US3817827A - Soft absorbent fibrous webs containing elastomeric bonding material and formed by creping and embossing - Google Patents

Soft absorbent fibrous webs containing elastomeric bonding material and formed by creping and embossing Download PDF

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Publication number
US3817827A
US3817827A US00239539A US23953972A US3817827A US 3817827 A US3817827 A US 3817827A US 00239539 A US00239539 A US 00239539A US 23953972 A US23953972 A US 23953972A US 3817827 A US3817827 A US 3817827A
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Prior art keywords
web
stretch
bonds
bonding material
embossing
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US00239539A
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English (en)
Inventor
C Benz
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Kimberly Clark Tissue Co
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Scott Paper Co
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Publication date
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Priority to US00239539A priority Critical patent/US3817827A/en
Priority to GB986073A priority patent/GB1395447A/en
Priority to CA164,791A priority patent/CA978784A/en
Priority to AU52700/73A priority patent/AU472589B2/en
Priority to FR7310258A priority patent/FR2177856B1/fr
Priority to DE19732314684 priority patent/DE2314684A1/de
Priority to BE1004919A priority patent/BE797145A/fr
Priority to IT48979/73A priority patent/IT979971B/it
Priority to JP48033377A priority patent/JPS497507A/ja
Application granted granted Critical
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31F—MECHANICAL WORKING OR DEFORMATION OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31F1/00—Mechanical deformation without removing material, e.g. in combination with laminating
    • B31F1/07—Embossing, i.e. producing impressions formed by locally deep-drawing, e.g. using rolls provided with complementary profiles
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F11/00—Processes for making continuous lengths of paper, or of cardboard, or of wet web for fibre board production, on paper-making machines
    • D21F11/14—Making cellulose wadding, filter or blotting paper
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21G—CALENDERS; ACCESSORIES FOR PAPER-MAKING MACHINES
    • D21G9/00—Other accessories for paper-making machines
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H25/00—After-treatment of paper not provided for in groups D21H17/00 - D21H23/00
    • D21H25/005—Mechanical treatment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31F—MECHANICAL WORKING OR DEFORMATION OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31F2201/00—Mechanical deformation of paper or cardboard without removing material
    • B31F2201/07—Embossing
    • B31F2201/0707—Embossing by tools working continuously
    • B31F2201/0715—The tools being rollers
    • B31F2201/0723—Characteristics of the rollers
    • B31F2201/0733—Pattern
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31F—MECHANICAL WORKING OR DEFORMATION OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31F2201/00—Mechanical deformation of paper or cardboard without removing material
    • B31F2201/07—Embossing
    • B31F2201/0707—Embossing by tools working continuously
    • B31F2201/0715—The tools being rollers
    • B31F2201/0723—Characteristics of the rollers
    • B31F2201/0738—Cross sectional profile of the embossments
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31F—MECHANICAL WORKING OR DEFORMATION OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31F2201/00—Mechanical deformation of paper or cardboard without removing material
    • B31F2201/07—Embossing
    • B31F2201/0707—Embossing by tools working continuously
    • B31F2201/0715—The tools being rollers
    • B31F2201/0741—Roller cooperating with a non-even counter roller
    • B31F2201/0743—Roller cooperating with a non-even counter roller having a matching profile
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31F—MECHANICAL WORKING OR DEFORMATION OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31F2201/00—Mechanical deformation of paper or cardboard without removing material
    • B31F2201/07—Embossing
    • B31F2201/0756—Characteristics of the incoming material, e.g. creped, embossed, corrugated
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31F—MECHANICAL WORKING OR DEFORMATION OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31F2201/00—Mechanical deformation of paper or cardboard without removing material
    • B31F2201/07—Embossing
    • B31F2201/0758—Characteristics of the embossed product
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31F—MECHANICAL WORKING OR DEFORMATION OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31F2201/00—Mechanical deformation of paper or cardboard without removing material
    • B31F2201/07—Embossing
    • B31F2201/0784—Auxiliary operations
    • B31F2201/0789—Joining plies without adhesive
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24273—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including aperture
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24355—Continuous and nonuniform or irregular surface on layer or component [e.g., roofing, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24446—Wrinkled, creased, crinkled or creped
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/27—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified weight per unit area [e.g., gms/sq cm, lbs/sq ft, etc.]

Definitions

  • the mechanical working which partially fractures the creped web is carried out by embossing to produce a distorted web contour of raised areas and depressions which increases web bulk and to create apertures uniformly distributed throughout the web.
  • the apertures are elongated in the machine direction of the web and greatly increase cross-machine direction stretch of the web.
  • the embossing operation allows retention of stiff bonds in selected critical locations where they maintain the web distortions and preserve bulk.
  • the invention relates to soft, absorbent, fibrous webs made primarily from wood pulp, and to a method for forming them. Such webs are useful for sanitary paper products such as tissues, towels and the like. More particularly, the present invention relates to a soft, absorbent, web material characterized by a combination of very good softness, toughness and bulk, making it particularly desirable for use as a towel.
  • Softness is a desirable characteristic for most sanitary paper products, but products such as towels must also be tough, so that they will maintain their integrity when subjected to the punishing type of work for which they are often used. Toughness is the ability of the web to absorb work energy without being torn apart. It is not a measure of the sheets tensile strength alone,
  • U.S. Pat. No. 2,834,809 discloses a method of working a sheet which imparts cross-machine direction stretch to a paper web.
  • Cross-machine direction stretch is imparted to the web in the method disclosed in that patent by working the web to impart an undulating cross-section thereto and to impart elongated apertures disposed in the machine direction of the paper. While this method imparts cross directional stretch to a paper web, it also considerably reduces the cross directional tensile strength of the web. It has been found that product strength requirements limit the amount of this type of working and thus the amount of stretch which can be imparted to the web in this manner.
  • a disadvantage of this method is that substanial strength along with substantial stretch and softness can be imparted to a web only by using a large amount of elastomeric bonding material, thus greatly increasing the product cost. If a paper towel product is to be economically produced by this method, a substantial portion of the stiff paper bonds must be allowed to form in order to obtain satisfactory strength without the use of an excessive amount of expensive elastomeric bonding material. And as already pointed out, forming stiff paper bonds in the web reduces the webs ability to stretch, and thus, its toughness. The stiff paper bonds also reduce softness and flexibility of the web.
  • the stretch imparted to the cross-machine direction of the web is generally less than half of the stretch imparted in the machine direction.
  • the webs are characterized by a lack of uniform fiber bonding throughout the web as is often desirable in towel products to give them more uniform strength, stretch, and softness.
  • the 156,327 method produces a sheet with a limited amount of bulk, as also do the other discussed methods employing elastomeric bonding material.
  • High bulk is important in a towel product, because the desired body and hand feel depend in large measure upon the bulk.
  • One usual method of increasing the bulk of a web is to distort the web to create an irregular surface contour. Creping can produce a limited amount of bulk as a result of web distortion. Embossing can produce a large amount of bulk as a result of web distortion.
  • the preferred product of the invention is also worked to produce uniformly distributed apertures which are elongated in the machine direction of the web, resulting in a web having unusually high stretch in the cross-machine direction.
  • the preferred product of the invention has been worked to also proluce a plurality of raised areas and depressions in each side of the web, the depressions in each side forming the raised areas in the other side.
  • the irregular contour of the web greatly increases the bulk of the web, and sufficient stiff bonds are left unfractured in selected critical locations in the web contour to preserve this bulk.
  • the mechanical working which partially fractures the web is carried out in a manner which breaks many of the web bonds in the portion being worked, but not so many that the sheet is ruptured all the way through at that location.
  • Partially fracturing the web of the invention greatly increases the webs ability to stretch, and although it also reduces its strength, it surprisingly decreases the strength much less than would be expected from the increase in stretch. It is believed that mechanically working the web of the invention in this manner breaks a larger percentage of the stiff bonds than of the flexible bonds, probably due to the stiff bonds being incapable of substantial flexing or bending.
  • the invention is another method of increasing softness and flexibility of an elastomerically bonded web by reducing the number of stiff bonds associated with papermaking.
  • the invention allows selective retention of stiff bonds in locations Where they can assist flexible bonds in developing high tensile strength of the web without excessively interfering with the softness, flexibility and stretch of the web.
  • Such selective retention enables production of a tough flexible web with minimum addition of expensive elastomeric bonding material to the web.
  • selective retention of stiff bonds enables production of a soft flexible product which is capable of retaining bulk resulting from sheet distortion, because the stiff bonds are retained in locations where they maintain the distortion of the web.
  • the reduction of stiff bonds can be controllably confined to locations which produce elasticity in one desired direction without excessively reducing the web strength in other directions.
  • the invention offers a practical method of greatly increasing the stretch in the cross-machine direction of a web having elastomeric bonding material throughout.
  • FIG. 1 is an elevation view of the web of the invention being passed through a pair of embossing rolls.
  • FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional plan view taken along line 22 of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is an enlarged plan view of the preferred form of embossed web of the invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the preferred form of embossed web of the invention taken along line 44 of FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 5 is a sectional view of the preferred form of the embossed web of the invention taken along line 55 of FIG. 3, further enlarged over FIG. 3.
  • the method of the invention consists of two distinctive steps, production of a base web and mechanical working of the base web.
  • the base web of the invention can be formed on most conventional papermaking equipment where an aqueous slurry of lignocellulosic fibers is deposited upon a foraminous surface such as a fourdrinier wire. Upon such deposition, the water is drained and the fibers are brought into close contact with each other to form stiff hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups of adjacent fibers, resulting in the production of a sheet material which owes its strength to this natural fiber-to-fiber bonding.
  • the Web is formed in a manner which produces a basis weight of the dry web within the range of from about 12 to about 60 lbs/2880 ft It is within this range that a web which is particularly suited for a towel product can be produced.
  • Elastomeric bonding material is added to the aqueous slurry at the beater, stock chest, fan pump, headbox or at any other suitable point ahead of the Web forming stage, so that the elastomeric bonding material is substantially uniformly disricited throughout the web.
  • the elastomeric bonding materials which may be employed in the present invention are basically any materials which are capable of at least 75% elongation at rupture. Such materials should also have an initial Youngs modulus by stretching which is less than 25,000 psi.
  • Typical materials may be of the butadiene acrylonitrile type, or other latices or dispersions thereof with elastomeric properties, such as acrylic, acrylic copolymers, vinyl chloride acrylic, acrylic vinyl acetate, butadiene-styrene or ethylene vinyl acetate.
  • Elastomeric properties may be obtained by the addition of suitable plasticizers to polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol or carboxy-rnethyl-cellulose.
  • elastomeric bonding materials can be used either alone or in combination with other resins such as those which are commonly used to improve the wet strength of lignocellulosic webs, the urea-formaldehyde and melamine formaldehyde type resins for example.
  • Other wet strength resins which can be used are of the neutral cure type, examples being Kymene 557, available from Hercules, Inc., Wilmington, Del., and Parez 63 ONC, available from American Cyanamid, Wayne, NJ.
  • Rhoplex K3 a nonionic self-cross-linking acrylic emulsion available from Rohm and Haas Company, Philadelphia, Pa.
  • Rhoplex P339 an anionic self-crosslinking acrylic emulsion, also available from Rohm and Haas Company
  • Goodrite 2570 x 15 an anionic, carboxylated styrenebutadiene copolymer available from B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company, Cleveland, Ohio
  • Hycar 26-00-X92 an acrylic emulsion also available from B. F.
  • styrene-butadiene copolymer containing approximately 50% styrene from Standard Brands Chemical Corporation, Dover, Del.
  • the following anionic, selfcrosslinking, acrylic emulsions available from Rohm and Haas Company have also been found to be particularly useful-Rhoplex E631, Rhoplex E610, and Rhoplex TR407.
  • Other useful, commercially-available resins include Piolite 610, a styrene-butadiene latex from B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company, and Rhoplex E32 a nonionic, self-crosslinking acrylic emulsion from Rohm and Haas Company.
  • An additional resin which has been found to be useful in carrying out the present invention is a cationically dispersed acrylic emulsion comprising about 68 parts ethylacrylate and about 32 parts styrene.
  • the elastomeric bonding material can be added to the aqueous slurry by methods well-known in the art, including the methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,622,447 and in US. Patent Application Ser. No. 108,638, now abandoned.
  • the amount of elastomeric bonding material which is added to the aqueous slurry can be varied over a wide range depending upon the properties desired in the final product, the amount of material desired to be retained on the fibers, and other variables associated with the sheet forming operation. It is preferred to add an amount of elastomeric bonding material to the slurry which will result in about 3% to about 25% of the dry weight of the web. It is especially preferred, for economic and performance reasons, for the elastomeric bonding material con- 6 tent in the web to be from about 7% to about 15% of the dry web weight.
  • the elastomeric bonding material selected is not cationic, it may be desirable to add a deposition aid to the aqueous slurry to cause the bonding material to adhere to the anionic lignocellulosic fibers.
  • the deposition aids which have been found to be useful in carrying out the present invention include those compounds which are known to be useful for depositing a water-insoluble polymer onto cellulosic fibers. These compounds include vinyl imidazoline polymers, such as those disclosed in US. Pat. 3,527,719 and in British Pat. 1,052,112, and polyquaternary ammonium compounds, such as those described in US. Pat. 2,765,229.
  • Lufax 295 a cationic polyelectrolyte available from Rohm and Haas Company, Philadelphia, Pa.
  • Resin S243 a cationic solution polymer also available from Rohm and Hass
  • Velvetol 2000 a cationic, high molecular weight, quaternized imidazoline available from Quaker Chemical Corporation, Conshohocken, Pa.
  • the Velvetol 2000 can function as both a coupler and a debonder.
  • the amount of deposition aid employed can be varied over a wide range depending on the type of furnish employed, the amount of elastomeric bonding material to be deposited, and other variables associated with the web forming operation. It is especially preferred to employ an amount equal to from about 0.1% to about 3.0% based on the oven dry weight of the fibers employed.
  • the base web of the preferred product of the invention can be further treated by adding a chemical debonder to the aqueous slurry to reduce forming of some of the bonds between the lignocellulosic fibers and increase overall softness of the web.
  • the debonders which can be employed in carrying out the present invention include anionic and cationic surface active agents.
  • cationic quaternary ammonium compounds including imidazolium compounds such as Velvetol 2000 and Velvetol CHR, high molecular weight quaternized imidazolines available from Quaker Chemical Corporation, Conshohocken, Pa.
  • alkyl ammonium salts such as dihydrogenated tallow dimethyl ammonium chloride, available from General Mills, Inc., Chemical Division, Kankakee, Ill. as Aliquat H226; dialkylamide diethyl ammonium sulfate available from Reichold Chemicals, Inc., Conshohocken, Pa. as Rycofax 6-18; and Rycofax 637, an amphoteric quaternary ammonium compound also available from Reichold Chemicals, Inc.
  • alkyl ammonium salts such as dihydrogenated tallow dimethyl ammonium chloride, available from General Mills, Inc., Chemical Division, Kankakee, Ill. as Aliquat H226; dialkylamide diethyl ammonium sulfate available from Reichold Chemicals, Inc., Conshohocken, Pa. as Rycofax 6-18; and Rycofax 637, an amphoteric quaternary ammonium compound also available from Reichold Chemicals, Inc.
  • Anionic surface active agents which are also preferred for use as debonders in carrying out the pesent invention include compounds such as sodium tetradecyl sulfate available was Tergitol Anionic 4 from Union Carbide Corporation, New York, N.Y. and the sodium salt of sulfated nonyl phenoxy poly( ethylene oxy) ethanol available as Alipal A8436 from General Aniline and Film Corporation, New York, NW.
  • amout of debonder employed can be varied over a wide range depending upon the furnish employed, the properties desired in the final product and other variables associated with the web forming operation. It is especially preferred to employ an amount of debonder equal to from about 0.50% to about 2.0% of the oven dry weight of the fibers employed.
  • the base web After the base web has been formed on the foraminous surface of a papermaking machine, it is dewatered, creped and dried in a conventional manner. To produce a base web which has suflicient elasticity to be satisfactorily passed through the mechanical working step, it has been found desirable to crepe the web in a manner which results in approximately 18% to 28% stretch in the machine direction of the web. It is also preferable that the web be at least dry before being mechanically worked.
  • partially fracture when used in the specification and claims of this application shall mean mechanical working of the web in some locations at least to the degree of breaking some of the bonds holding the fibers to each other, and may include working the sheet to the extent that the web is completely torn in portions of the worked locations to the point of forming apertures in the web.
  • the result of partially fracturing paper webs is that the web is more soft, flexible, and extensible in those 10- cations.
  • the web is also weaker, but by selecting the appropriate locations, weakening can be greatly reduced.
  • the type of mechanical working which will partially fracture the web is that which will stress in tension the selected area of the web to the point of causing failure of only some of the fiber bonds.
  • Embossing is an example of mechanical work which will partially fracture the web.
  • Creping is another example. Creping does not offer the degree of control of partially fracturing only selected areas required for the preferred product of the invention. Embossing does.
  • a particular form of embossing has been found to offer very good control of partially fracturing selected areas, and it is this form of embossing which is employed to produce the preferred product of the invention. This form of embossing also enables working the sheet to produce apertures distributed uniformly through the web.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the preferred embossing operation.
  • the base web 10 of the invention is passed through a pair of mating cylindrical embossing rolls 11 and 12 (partially shown) to produce the embossed web 13 of the invention.
  • the embossing rolls 11 and 12 have knuckles 14 and 15 which intermesh to distort the web in the desired fashion.
  • FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional view taken along line 2-2 and illustrates the intermeshing arrangement of the upper knuckles 14 (shown cross-hatched) with the lower knuckles 15 (shown with broken lines).
  • the distortions produced in the base web 10 by the knuckles are illustrated in FIGS. 3, 4 and 5, where the lower knuckles 15 have produced raised areas 16 and the upper knuckles 14 have produced depressions 17.
  • the embossed web 13 is viewed from the underside, the raised areas 16 become depressions, and the depressions 17 become raised areas.
  • Interconnecting ther aised areas 16 and depressions 17 are intermediate portions 18. It is these intermediate portions 18 which have received most of the mechanical working which partially fractures the web.
  • the work applied to the web exceeds the strength of the web and produces apertures in the web.
  • the length of these apertures 20 can be varied vy varying the overlap 21 of upper knuckles 14 and lower knuckles 15.
  • the size and spacing of the knuckles, as well as the depth to which they emboss the web, can be varied over a wide range and produce useful products. Particularly desirable paper products useful for towels can be produced, it the knuckles are within the ranges from about 0.050 inch to aobut 0.100 inch long, from about 0.024 inch to about 0.040 inch wide, and concentrated at about 70 to about 300 per square inch. Of course, the size of the knuckles selected governs to a large extent the spacing and thus concentration of the knuckles.
  • the most desirable towel products are produced by setting the spacing between embossing rolls 11 and 12 to cause the upper knuckles 14 to pass below the lower knuckles 15 a distance within the range of from 0.020 inches to 0.060 inches. Because each knuckle in one of the embossing rolls will create two apertures in the web it embosses, a web embossed by knuckles within the above-stated range will create approximately 140 to 600 apertures per square inch of web. Within the range of spacings stated above for the embossing rolls, the apertures will be of a size within the range from about .010 inch to about .100 inch long.
  • Example 3 the base web of the invention
  • Example 4 the resulting web is described as Example 4 below in the sepcification
  • the base web of the invention experienced in the crossdirection of the web 68.8% strength decrease and a stretch increase from 5.2% to 19.7%.
  • Basis weight of the sheets was determined by weighing eight sheets measuring 2% inches x 2% inches and converting the result of pounds/ream (2880 square feet).
  • Tensile strength, stretch and energy absoption were determined with a standard Instron Tensile Tester using 1 inch wide test strips, a span of 2 inches and a strain rate of 2 inches per minute. These tests were run in accordance with TAPPI Standard, T220 m-60 and TAPPI Test, T494 su-64. All wet tensiles were from uncured specimens and were measured within a minute of wetting.
  • Length overhang tests (a measure of stiffness, higher numbers indicating stiffer specimens) were measured by subjecting the specimens to the test set forth in TAPPI Standard Tests, T451 m-60 on a Clark Softness Tester using a degree angle movement.
  • Fold value and crush value were measured on an apparatus designed to give an indication of the softness of a sheet by measuring the force required to fold the sheet (the' fold value) and the force required to crush the folded sheet (the crush value). A decrease in these values is indicative of a shofter sheet.
  • the apparatus employed to obtain these measurements comprises an inner set of circular platens and an outer set of annular platens.
  • the platens are arranged so that there is an upper and lower member of each set.
  • the upper circular platen has a diameter of 1.09 inches and a rounded edge having a radius of .062 inches.
  • the lower circular platen has a diameter of 1.43 inches and is located directly below the upper circular platen.
  • the upper annular platen has an inside diameter of 2.125 inches and a rounded inner edge also having a radius of .062 inches.
  • the lower annular platen is of similar size and is located directly below the upper annular platen. The rounded edges of the two sets of platens are separated by a distance of .382 inches.
  • the upper member of each set of platens is attached to means for clamping that set of platens together and the surfaces of all the platens are highly polished.
  • a circumferential ring attached to means for moving said ring through said space.
  • the ring has an inner diameter of 1.5 inches, an outer diameter of 1.75 inches and the rounded portion has a radius of .062 inches.
  • another annular platen having an inside diameter of 1.16 inches and an outside diameter of 2.062 inches. This platen is also highly polished and is attached to means for moving said platen towards the space.
  • the sheet to be tested is placed between the upper and lower members of the two sets of platens.
  • the inner circular set of platens is clamped to hold the sheet in place and the distance between the upper and lower members of the outer annular set is adjusted to .065 inches.
  • the distance the circumferential ring will travel is adjusted to .250 inches and a force is applied to said ring causing it to move in an upward direction through that distance folding the sheet as it moves.
  • the maximum force on the ring during this folding operation is recorded in grams and is referred to as the fold value of the sheet.
  • the outer annular set of plates is clamped to maintain the sheet in the folded condition.
  • the folded sheet is crushed by, simultaneously, moving the circumferential ring down away from the sheet and moving the annular platen down onto the sheet for a distance of .050 inches.
  • the maximum force on the platen as it moves through this distance is measured in grams and is referred to as the crush value of the sheet.
  • Example 1 The web of Example 1 is a conventional paper web having no elastomeric bonding material and is described for purposes of comparison only. The web was formed from a fiber furnish consisting of water and the following conventional papermaking pulps:
  • Velvetol 2000 a cationic, high molecular weight
  • Example 2 The web of Example 2 was produced by passing the web of Example 1 through embossing rolls of the type illustrated in FIG. 1.
  • the size of the knuckles in the embossing rolls used were 0.078 inch long and 0.030 inch wide and concentrated at 98 per square inch.
  • the knuckles of both embossing rolls were identical.
  • the spacing between the embossing rolls was adjusted to produce the product desired cross-direction tensile strength of approximately 11-14 ounces per inch. The spacing required for this strength reduction corresponded to that spacing required to cause the upper knuckles to pass below the lower knuckles a distance within the range from .030 inches to .043 inches.
  • Example 2 The web of Example 2, as was the case with Example 1, is described for purposes of comparison only, and possessed the following properties:
  • EXAMPLE 3 The web was formed from a fiber furnish consisting of water and the following conventional papermaking pulps:
  • Velvetol 2000 a cationic, high molecular weight, quaternized imidazolines, used to reduce interfiber bonding capacity
  • I-lycar 2600-X92 an acrylic emulsion available from B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company (9.5% content in web).
  • the acrylic emulsion was added to the furnish in discrete particles in accordance with the process described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,622,447 and with apparatus of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,529,936.
  • the web was formed on the same conventional Fourdrinier-type papermaking machine as the web of Example 1 and creped from a Yankee dryer at 70% to dryness and at 20% crepe. The web was then further dried on conventional drying equipment to more than dry.
  • the web of Example 4 was produced by passing the web of Example 3 through the same embossing rolls used to produce the web of Example 2.
  • the web possessed the following properties:
  • EXAMPLE 5 The web was formed from a fiber furnish consisting of water and the following conventional papermaking pulps:
  • Hycar 2600-X92 an acrylic emulsion available from B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company (5.0% content in web).
  • the acrylic emulsion was added to the furnish in discrete particles in accordance with the process described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,622,447 and with apparatus of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,529,936.
  • the web was formed on a conventional Fourdrinier-type papermaking machine and creped from the surface of a Yankee dryer at 70% to 80% dryness to give approximately 20.6% crepe.
  • the web was then further dried until it was more than 90% dry by passing it over a transpiration dryer like that described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,432,936.
  • the web possessed the following properties:
  • Example 6 The web of Example 6 was produced by passing the web of Example 5 through embossing rolls which meet the 12 description of the embossing rolls used to produce the web of Example 2.
  • the web possessed the following properties:
  • MD Energy absorption
  • CD Energy absorption
  • MD Energy absorption
  • MD Energy absorption
  • CD Length overhang
  • MD Length overhang
  • MD Length overhang
  • CD 6.7 cm.
  • EXAMPLE 7 The web was formed from a fiber furnish consisting of water and the following conventional papermaking pulps:
  • Velvetol 2000 a cationic, high molecular weight, quaternized imidazolines, used to reduce interfiber bonding capacity
  • Hycar 2600- (92, acrylic emulsion available from B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company (7.25% content in web).
  • the acrylic emulsion was added to the furnish in discrete particles in accordance with the process described in U.S. Pat. 3,622,447 and with apparatus of the type described in U.S. Pat. 3,529,936.
  • the web was formed on a conventional Fourdrinier-type papermaking machine and creped from the surface of a Yankee dryer at 70%-80% dryness to give approximately 14.5% crepe.
  • the web was then further dried until it was more than dry by passing it over a transpiration dryer like that described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,432,936.
  • the web possessed the following properties:
  • Example 8 The web of Example 8 was produced by passing the web of Example 7 through embossing rolls which meet the description of the embossing rolls used to produce the web of Example 2.
  • the web possessed the following properties:
  • Velvetol 2000 a cationic, high molecular weight, quaternized imidazolines, used to reduce interfiber bonding capacity
  • Hycar 2600-X92 an acrylic emulsion available from B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company (9.0% content in web).
  • the acrylic emulsion was added to the furnish in discrete particles in accordance with the process described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,622,447 and with apparatus of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,529,936.
  • the web was formed on a conventional Fourdrinicr-type papermaking machine and creped from the surface of a Yankee dryer at 70% to 80% dryness to give'approximately 22.2% crepe.
  • the web was then further dried until it was more than 90% dry by passing it over a transpiration dryer like that described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,432,936.
  • the web possessed the following properties:
  • the web of Example 10 was produced by passing the web of Example 9 through embossing rolls which meet the description of the embossing rolls used to produce the web of Example 2.
  • the web possessed the following properties:
  • the web was formed from a fiber furnish consisting of water and the following conventional papermaking pulps:
  • wet-strength resin consisting of 4.5 parts melamine formaldehyde to 1 part urea-formaldehyde;
  • Velvetol 2000 a cationic, high molecular weight, quaternized imidazolines, used to reduce interfiber bonding capacity
  • Hycar 2600-X92 an acrylic emulsion available from B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company (9.5% content in web);
  • Lufax 295 a cationic polyelectrolyte available from Rohm and Haas Company, used as a deposition aid.
  • the chemicals were added to the furnish in accordance with the process described in U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 108,638, assigned to the same assignee as this application.
  • the web was formed on a conventional Fourdrinier-type papermaking machine and creped from the surface of a Yankee dryer at 70% to dryness to give approximately 17% crepe.
  • the web was then further dried until it was more than dry by passing it over a transpiration dryer like that described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,432,936.
  • the web possessed the following properties:
  • Example 12 The web of Example 12 was produced by passing the Web of Example 11 through embossing rolls which meet the description of the embossing rolls used to produce the web of Example 2.
  • the web possessed the following properties:
  • the web having a plurality of areas where the web is partially fractured, the areas being substantially uni formly distributed throughout the web.
  • the web having a basis weight of from about 12 to about 60 lbs/2880 ft;
  • the web having a plurality of raised areas and depressions in each side, the depressions in each side forming the raised areas in the other side;
  • the web having intermediate portions intervening raised areas and depressions;
  • the web being partially fractured in at least some of the intermediate portions
  • the web having substantial stretch in all directions in its own plane.
  • a web as recited by claim 4, wherein the apertures are of a size within the range from about .010 inch to about .100 inch and are disposed substantially uniformly throughout the web at a concentration of about 140 to about 600 per square inch of web.
  • elastomeric bonding material is selected from the group consisting of acrylic, vinyl chloride acrylic, acrylic vinyl acetate, butadiene-styrene, butadiene acrylonitrile, and ethylene vinyl acetate.
  • Method of making a soft, absorbent, fibrous web having substantial stretch in all directions in its own plane comprising the steps of:
  • aqueous slurry depositing an aqueous slurry on a forming surface of a papermaking machine, the aqueous slurry comprising lignocellulosic fibers, at least one chemical debonder and at least one elastomeric bonding material;
  • the elastomeric bonding material in the aqueous slurry is selected from the group of acrylic, vinyl chloride acrylic, acrylic vinyl acetate, butadiene-styrene, butadiene acrylonitrile, and ethylene vinyl acetate.
  • Method as recited by claim 10, wherein the step of partially fracturing the dried web includes production of apertures in the web.

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US00239539A 1972-03-30 1972-03-30 Soft absorbent fibrous webs containing elastomeric bonding material and formed by creping and embossing Expired - Lifetime US3817827A (en)

Priority Applications (9)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00239539A US3817827A (en) 1972-03-30 1972-03-30 Soft absorbent fibrous webs containing elastomeric bonding material and formed by creping and embossing
CA164,791A CA978784A (en) 1972-03-30 1973-02-28 Absorbent fibrous webs and method for making them
AU52700/73A AU472589B2 (en) 1972-03-30 1973-02-28 Absorbent fibrous webs and method for making them
GB986073A GB1395447A (en) 1972-03-30 1973-02-28 Absorbent fibrous webs and method for making them
FR7310258A FR2177856B1 (fr) 1972-03-30 1973-03-22
DE19732314684 DE2314684A1 (de) 1972-03-30 1973-03-22 Saugfaehige fasergewebe und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung
BE1004919A BE797145A (fr) 1972-03-30 1973-03-22 Feuilles continues fibreuses absorbantes et procede de fabrication
IT48979/73A IT979971B (it) 1972-03-30 1973-03-23 Processo per fabbricare nastri fibrosi assorbenti e nastri cosi fabbricati
JP48033377A JPS497507A (fr) 1972-03-30 1973-03-23

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00239539A US3817827A (en) 1972-03-30 1972-03-30 Soft absorbent fibrous webs containing elastomeric bonding material and formed by creping and embossing

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US3817827A true US3817827A (en) 1974-06-18

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US (1) US3817827A (fr)
JP (1) JPS497507A (fr)
AU (1) AU472589B2 (fr)
BE (1) BE797145A (fr)
CA (1) CA978784A (fr)
DE (1) DE2314684A1 (fr)
FR (1) FR2177856B1 (fr)
GB (1) GB1395447A (fr)
IT (1) IT979971B (fr)

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FR2177856B1 (fr) 1977-02-04
DE2314684A1 (de) 1973-10-04
FR2177856A1 (fr) 1973-11-09
JPS497507A (fr) 1974-01-23
CA978784A (en) 1975-12-02
IT979971B (it) 1974-09-30
AU5270073A (en) 1974-08-29
BE797145A (fr) 1973-09-24
GB1395447A (en) 1975-05-29
AU472589B2 (en) 1976-05-27

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