US3816790A - Linear cathode high-energy electron beam apparatus - Google Patents
Linear cathode high-energy electron beam apparatus Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3816790A US3816790A US00150018A US15001871A US3816790A US 3816790 A US3816790 A US 3816790A US 00150018 A US00150018 A US 00150018A US 15001871 A US15001871 A US 15001871A US 3816790 A US3816790 A US 3816790A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- electron beam
- linear cathode
- acceleration
- electrodes
- electrode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006332 epoxy adhesive Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000414 obstructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J33/00—Discharge tubes with provision for emergence of electrons or ions from the vessel; Lenard tubes
Definitions
- a linear cathode highenergy electron beam generating apparatus of the multi-stage acceleration type comprising a linear cathode for emitting a planar. electron beam, and a plurality of cylindrical electrodes disposed one into another so as to surround the path of the planar electron beam, whereby the height of the generating apparatus is greatly reduced as compared with known electron beam apparatus 4 Claims, 4 Drawing Figures I 30 HEATER POWER ,v CONT/POL 29) VOL 72765 26 23 24 PUMP LINEAR CATHODE HIGH-ENERGY ELECTRON BEAM APPARATUS
- This invention relates to a linear cathode high-energy electron beam generating apparatus, particularly to such a device suitable for generating a stationary (nondeflected) and planar electron beam of a high energy level in the order of 100 to 500 KeV.
- the main object of this invention is to provide an electron beam generating apparatus of the abovementioned type which is improved in structure and compact in size.
- Electron beam generating apparatus known by such names as the Cockcroft generator, Van de Graaff accelerator and resonant transformer type accelerator are used, among others, for irradiating polymeric or other materials with electron beam to change the properties of the material.
- These accelerators are provided with a point type emitter.
- the linear electron beam emitted from the emitter is accelerated by an acceleration field and then fanned out by a magnetic or electric deflection means to evenly irradiate an object.
- the new beam generating apparatus is provided with a linear emitter and may be called a linear cathode accelerator. With such a beam generating apparatus, a planar electron beam projected from the linear emitter is directed to an object after being properly accelerated. Thus, beam deflecting and focusing means are dispensed with, and a compact and inexpensive beam generating apparatus can be obtained.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 are cross-sections of known electron beam generating apparatus shown with block diagrams of energizing circuits
- FIG. 3 is a cross section of an embodiment of the electron beam generating apparatus of this invention.
- FIG. 4 is a bottom view of the assembly of electrodes in the generating apparatus shown in FIG. 3.
- an evacuated envelope 2 is provided with an irradiation window 1 made of a thin film of aluminum or titanium.
- a linear cathode 3 and a control electrode 4 which are disposed so as to direct an electron beam emitted from the cathode 3 toward the window 1; a high voltage is applied between the cathode 3 and the envelope 2, the latter serving as a grounded anode, to accelerate the electron beam.
- a planar flux of electrons are projected through the window 1.
- Other parts and components shown in FIG. 1 are a high voltage source 5 for supplying the acceleration voltage, a power source 6 for heating the linear cathode 3, a voltage source 7 for the control electrode 4, insulating bushings 8, and a vacuum pump 9 for evacuating the envelope 2.
- the energy level of the emitted electron beam is limited to the order of 100 KeV, due to the dielectric breakdown of the vacuum space.
- the dielectric breakdown voltage of a vacuum space is not proportional to the distance between electrodes, but tends to approach a certain constant value because of so-called total voltage effect. This tendency is especially marked in a vacuum envelope which is continuously evacuated during operation, the practical ceiling value of breakdown voltage of the vacuum being the order of KeV.
- FIG. 2 shows an electron beam generating apparatus of such a type, in which the multi-stage acceleration arrangement is composed by stacking alternately acceleration electrodes 10 and insulating spacers 1 1, and providing means such as a voltage divider 12 for applying appropriate acceleration voltages to the respective acceleration electrodes. Also shown in FIG. 2 are a linear cathode 13, a control electrode 14, a top panel 15, a bottom panel 16, an irradiation window 17 provided in the bottom panel 16, a high voltage source 18 for supplying the acceleration voltage, a power source 19 for supplying heating power to the linear cathode 13, a voltage source 20 for the control electrode 14, insulating bushings 21, and a vacuum pump 22.
- the insulating spacers 11 have the shape of oblong rectangular frames.
- the length of the frame can be as long as l m or even 2 m.
- a further disadvantage with the above structure is the fact that the location of the outlet to vacuum pump is restricted to the grounded bottom panel 16 which is provided with the window 17 and should preferably be free from any obstructive protrusion.
- An alternative measure to avoid this difficulty is to mount the vacuum pump on the high potential to panel 15 and provide a special power supply insulated against ground for energizing the vacuum pump.
- such an arrangement is impractical in actual construction.
- the electron beam generator of this invention comprises a linear cathode for emitting a planar electron beam, and a plurality of cylindrical electrodes disposed planar electron beam.
- FIG. 3 which schematically shows the essential structure of the electron beam generating apparatus of this invention
- a linear cathode 23 a control electrode 24, and a plurality of cylindrical acceleration electrodes 25 disposed so as to surround the path of the planar electron beam emitted from said linear cathode 23.
- the electrodes are spaced so as to ensure dielectric insulation between one another against designed potential differences therebetween.
- the lengths and the positions of the acceleration electrodes 25 are set considering the electrooptical requirements for a proper acceleration of the electrons.
- the transverse sections of the cylindrical electrodes 25 may be of any suitable shape, rectangles as shown in FIG. 4 are typical and are the most favorable shaped in view of fabrication and the electro optical conditions.
- the outermost cylinder 26 serves as the grounded anode and also as the body of the enclosure of the generating apparatus. In the bottom of the enclosure is provided an electron transmissive window 27 through which the electron beam is projected.
- the cylindrical acceleration electrodes are supported by insulating members 28 at the top of the enclosure 26, and secured to the insulating members 28 in a hermetic manner. For example, oblong ceramic blocks 28 are inserted between the end portions of cylindrical electrodes 25 and the assembly is hermetically sealed with epoxy adhesive according to known sealing techniques.
- F IG. 3 Other components and means shown in F IG. 3 are a high voltage source 29 for supplying the acceleration voltage, a power source 30 for heating the cathode 23, a voltage source 31 for the control electrode 24, resistors 32 for dividing the high voltage, a vacuum pump 33, a top panel 34, and sealed insulating bushings 35.
- linear cathode 23 need not necessarily be a single filament or strip, but it may be a coil or a group of linearly disposed filaments or coils or a combination thereof.
- An electron beam generating apparatus which has a linear cathode of 2 m long and two rectangular cylindrical acceleration electrodes 25 besides the anode 26 and which is capable of generating electron beam of 200 KeV, 30 mA, has dimensions of 2,500 mm X 250 mm X 250 mm, the installation height being approximately one third of that of a typical Van de Graaf accelerator of corresponding capacity.
- an electron beam generating apparatus of 500 KeV class can be constructed according to this invention by adding further acceleration electrodes.
- a linear cathode high-energy electron beam apparatus for projecting a planar electron beam outside an electron transmissive window of an evacuated envelope, comprising a linear cathode fixed to a top panel for emitting a planar electron beam of an elongated rectangular cross section, a control electrode disposed adjacent to said linear cathode, the longitudinal direction of said control electrode being the same as the longitudinal direction of said linear cathode, and a plurality of tubular acceleration electrodes disposed substantially one inside another, said linear cathode and said control electrode being disposed substantially inside the innermost acceleration electrode, said acceleration electrodes having their respetive longitudinal lengths different from one another and their respective central axes substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of said linear cathode, said acceleration electrodes being opened at respective one end portions to pass therethrough the planar electron beam from said linear cathode, the respective other end portions of said acceleration electrodes having interposed insulating members between said top panel and the outermost acceleration electrode and being hermetically secured thereto, and the outermost acceleration electrode
- a linear cathode high-energy electron beam apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the transverse sections of said cylindrical electrodes are rectangles.
- a linear cathode high-energy electron beam apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said cylindrical electrodes are concentrically disposed.
- a linear cathode high-energy electron beam apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the respective longitudinal lengths of said acceleration electrodes are gradually reduced from the outermost acceleration electrode to the innermost acceleration electrode.
Landscapes
- Electron Sources, Ion Sources (AREA)
- Particle Accelerators (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP4968670 | 1970-06-08 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3816790A true US3816790A (en) | 1974-06-11 |
Family
ID=12838049
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US00150018A Expired - Lifetime US3816790A (en) | 1970-06-08 | 1971-06-04 | Linear cathode high-energy electron beam apparatus |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3816790A (nl) |
CA (1) | CA934887A (nl) |
DE (1) | DE2128255C3 (nl) |
FR (1) | FR2095986A5 (nl) |
GB (1) | GB1294436A (nl) |
NL (1) | NL150615B (nl) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3976908A (en) * | 1974-03-02 | 1976-08-24 | Leybold-Heraeus Gmbh & Co. Kg | Electron beam generator with linear cathode |
US4079328A (en) * | 1976-09-21 | 1978-03-14 | Radiation Dynamics, Inc. | Area beam electron accelerator having plural discrete cathodes |
WO1986004272A1 (en) * | 1985-01-29 | 1986-07-31 | Tibor Kenderi | Apparatus for powder spraying, operating with a flame jet |
US20100197958A1 (en) * | 2007-07-13 | 2010-08-05 | Lucite International Uk Limited | Process for the carbonylation of an ethylenically unsaturated compound and a catalyst system |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3956712A (en) * | 1973-02-05 | 1976-05-11 | Northrop Corporation | Area electron gun |
DE2926840A1 (de) * | 1979-07-03 | 1981-01-22 | Siemens Ag | Strahlenaustrittsfenster |
FI70346C (fi) * | 1983-05-03 | 1986-09-15 | Enso Gutzeit Oy | Anordning foer aostadkommande av en elektronridao |
Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1963051A (en) * | 1932-05-14 | 1934-06-12 | Philips Nv | Incandescible cathode discharge tube having a gaseous filling |
US2022988A (en) * | 1933-04-29 | 1935-12-03 | Rca Corp | Oscillation generator |
US2030396A (en) * | 1925-12-30 | 1936-02-11 | Gen Electric Vapor Lamp Co | Rectifier and the like |
US2111231A (en) * | 1934-06-27 | 1938-03-15 | Radio Patents Corp | Recording device |
US2558021A (en) * | 1939-03-08 | 1951-06-26 | Univ Leland Stanford Junior | Thermionic vacuum tube and circuit |
US2708262A (en) * | 1948-03-06 | 1955-05-10 | Itt | Micro-wave modulator |
US2887599A (en) * | 1957-06-17 | 1959-05-19 | High Voltage Engineering Corp | Electron acceleration tube |
US3218431A (en) * | 1962-12-27 | 1965-11-16 | Gen Electric | Self-focusing electron beam apparatus |
US3320475A (en) * | 1963-04-30 | 1967-05-16 | Gen Electric | Nonthermionic hollow cathode electron beam apparatus |
US3411035A (en) * | 1966-05-31 | 1968-11-12 | Gen Electric | Multi-chamber hollow cathode low voltage electron beam apparatus |
-
1971
- 1971-06-04 US US00150018A patent/US3816790A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1971-06-07 GB GB09192/71A patent/GB1294436A/en not_active Expired
- 1971-06-07 NL NL717107763A patent/NL150615B/nl not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1971-06-07 CA CA114987A patent/CA934887A/en not_active Expired
- 1971-06-07 FR FR7120458A patent/FR2095986A5/fr not_active Expired
- 1971-06-07 DE DE2128255A patent/DE2128255C3/de not_active Expired
Patent Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2030396A (en) * | 1925-12-30 | 1936-02-11 | Gen Electric Vapor Lamp Co | Rectifier and the like |
US1963051A (en) * | 1932-05-14 | 1934-06-12 | Philips Nv | Incandescible cathode discharge tube having a gaseous filling |
US2022988A (en) * | 1933-04-29 | 1935-12-03 | Rca Corp | Oscillation generator |
US2111231A (en) * | 1934-06-27 | 1938-03-15 | Radio Patents Corp | Recording device |
US2558021A (en) * | 1939-03-08 | 1951-06-26 | Univ Leland Stanford Junior | Thermionic vacuum tube and circuit |
US2708262A (en) * | 1948-03-06 | 1955-05-10 | Itt | Micro-wave modulator |
US2887599A (en) * | 1957-06-17 | 1959-05-19 | High Voltage Engineering Corp | Electron acceleration tube |
US3218431A (en) * | 1962-12-27 | 1965-11-16 | Gen Electric | Self-focusing electron beam apparatus |
US3320475A (en) * | 1963-04-30 | 1967-05-16 | Gen Electric | Nonthermionic hollow cathode electron beam apparatus |
US3411035A (en) * | 1966-05-31 | 1968-11-12 | Gen Electric | Multi-chamber hollow cathode low voltage electron beam apparatus |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3976908A (en) * | 1974-03-02 | 1976-08-24 | Leybold-Heraeus Gmbh & Co. Kg | Electron beam generator with linear cathode |
US4079328A (en) * | 1976-09-21 | 1978-03-14 | Radiation Dynamics, Inc. | Area beam electron accelerator having plural discrete cathodes |
WO1986004272A1 (en) * | 1985-01-29 | 1986-07-31 | Tibor Kenderi | Apparatus for powder spraying, operating with a flame jet |
US20100197958A1 (en) * | 2007-07-13 | 2010-08-05 | Lucite International Uk Limited | Process for the carbonylation of an ethylenically unsaturated compound and a catalyst system |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NL150615B (nl) | 1976-08-16 |
FR2095986A5 (nl) | 1972-02-11 |
GB1294436A (en) | 1972-10-25 |
DE2128255A1 (de) | 1971-12-30 |
DE2128255C3 (de) | 1974-10-03 |
CA934887A (en) | 1973-10-02 |
DE2128255B2 (de) | 1974-03-07 |
NL7107763A (nl) | 1971-12-10 |
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