Georg Fischer Ag Brugg Apparatus for the vacuum impregnation of boards or panels of porous material
USD254974S (en) 1978-04-17 1980-05-13 Cha Industries Vacuum deposition apparatus
USD255122S (en) 1978-04-17 1980-05-27 Cha Industries Vacuum deposition apparatus
US4295913A (en) * 1979-03-03 1981-10-20 Mathias Bauerle Gmbh Electrically operated device, especially duplicating device, with a receptacle to accommodate fluid for the chemical treatment of objects
US4587999A (en) * 1979-12-21 1986-05-13 Pelikan Ag Process for the production of a ball point pen cartridge
US4477578A (en) * 1982-03-04 1984-10-16 Medical & Scientific, Inc. Method and apparatus for performing assays
WO1983003140A1 (en) * 1982-03-04 1983-09-15 Medical & Scient Designs Method and apparatus for performing assays
EP1097240A4 (en) * 1998-07-10 2002-08-28 Bio Merieux Inc VACUUM SENSOR DEVICE FOR DETECTING MICROORGANISMS IN BLOOD SAMPLES, AND METHOD OF USE
US6723381B1 (en) * 1999-09-06 2004-04-20 Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for manufacturing ceramic-based composite member
US20070060009A1 (en) * 2005-09-09 2007-03-15 Dms Co., Ltd. Cassette Assembly and Method of Manufacturing Fluorescent Lamps Using the Cassette Assembly
US7594842B2 (en) * 2005-09-09 2009-09-29 Dms Co., Ltd. Cassette assembly for manufacturing fluorescent lamps
CN1929073B (zh) * 2005-09-09 2010-05-12 显示器生产服务株式会社 荧光灯制造用盒式装配机
CN107444781A (zh) * 2017-06-21 2017-12-08 广西放心源生物科技有限公司 固体培养基保温分流瓶
CN110764160A (zh) * 2019-11-14 2020-02-07 哈尔滨联科自动化技术开发有限公司 上袋成功正压检测装置及检测方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS4950029A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1974-05-15
GB1403844A (en) 1975-08-28
FR2192469A1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1974-02-08
CA990948A (en) 1976-06-15
DE2325862A1 (de) 1973-12-06

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