US3813267A - Process for fixing electrophotographic images - Google Patents

Process for fixing electrophotographic images Download PDF

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Publication number
US3813267A
US3813267A US00213532A US21353271A US3813267A US 3813267 A US3813267 A US 3813267A US 00213532 A US00213532 A US 00213532A US 21353271 A US21353271 A US 21353271A US 3813267 A US3813267 A US 3813267A
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Prior art keywords
resin layer
layer
film
toner image
supporting base
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US00213532A
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English (en)
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S Honjo
O Fukushima
C Osada
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Fujifilm Holdings Corp
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Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G8/00—Layers covering the final reproduction, e.g. for protecting, for writing thereon
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G11/00—Selection of substances for use as fixing agents
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G13/00—Electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G13/20—Fixing, e.g. by using heat

Definitions

  • PROCESS FOR FIXING ELECTHOPHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGES Filed Dec. 29, 1971 United States Patent 3,813,267 PROCESS FOR FIXING ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGES Satoru Honjo, Osamu Fukushima, and Chiaki Osada, Asaka, Japan, assignors to Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan Filed Dec. 29, 1971, Ser. No. 213,532 Claims priority, application Japan, Dec. 29, 1970, 46/121,453 Int. Cl. B44c 1/18 US. Cl.
  • Electrophotographic images are fixed by applying thereto a fixing sheet comprising a supporting base and a clear adhesive resin layer, whereafter the adhesive resin layer is separated from the supporting base by heat and/ or pressure and is thus allowed to transfer to surface bearing the toner image.
  • the invention relates to fixing processes for electrophotographic images.
  • the present invention relates to a process whereby the image can be fixed without the problems discussed above; characterized by the use of a fixing film or fixing sheet having freely separable clear thermoplastic resin layer.
  • the process of the present invention is such that the fixing sheet prepared by providing a clear thermoplastic resin layer on a supporting base is fixed onto the base bearing the electrophotographic toner image such that the toner image and the resin layer contact with each other, and the resin layer is pressed to adhere to the toner image bearing surface so strongly that it will be separated from the supporting base thereof under proper conditions (under heat and/or pressure or under the application of a solvent to the resin layer), whereby the resin layer is separated from its supporting base leaving the resin layer permanently fixed to the base.
  • a primary object of this invention is to provide a new, improved method of fixing a toner image.
  • Another object is to provide an improved method of producing an electrophotographic print having an improved appearance and durability.
  • FIG. 1 is a sectional view of one fixing sheet used in the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view of one fixing sheet in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 is a sectional view of the fixing sheet 10, which comprises a resin layer supporting base 1, a clear thermoplastic resin layer 2 and an intermediate layer 3 that controls the adhesiveness between the supporting base 1 and the resin layer 2.
  • Intermediate layer 3 is, of course, not always necessary, depending upon the charac teristics of the material.
  • the resin layer supporting base may be a plastic film, such as polyethylene terephthalate, diacetylcellulose, cellulose triacetate, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyamide, polyethylene, regenerated cellulose, polystyrene or polyvinyl chloride, a wax-coated paper or mold releasecoated. These may be surface-treated, e.g., moisture-proof cellophane.
  • the plastic film is satisfactory even if it is opaque (pigment filled), or dyed.
  • Resin layer 2 is a clear resin layer which is held by the supporting base 1 under normal conditions, but which loses adhesion for the supporting base under pressure of generally 10-500 g./inch and preferably 10-300 g./ inch (where a silicone coated releasing paper was used as the support the pressure was about 20 g./inch or less, while polypropylene or polyethylene required 200-400 g./inch) and/or heat sufiicient to soften the resin (for example, the adhesion between polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate is broken at about C. at which temperature the polystyrene is softened), or under the application of a solvent whereby when only the resin layer 2 is swollen with the solvent, the resin layer adheres to the.
  • a silicone coated releasing paper was used as the support the pressure was about 20 g./inch or less, while polypropylene or polyethylene required 200-400 g./inch
  • heat sufiicient to soften the resin for example, the adhesion between
  • toner bearing surface and the supporting base 1 is released, and is thereby transferred to uniformly cover the image. For this reason, it itself must be hard to decompose or degrade or discolor, and must be chemically stable. Furthermore, because of its role as the surface layer of the final print, the resin layer 2 cannot contain any chemical compound that renders it sticky or tacky at normal temperatures, and must have proper second order transition point (glass transition point).
  • a resin layer having a second order transition point of room temperature or above is preferred.
  • Typical resin layers that meet these requirements include homopolymers and copolymers containing alkylacrylate, alkylmethacrylate, styrene, alkylstyrene acrylic acid, vinyl acetate, etc.
  • Adhesion between the resin layer 2 and the supporting base 1 may be controlled by the introduction of a small quantity of a functional monomer (a monomer containing functional groups which control the adhesive property of the copolymer such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, hydroxylalkyl acrylate or methacrylate) up to 10% by weight of the whole polymer.
  • a functional monomer a monomer containing functional groups which control the adhesive property of the copolymer such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, hydroxylalkyl acrylate or methacrylate
  • a multilayer structure may be employed for the resin layer, as is shown in FIG. 1.
  • the resin layer must satisfy the following requirements. It must have a sufiicient cohesive energy not to break along its thickness during a laminating operation. However, a very highly cohesive layer often adheres tightly to the surface of the supporting base and moreover will have a relatively high glass-transition temperature. Thus, if a multilayer structure is employed, the top coating 2 should have a low cohesive energy and high tackiness while the lower one 3 should be a hard, highly cohesive polymer of low tackiness.
  • the layer 3 may also act to control (reduce) the adhesive energy with the supporting base 1.
  • Such multilayer structure enables a relatively low temperature and a hard, stiff, low-tacky, protective surface coating on the final print.
  • a multilayer resin layer may have a transition point lower than room temperature, provided that the surface thereof has a second order transition point greater than room temperature, e.g., about 25 C. up to about 100 C.
  • layer 2 is satisfactory if it ranges from five to thirty microns, it is preferably 10 to 30 microns.
  • Layer 3 is an intermediate layer designed to control the adhesiveness between 1 and 2, and is satisfactory if it is very thin, usually it is 0.1 to 6 microns. Where only layer 2 is present it may have a tendency of break in certain instances; however, when layer 3 is present the whole layer is transferred. Layer 3 can contact with layer 2. It may be colored when it adheres to layer 1. It must be clear when it adheres to layer 2. One desirable embodiment is where layer 2 is transferred onto the base bearing the image accompanied by intermediate layer 3, where the latter has a higher second order transition point than the former and both layers do not melt and flow into each other.
  • layer 2 is composed of a comparatively soft resin (that is, a resin having low cohesive energy and a low second order transition point and which is tacky-especially becoming tacky at a temperature of a few degrees above room temperature), and thus when it is passed against the toner image it is easily deformed and acts to fill in the voids between toner particles.
  • layer 3 suppresses the blocking property of such a soft resin layer.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the fixing sheet as shown in FIG. 1 facing and being pressed in to contact with element 20 bearing the toner image 5 on the base 4.
  • Element 20 may be either a developed electrofacsimile paper or a copying sheet bearing the toner image transferred thereto from a selenium drum or the like. It may also be an organic photoconductive film.
  • Rolls 51 and 52 may, of course, be heated pressure rolls.
  • the toner image bearing surface of element 20 may be coated with a small quantity of a solvent (to solvate the resin layer 2 of the fixing sheet).
  • a solvent to solvate the resin layer 2 of the fixing sheet
  • the insulative liquid may be either the carrier of the liquid developer or a rinse liquid used to clear the sheet of residual developer left after the development. In such a case, a combination such as will loosen the resin layer is selected. Since developing and/or rinse, the liquids usually have a low solubility parameter and are often nonpolar liquids, such as isoparafiins, n-parafiins, hydrocarbon chlorofluoride, long chain alkylacrylates or polymers containing long chain alkylmethacrylates or styrene are the most preferred resins used.
  • a carrier liquid of liquid developer such as n-parafline or iso-parafiine may suitably be used as the solvent
  • a resin which is soluble in or swellable tothe liquid and which has an appropriate second order transition point is preferred.
  • the amount of the liquid remaining on the toner bearing surface will be very small, usually about 10-25 g./m. which is comparable to the coating amount of the resin, and thus the resin layer does not flow out.
  • resins which are adhesive to the toner bearing surface are preferred.
  • either roll 51 or roll 52, or both are preferably heated.
  • the film is heated to 100 C. or so, the dilference in the degree of resulting thermal expansion between the base 1 and the adhesion layer 2 gives rise to a force in between the layers 2 and 3, or between layers 3 and 1, causing them to separate from each other, the amount of thermal expansion of layer 3 being relatively large preferably.
  • the adhesion between the layers 2 and 3, or between the layers 3 and 1 is reduced causing the separation.
  • the supporting base may be reused repeatedly or abandoned after one use.
  • a supporting base lower in cost than a film can be utilized, such as paper or film easy to discolor or decompose.
  • the foregoing film would be laminated.
  • a conventional laminate film comprises 10-20 microns of adhesive layer and at least 25 microns (which is the thinnest film known to be available) while in the instant invention, a laminated film of 5-30 microns is sufiicient.
  • the film support used in a conventional laminate film comprises a polymer which has relatively high mechanical strength, while according to our invention the resin layer may have a relatively low molecular weight, thus low internal cohesive energy.
  • EXAMPLE 1 One side of a polyethylene terephthalate film microns in thickness) was coated with a xylene solution of polystyrene (degree of polymerization-about 2500 and 2% by weight in concentration) in such a manner that the dry coverage would be 1.0 g./m.
  • the film was then overcoated with a 10% by weight solution of methanol-ethyl acetate mixed with polyvinyl acetate (1:1 by weight, the polymerization degree of the polyvinyl acetate being about 200) in such a manner that the dry coverage would be 10 microns.
  • the fixing film thus obtained was combined with a photoconductive sensitive layer composed of a silicon resin (resin is methyl phenyl polysiloxane, the molecular weight of which is about 1000) and zinc oxide, which were coated on a paper base.
  • the ratio of the zinc oxide to the silicone resin was parts to 25 parts by weight, respectively.
  • a toner image was formed on the photosensitive paper by development with a magnetic brush.
  • This photosensitive paper and the fixing film were contacted together so that the photosensitive surface and the polyvinyl acetate adhesion layer thereof contacted each other, and were run through heated rolls as shown in FIG. 2, where the roll temperature was C. When heated, the polyvinyl acetate film separated from the polystyrene layir, providing a glossy print. The print surface was not she y.
  • EXAMPLE 2 A biaxially stretched polypropylene film (30 microns in thickness) was coated with polybutyl methacrylate (20 microns in thickness having a polymerization degree of about 170) without pretreatments such as corona-treatment or the like.
  • the fixing film thus obtained was combined with a photosensitive paper having a zinc oxide photosensitive layer with styrenated alkyd resin (Styresol 4250 made by Japan Reichhold Chemical) as the binder, the ratio of the zinc oxide to the binder being the same as in Example 1.
  • the toner image was formed using a liquid developer with an isoparafiin type solvent (Isoper H made by Esso Standard Oil Co.) as the carrier. While a thin layer of developer was still wetting the photosensitive layer uniformly, the film was put thereupon and the toner image was transferred to the adhesion layer at an adhesion temperature of 70 C. in the same manner as in Example 1. A glossy print as obtained in Example 1 resulted.
  • EXAMPLE 3 A polyethylene terephthalate film (80 microns in thickness) was provided directly with a coating composed of a copolymer of styrene, ethylhexyl methacrylate and hydroxyl ethylacrylate (copolymerization ratio: 30, 60 and The coating was done with a 10% solution of butyl acetate to a thickness of 20 microns. The toner image could be transferred to the photosensitive layers used in both the embodiment l and embodiment 2 under heat.
  • EXAMPLE 4 An organic photoconductive film was obtained by adding Methylene Blue (1 part by weight) and tetracyanoquinodimethane (1 part by weight) as sensitizers and diphenyl chloride parts by weight) as a plasticizer to a copolymer of n-vinyl carbazol and ethyl acrylate (100 parts by weight). This composition was coated onto a polyethylene terephthalate film with an evaporated film of cuprous iodide.
  • a silicon mold release paper coated with a copolymer of methyl methacrylate and ethyl acrylate (the ratio of the methyl methacrylate to the ethyl acrylate being 50/50 by weight) was utilized.
  • the photoconductor film and fixing film were contacted between heated rolls as shown in FIG. 2 and heated to 120 C. for transfer, resulting in a print as satisfactory as the one obtained in Example 1.
  • a force of g./inch was necessary to peel the strip off the film.
  • embodiment A which is directed to a process of forming a thermoplastic resin layer on a surface bearing a toner image which comprises bringing under heating the surface into contact with the thermoplastic resin layer applied on a (temporary) support, said thermoplastic resin layer being more adherent to said surface bearing toner image than to said support under heating, and releasing the support from the thermoplastic resin layer to leave the thermoplastic resin layer on the surface; and embodiment B which is directed to a process of embodiment A expecting that the surface is brought into contact with the thermoplastic resin layer in the presence of a solvent or a swelling agent for the thermoplastic resin and that the thermoplastic resin layer is more adherent to the surface in the presence of the solvent or the swelling agent.
  • the second order transition point of the thermoplastic resin is typically lower than that of the support and heating occurs at a temperature near the range of the second order transition point of the thermoplastic resin.
  • the solubility (or swelling amount) of the resin to the solvent may be larger than that of the support or the support is substantially insoluble in the solvent or is substantially not swellable by the swelling agent.
  • the support may have a second order transition point about 40 C. and not show adherent and flowing properties below 150 C. Examples are polyethylene terephthalate, nylon, etc.
  • the support may not be soluble or not strongly swellable to a non-polar solvent such as straight chain or branched chain hydrocarbons.
  • a non-polar solvent such as straight chain or branched chain hydrocarbons.
  • the support has relatively low transition point, an illustrative material being polyethylene.
  • the resin may have a low transition point relative to the base (usually, below room temperature) and it becomes strongly adherent when heated at about C.
  • a process for fixing electrophotographic image characterized by fixing a toner image in such a manner that a fixing sheet composed of a supporting base and a clear adhesion resin layer is placed upon the material bearing the toner image so that the adhesion layer and the surface bearing the toner image may contact each other and the adhesion layer is separated from the supporting base under heat and/or pressure and/or solvating action and thus is transferred to uniformly cover the surface bearing the toner image, the clear adhesion layer being retained thereon to thereby fix the toner image to said material.
  • a process as in claim 1 where said layer to be released comprises two layers, the inner layer (which becomes part of the surface layer in the final print) having a higher second order transition point than that of the outer layer.
  • a process as in claim 1 including an inner layer present between said supporting base and said resin layer.
  • thermoplastic resin layer on a surface bearing a toner image which comprises bringing said surface in contact with a thermoplastic resin layer applied on a support, said thermoplastic resin layer being more adherent to said surface bearing the toner image than to said support under heating, and heating said toner bearing surface, said support and said resin layer while the toner bearing surface and the resin layer are in contact and releasing said support from said thermoplastic resin layer to leave said thermoplastic resin layer on said surface.
  • thermoplastic resin is lower than that of the support and heating at a temperature near the range of the second order transition point of the thermoplastic resin.
  • thermoplastic resin layer on a surface bearing a toner image which comprises bringing said surface in contact with a thermoplastic resin layer applied on a support, said thermoplastic resin layer being more adherent to said surface bearing 20 releasing said support from said thermoplastic resin layer to leave said thermoplastic resin layer on said surface.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fixing For Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
US00213532A 1970-12-29 1971-12-29 Process for fixing electrophotographic images Expired - Lifetime US3813267A (en)

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JP (1) JPS4926904B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AU (1) AU3744271A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE777312A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA952970A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2165112C3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2120855A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1355829A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT945655B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL7118030A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4025338A (en) * 1974-08-30 1977-05-24 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Method for machining metal work
US4273603A (en) * 1977-10-21 1981-06-16 La Societe Pyral Process for transfer of a magnetic layer from a temporary to a permanent support
US4780742A (en) * 1984-07-30 1988-10-25 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image quality improving process and apparatus and sheet usable therewith
US5126797A (en) * 1989-11-13 1992-06-30 Eastman Kodak Company Method and apparatus for laminating toner images on receiving sheets
US5210581A (en) * 1989-10-04 1993-05-11 Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Image recording apparatus having image surface laminating capability
US5337132A (en) * 1993-07-21 1994-08-09 Xerox Corporation Apparatus for creating simulated color photographic prints using xerography
US5357326A (en) * 1993-07-21 1994-10-18 Xerox Corporation High quality color highlight prints using B/W xerography
US5392104A (en) * 1993-02-01 1995-02-21 Eastman Kodak Company Method and apparatus for creating colorgraphs having a photographic look and feel from images created electrostatographically
US5702852A (en) * 1995-08-31 1997-12-30 Eastman Kodak Company Multi-color method of toner transfer using non-marking toner and high pigment marking toner
US5737677A (en) * 1995-08-31 1998-04-07 Eastman Kodak Company Apparatus and method of toner transfer using non-marking toner
US5794111A (en) * 1995-12-14 1998-08-11 Eastman Kodak Company Apparatus and method of transfering toner using non-marking toner and marking toner
US5912097A (en) * 1993-07-06 1999-06-15 Eastman Kodak Company Electrostatographic method using an overlay toner
EP1179753A1 (en) * 2000-08-07 2002-02-13 Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Image forming method
EP1371499A3 (en) * 2002-06-11 2005-07-13 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Images printed on porous media and coated with thermal transfer overcoat
WO2008085466A1 (en) 2006-12-28 2008-07-17 Resmed Motor Technologies Inc. Coil winding methods and structures for a slotless stator in a motor
US20120325418A1 (en) * 2011-06-22 2012-12-27 Schoeller Technocell Gmbh & Co. Kg Prepreg

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5831577B2 (ja) * 1974-02-14 1983-07-07 凸版印刷株式会社 磁気定期券の製造方法
US4510225A (en) * 1982-09-24 1985-04-09 Coulter Systems Corporation Electrophotographic method for producing an opaque print
JPH0614672B2 (ja) * 1983-11-22 1994-02-23 株式会社リコー 画像形成装置
US4859550A (en) * 1988-09-02 1989-08-22 Xerox Corporation Smear resistant magnetic image character recognition processes
US5155536A (en) * 1991-10-28 1992-10-13 Eastman Kodak Company Image forming apparatus including toner image fixing device using fusing sheets

Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4025338A (en) * 1974-08-30 1977-05-24 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Method for machining metal work
US4273603A (en) * 1977-10-21 1981-06-16 La Societe Pyral Process for transfer of a magnetic layer from a temporary to a permanent support
US4780742A (en) * 1984-07-30 1988-10-25 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image quality improving process and apparatus and sheet usable therewith
US5210581A (en) * 1989-10-04 1993-05-11 Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Image recording apparatus having image surface laminating capability
US5126797A (en) * 1989-11-13 1992-06-30 Eastman Kodak Company Method and apparatus for laminating toner images on receiving sheets
US5392104A (en) * 1993-02-01 1995-02-21 Eastman Kodak Company Method and apparatus for creating colorgraphs having a photographic look and feel from images created electrostatographically
US5912097A (en) * 1993-07-06 1999-06-15 Eastman Kodak Company Electrostatographic method using an overlay toner
US5337132A (en) * 1993-07-21 1994-08-09 Xerox Corporation Apparatus for creating simulated color photographic prints using xerography
US5357326A (en) * 1993-07-21 1994-10-18 Xerox Corporation High quality color highlight prints using B/W xerography
US5702852A (en) * 1995-08-31 1997-12-30 Eastman Kodak Company Multi-color method of toner transfer using non-marking toner and high pigment marking toner
US5737677A (en) * 1995-08-31 1998-04-07 Eastman Kodak Company Apparatus and method of toner transfer using non-marking toner
US5794111A (en) * 1995-12-14 1998-08-11 Eastman Kodak Company Apparatus and method of transfering toner using non-marking toner and marking toner
EP1179753A1 (en) * 2000-08-07 2002-02-13 Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Image forming method
US20020039641A1 (en) * 2000-08-07 2002-04-04 Masafumi Hayashi Image forming method
US6733611B2 (en) 2000-08-07 2004-05-11 Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Image forming method
US20040154481A1 (en) * 2000-08-07 2004-08-12 Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Image forming method
EP1544683A1 (en) 2000-08-07 2005-06-22 Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Image forming method
EP1371499A3 (en) * 2002-06-11 2005-07-13 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Images printed on porous media and coated with thermal transfer overcoat
WO2008085466A1 (en) 2006-12-28 2008-07-17 Resmed Motor Technologies Inc. Coil winding methods and structures for a slotless stator in a motor
US20100090558A1 (en) * 2006-12-28 2010-04-15 Resmed Motor Technologies Inc. Coil winding methods and structures for a slotless stator in a motor
US8362669B2 (en) 2006-12-28 2013-01-29 Resmed Motor Technologies Inc Coil winding methods and structures for a slotless stator in a motor
US8829756B2 (en) 2006-12-28 2014-09-09 Resmed Motor Technologies Inc Coil winding methods and structures for a slotless stator in a motor
USRE47090E1 (en) 2006-12-28 2018-10-16 Resmed Motor Technologies Inc. Coil winding methods and structures for a slotless stator in a motor
US20120325418A1 (en) * 2011-06-22 2012-12-27 Schoeller Technocell Gmbh & Co. Kg Prepreg
US8916027B2 (en) * 2011-06-22 2014-12-23 Schoeller Technocell Gmbh & Co. Kg Prepreg

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Publication number Publication date
BE777312A (fr) 1972-04-17
IT945655B (it) 1973-05-10
AU3744271A (en) 1973-07-05
NL7118030A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-07-03
JPS4926904B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-07-12
DE2165112B2 (de) 1979-09-20
GB1355829A (en) 1974-06-05
CA952970A (en) 1974-08-13
FR2120855A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-08-18
DE2165112A1 (de) 1972-07-13
DE2165112C3 (de) 1980-06-12

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