Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21J—FIBREBOARD; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM CELLULOSIC FIBROUS SUSPENSIONS OR FROM PAPIER-MACHE
  • D21J7/00—Manufacture of hollow articles from fibre suspensions or papier-mâché by deposition of fibres in or on a wire-net mould
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B13/00—Diaphragms; Spacing elements
  • C25B13/04—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material
  • C25B13/05—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material based on inorganic materials
  • C25B13/06—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material based on inorganic materials based on asbestos

Definitions

• Diaphragm cells useful for the electrolysis of brines and the formation of chlorine and caustic soda have an anolyte chamber and a catholyte chamber.
• the anolyte chamber contains an anolyte solution containing .sodium chloride at a pH of from about 2 to about 4.5.
• the catholyte chamber contains catholyte liquor at a pH of from about to about 12.5.
• the catholyte liquor contains sodium hydroxide, and sodium chloride.
• Sodium hydroxide generated in the catholyte and hydrogen gas is evolved at the cathode.
• brine containing approximately 300 to 3 grams per liter of sodium chloride is fed into the anolyte chamber.
• brine containing approximately 300 to 3 grams per liter of sodium chloride is fed into the anolyte chamber.
• the anolyte liquor passes from the anolyte chamber through the diaphragm into the catholyte chamber and a catholyte product containing from approximately 1 10 to about 130 grams per liter of sodium hydroxide and from approximately 1 10 to about 170 grams per liter of sodium chloride is formed.
• a catholyte product containing from approximately 1 10 to about 130 grams per liter of sodium hydroxide and from approximately 1 10 to about 170 grams per liter of sodium chloride is formed.
• the reactions Na+ OH NaOI-I, and 2H 2e H takes place.
• diaphragms for chlorine cells have been constructed of chrysotile asbestos.
• the chrysotile asbestos provides a diaphragm having a thickness of from about one-eighth of an inch to about one-fourth of an inch.
• Chrysotile asbestos diaphragms generally have a service life on the order of from about 4 to about 8 months, and most frequently "about 6months.
• a particularly long-lived diaphragm may beprovided by a chrysotile asbestos diaphragm which has been treated with a water-soluble silicate-on the anolyte side thereof.
• aconventional chrysotile .asbestos diaphragm is treated with a water-soluble silicate which is rendered substantiallyinsoluble.duringor after deposition thereby providing a tough, adherent, electrolyte permeable coating or sizing on the anolyte side thereof.
• a diaphragm for chloralkali electrolytic cells having a long service life.
• Such an asbestos diaphragm is one that has been treated with a water-solublesilicate on the anolyte side thereof.
• the diaphragm is a deposited asbestos diaphragm.
• the deposited asbestos may be chrysotile asbestos where the individual fibers have a fiberlength of from about 0.25 inch to about 1.50 inch and a fiber diameter in the range of from about 0.015 microns to about 0.050 microns.
• fine asbestos powders such as Union Carbide Calidria (T.M.) asbestos may be present with the asbestos fibers.
• a deposited chrysotile asbestos diaphragm will have a weightzof from about 0.2 pounds of asbestos per square foot of surface area to about 0.4 pounds of asbestos per square foot of exterior surface area.
• the asbestos diaphragm may be an asbestos paper diaphragm having a thickness of from about 30 mils to about 60 milsand a weight of from about 30 grams of asbestos per square foot of exterior surface area to about grams of asbestos per square foot of exterior surface area.
• the anolyte-facing surface of the diaphragm is treated with a water-soluble silicate which is rendered substantially insoluble to acidic media during deposition or treatment to provide astrong,.adherent, electrolyte-permeable fiber coating.
• a water-soluble silicate which is rendered substantially insoluble to acidic media during deposition or treatment to provide astrong,.adherent, electrolyte-permeable fiber coating.
• preferred :silicates are referred to herein .as .being soluble prior to treatment of ordeposition on the asbestos, they are also characterized by their ability to form strong binders or sizes, adherent to asbestos.
• Water-soluble silicates are those silicates having the formula (Me O) (SiO where Me is an alkali metal and m and n are as described herein after.
• the alkali metals include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesiuinMost frequently, Me is lithium, sodium or potassium.
• Lithitun provides a particularly flexible tough,-adherent coating on the asbestos.
• the voltage drop across a lithium silicate coated asbestos diaphragm is slightly higher than the voltage drop across an asbestos diaphragm having an equivalent .amount of a sodium silicateor potassium silicate coating thereon.
• lithium, sodium, or potassium silicate will be the preferred water-soluble silicate.
• sodium silicate is preferred over either lithium silicate or potassium silicate.
• entirely satisfactory results may be obtained with either lithium silicate or potassium .silicate.
• the SiO .moiety may either be a mono-silicate, a poly-silicate or a .poly-silicic acid.
• the formula for a water-soluble silicate, (.Me O),,,(SiO does not refer to .an actual structural formulaof the silicate, but rather to the stoichiometry of the silicate.
• the greater the ratio of n to m i.e., the smaller the ratio of m to n
• the upper limit of the ratio of n to m i.e., the lower limit of the ratio of m to n
• the preferred silicates are those having a ratio of n to m below the level at which a solution ceases to form and the silicate loses its adhesion.
• the silicate itself is a complex composition of silicate ions and radicals, poly-silicic acid ions and radicals, oxides and ions of the metal, water, and colloidal silica.
• the silicate ions and radicals may be present in the form of ions or colloidal silica.
• the colloidal silica may further be present in the form of hydrated micelles and non-hydrated micelles. As a general rule, micelle formation occurs when the ratio of m to n is less than onequarter (i.e., when the ratio ofn to m is greater than 4).
• the preferred water-soluble silicates useful in providing the diaphragms of this invention are those wherein the ratio of m to n is less than 1 and preferably onethird or less. Particularly good results are obtained when the ratio of m to n is in the range of from about one-half to about one-fourth. Satisfactory results are also obtained when the ratio of m to n is even less then one-fifth, for example, as small as one-tenth or less.
• the silicate is coated on the anolyte surface of the asbestos diaphragm.
• the amount of silicate present is from about 0.01 to about 5.0 grams per square foot of external surface area, generally in excess of0.l gram per square foot, and preferably from about 0.5 to about 2.0 grams per square foot.
• the silicate extends at least as far into the diaphragm from the anolyte surface as the gel layer in an untreated diaphragm of'like porosity, pore size distribution, and thickness.
• This gel layer is described by Kircher, Electrolysis of Brines in Diaphragm Cells," in Sconce, ed., Chlorine, A.C.S. Monograph Series. No. 154, Reinhold Publishing Co., New York (1962), at Page 105, as a layer formed within the asbestos mat which is sensitive to pH and which tends to dissolve, precipitate and reform depending upon flow rate and salt content and pH of the flowing liquor.
• the gel layer extends approximately 0.08 to about 0.12 inch into the diaphragm.
• an optimal depth of penetration of the silicate is at least 0.08 inch, and preferably about 0.15 inch, or even to the full thickness of the diaphragm, especially when the diaphragm is less than about 0.15 inch thick.
• a silicate treated asbestos diaphragm is provided that is useful for chlor-alkali diaphragm cell service where concentrated unsaturated brine, e.g., water containing from 250 to about 310 grams per liter of salt, or saturated brine, e.g., water containing in excess of 310 to 315 grams per liter of sodium chloride, is fed to an anolyte chamber of the cell and electrolyzed to form chlorine, hydrogen, and a liquid composition containing sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide. Within the anolyte chamber, sodium chloride is present as sodium ion and chloride ion. At the anode within the anolyte chamber the reaction 2C1 C1 2e takes place.
• concentrated unsaturated brine e.g., water containing from 250 to about 310 grams per liter of salt, or saturated brine, e.g., water containing in excess of 310 to 315 grams per liter of sodium chloride
• the anolyte liquor including sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide, flows through the diaphragm under the driving force of a hydrostatic head of anolyte into the catholyte chamber.
• the reaction Na OH* NaOH takes place, while at the cathode within the catholyte chamber, the reaction 2H 2e" H takes place.
• a cell liquor containing from about grams per liter to about grams per liter of sodium hydroxide and from about 160 grams per liter to about 200 grams per liter sodium chloride is obtained.
• the diaphragms prepared according to this invention typically have a service life in excess of 8 months and frequently in excess of 1 year or even longer, compared with a service life of4 to 6 months for conventional asbestos diaphragms.
• a conventional asbestos diaphragm may be treated with a water-soluble silicate prior to or when actually showing signs of incipient deterioration.
• a water-soluble silicate prior to or when actually showing signs of incipient deterioration.
• such treatment will consist of brushing, rolling, spraying, or pulling a water-soluble silicate onto and through the anolyte surface of the diaphragm to provide thereon a coating of water-soluble silicate of from about 0.01 to about 5.0 grams per square foot.
• a diaphragm may be prepared having a silicate on the anolyte surface by first preparing an asbestos diaphragm in the conventional manner, and thereafter applying a solution of a watersoluble silicate to the diaphragm.
• a diaphragm may be prepared by dispersing from about 0.5 weight percent to from about 2.0 weight percent of chrysotile asbestos fibers in a cell liquor solution containing about 100 to grams per liter of sodium hydroxide and about 150 to 225 grams per liter of sodium chloride, and aging the asbestos in the cell liquor for from approximately 1 day to about 5 days. Thereafter, the asbestos may be applied to a cathode structure in the conventional manner, e.g., by drawing a vacuum across the cathode and causing the asbestos fibers to be deposited on the cathode.
• the water-soluble silicate may be applied to the asbestos diaphragm.
• a liquid composition of the water-soluble silicate in water may be prepared.
• the liquid composition should contain as much silicate as possible for effective coating or sizing of the surface layers of the asbestos diaphragm and binding of the fibers together, but still allowing adequate porosity for flow of the electrolyte through the diaphragm.
• the liquid composition may contain from about 0.01 to about 5 weight percent of the watersoluble silicate in water, or even higher, for example, up to about 10 weight percent of the water-soluble silicate.
• the solution may then be applied to the asbestos diaphragm by various methods.
• the solution containing the water-soluble silicate may be applied to the diaphragm by painting, brushing, spraying, or drawing the solution through the diaphragm.
• a small amount of air is drawn through the diaphragm while applying the water-soluble silicate. It is believed that this serves to maintain the porosity and electrolyte-permeability properties of the diaphragm.
• a diaphragm may be prepared by first preparing a dispersion of chrysotile asbestos in a dilute aqueous solution of a water-soluble silicate in water.
• a solution may be prepared containing 1 weight otile asbestos may be added to provide a dispersion containing approximately 1 to 2 weight percent of chrysotile asbestos.
• a cathode structure may be inserted-in the liquid containing the asbestos in a dilute solution of water-soluble silicate and the asbestos and silicate caused to be deposited on the cathode structure.
• the diaphragm may be treated to further set the silicate. This may be accomplished by drying and heating the diaphragm, e.g., to from about 80 degrees Centigrade to about 140 degrees Centigrade. Alternatively the diaphragm may be exposed to acidic anolyte liquor. The exposure to acidic anolyte liquor appears to convert the water-soluble silicate into an amorphous,
• the amorphous hydrated silica appears to protect the asbestos fibers from the leaching action of the anolyte, i.e., the removal of magnesium from the asbestos, and from the erosive action of the turbulent chlorine containing anolyte.
• EXAMPLE I A diaphragm having a silicate-treated anolyte surface was prepared and utilized in the electrolysis of brine.
• the asbestos was drawn from a slurry of about 120 grams per liter of sodium hydroxide and about 150 grams per liter of sodium chloride, and 2 grams per liter of G.A.F. Grade Hl-H2 chrysotile asbestos in water.
• the liquid composition of sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, and asbestos had'been aged for about 5 days at the time the diaphragm was drawn.
• the diaphragm was then heated to about 90 degrees Centigrade for 19.5 hours.
• Theresulting asbestos diaphragm weight 0.50 pounds per square foot.
• the cathode-diaphragm assembly was then treated with a sodium metasilicate solution.
• First the dried diaphragm was wetted with 30 grams of water per square foot.
• the sodium metasilicate solution containing 1 percent by weight sodium metasilicate in distilled water was applied to the diaphragm.
• the solution was brushed onto the asbestos diaphragm at the rate of 1 gram of silicate per square foot with air being pulled through the diaphragm while brushing.
• cathode and cathode chamber was joined to an anode chamber having a titanium mesh anode with a Bishop A-1 platinum coating.
• T5078 volt with a range of voltage drops across the cell of 3.31 to 3.45 volts.
• the hydrostatic head across the diaphragm was 6.1 inches of brine and the voltage across the cell was 3.31 volts.
• the cell voltage was 3.4] volts, and the hydrostatic head was 7.4 inches. At this point, the cell was,
• the cells each had a 35 cubic inch capacity cathol-yte chamber fabricated of A inch by l- /s inch by l-Vs inch angle iron with a 10 gauge steel back and a 35 square inch iron cathode.
• Each cell also had a 35 cubic inch capacity anolyte chamber fabricated of A inch PVDC with a 1 inch PVDC frame and a 35 square inch Bishop platinized titanium anode.
• the anodes were spaced inch from the cathodes by Neoprene gaskets.
• Each slurry contained 33.1 grams of Johns-Manville 4K-l2 chrysotile asbestos, 5 grams of Solka-Floc alphacellulose, and 1,600
• RUN A One diaphragm was subsequently utilized in an electrolytic cell without further treatment. After 14 days of electrolysis at 190 Amperes per square foot, and an anode cathode gap of A; inch, the diaphragm failed. The average cell voltage was 3.14 volts.
• RUN B The second diaphragm was coated with 28.3 milliliters ofa one weight percent solution of sodium metasilicate by brushing and dried at degrees Centigrade for 40 hours. After seventy-three days of electrolysis at 190 Amperes per square foot, and an anode-cathode gap of inch, the current efficiency had dropped 4 percent, but no holes were observed. The average cell voltage was 3.29 volts.
• Lithsil-S is a solution containing 1.9 weight percent Li O, 1.2 weight percent Na O, 18.9 weight percent SiO and the balance water, and having a density of 1.187 grams per liter.
• the coating solution was obtained by diluting 18.9 milliliters of the Lithsil-S solution with milliliters of water. Twenty-eight and three tenth milliliters of this solution were brushed onto the third diaphragm. After 27 days of electrolysis at Amperes per square foot and an anodecathode gap of /a inch, the diaphragm failed. The average cell voltage was 3.95 volts.
• EXAMPLE 11 Sodium metasilicate was used to rejuvenate an asbestos diaphragm in an operational electrolytic cell.
• the operational electrolytic cell had an asbestos diaphragm that had been pulled from an aqueous slurry of sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, and 2 weight percent Johns-Manville 3T-4T asbestos.
• the diaphragm was used in an electrolytic cell having coated titanium anodes. After 23 days of electrolysis, the concentration of hydrogen in the chlorine gas increased to a high level indicating deterioration of the asbestos diaphragm. At this point one weight percent sodium metasilicate was added to the brine feed. The hydrogen content of the chlorine gas returned to normal and the cell voltage remained normal.
• a method of lengthening the life of a chlor-alkali cell asbestos diaphragm comprising: depositing a silicate having the formula where Me is chosen from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, and potassium, and the ratio of m to n is from about 1:1 to about 1:10 to depth of at least 0.08 inch on one surface of said diaphragm; and contacting said diaphragm with an aqueous acidic media whereby to convert said silicate to an amorphous, anolyte resistant, hydrated silica.

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