US3809155A - Erosion-corrosion resistant aluminum radiator clad tubing - Google Patents

Erosion-corrosion resistant aluminum radiator clad tubing Download PDF

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Publication number
US3809155A
US3809155A US00222795A US22279572A US3809155A US 3809155 A US3809155 A US 3809155A US 00222795 A US00222795 A US 00222795A US 22279572 A US22279572 A US 22279572A US 3809155 A US3809155 A US 3809155A
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Prior art keywords
percent
aluminum
tubing
alloy
core
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00222795A
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English (en)
Inventor
W Anthony
J Popplewell
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Olin Corp
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Olin Corp
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Priority to US00222795A priority Critical patent/US3809155A/en
Priority to US439336A priority patent/US3859059A/en
Priority to US439335A priority patent/US3872921A/en
Priority to AT287874A priority patent/AT350286B/de
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Publication of US3809155A publication Critical patent/US3809155A/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/08—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of metal
    • F28F21/089—Coatings, claddings or bonding layers made from metals or metal alloys
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
    • B32B15/016—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic all layers being formed of aluminium or aluminium alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F19/00—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers
    • F28F19/02—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers by using coatings, e.g. vitreous or enamel coatings
    • F28F19/06—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers by using coatings, e.g. vitreous or enamel coatings of metal
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/08—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of metal
    • F28F21/081—Heat exchange elements made from metals or metal alloys
    • F28F21/084—Heat exchange elements made from metals or metal alloys from aluminium or aluminium alloys
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P11/00—Component parts, details, or accessories not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01P1/00 - F01P9/00
    • F01P11/06—Cleaning; Combating corrosion
    • F01P2011/066—Combating corrosion
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S138/00—Pipes and tubular conduits
    • Y10S138/06—Corrosion
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S138/00—Pipes and tubular conduits
    • Y10S138/11—Shape

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A composite aluminum article having increased resistance to erosion corrosion in aqueous environments comprising an aluminum base alloy cladding consisting essentially of 0.8 to 1.3 percent zinc, 0.7 percent maximum silicon plus iron, 0.10 percent maximum copper, 0.10 percent maximum manganese, 0.10 percent maximum magnesium, balance essentially aluminum, bonded to at least oneside of an aluminum base alloy core consisting essentially of manganese from 1.0 to 1.5 percent, chromium from 0.1 to 0.4 percent,
  • aluminum tubing which is used in heat exchangers such as aluminum radiators shouldhave high resistance to erosion corrosion damage by the aqueous heat exchangefiuid.
  • Aluminum automobile radiators have been extensively tested. Unfortunately, however, materials which are suitable are often subject to erosion corrosion damage and, hence, have a limited life expectancy due to the development of'leaks in service. The leaksmay be developed due to the erosion corrosion channeling excavating the tube wall as the coolant stream passes around blockages in the tubes. Very high stream velocities which would occur in such channels can readily result in erosion corrosion damage unless the material is highly resistant to this type of damage.
  • Composite aluminum articles of the present invention have substantially improved resistance to erosion core consisting essentially of manganese from 1.0 to
  • the present invention also contemplates a composite aluminum tubing and a highstrength heat exchange assembly having improved resistance to erosion corrosion in an aqueous environment.
  • the assembly comprises at least one header connected by at least one tube and a secondary heat exchange surface connected to said tube;
  • the tube is the improved composite aluminum tubing of the present invention.
  • the preferred embodiment includes two parallel headers connected by a plurality of said tubes perpendicular therewith, with corrugated fin stockmaterial being bonded to said tubes.
  • the present invention also contemplates an improved heat transfer system and a process for providing heat transfer with resistance to erosion corrosion in an aqueous environment.
  • the process comprises provid-. ing the metal tubing of the present. invention having entrance and exits ends, affixing said entrance and exit ends to two tube sheets, passing a first aqueous liquid through said tubing and contacting the external surface of the tubing with a second fluid in heat exchange relationship with the first fluid.
  • FIG. I is a perspective ent invention.
  • FIG. II is a front view, with portions cutaway, of an automobile radiator including the tubing of the present invention.
  • the present invention is characterized by surprising resistance to erosion corrosion in an aqueous environment wherein the aluminum alloy cladding is exposed to the aqueous environment. It has also been found that this improved resistance can be accomplished with retention of excellent physical properties.
  • the composite of the present invention has improved resistance to pitting corrosion.
  • the excellent erosion corrosion resistance of the composite of the present invention is highly desirable commercially. This property admirably lends the tubing of the present invention to use in heat exchange assembly such as in an aluminum radiator and the tubing of the present invention would result in a substantially longer useful life.
  • the surprising properties achieved in accordance with the present invention would give the material of the present invention good utility in other applications using high speed fluids.
  • the cladding material of the present invention may also contain impurities such as up to 0.7 percent silicon plus iron, up to 0.1 percent copper, up to 0.1 percent manganese, up to 0.1 percent magnesium, others 0.05 percent each, total 0.15 percent.
  • the core material of the present invention may also contain impurities such as up to 0.6 percent silicon, up to 0.7 percent iron, up to 0.1 percent zinc and others 0.05 percent each, total 0.15 percent.
  • the cladding may be bonded to the outside surface of the core should the aqueous media flow around the tubes rather than through them or the core may advantageously be clad on both sides wherein a first aqueous medium passes through the tubing and a second aqueous medium passes around the tubing.
  • the tubing of the present invention normally, but not necessarily has a wall thickness no larger than 0.10 inch.
  • the tubing has a wall thickness 0.030 inch or smaller and perferably has a wall thickness from 0.010 to 0.020 inch.
  • the tubing of the present invention most advantageously has a wall thickness of 0.1 inch and smaller.
  • the percentage thickness of the cladding of the tubing of the present invention is not critical but generally ranges from 5 to 25 percent of the total composite wall thickness of the composite in order to insure a sufficient thickness of the core material for strength as well as sufficient thickness of the cladding in order to provide for a sufficiently long cladding life in service.
  • the tubing of the present invention may be readily prepared by conventional methods. For example, aluminum ingots may be conventionally prepared and rolled to strip in a conventional manner and then strips of the clad and core material rolled together. The material may then be welded .or extruded into tubing having the desired configuration.
  • the tubing may also be formed by drawing of the core in tubular form over the cladding material in tubular form if desired.
  • fins of an alloy such as the AA 4XXX series or of the core material may be provided on an exposed surface of the core material and bonded thereto by, for
  • brazing filler metalor by providing an additional cladding bonded to the core which is suitble for bonding to the tin material, such as an AA 4XXX series alloy.
  • Radiator tubing is generally seam welded into substantially round tubing and flattened into an oval or fiat cross section.
  • bonding together of the clad and core material may be readily achieved by rolling of the composites together before welding.
  • the smaller dimension is preferably from 0.05 to 0.2 inch.
  • the larger dimension is preferably from 0.3 to 1.2 inch.
  • the tubing of the present invention may be advantageously used having an outside diameter (O.D.) up to several inches and preferably from V4 inch CD. to 2 inches OD.
  • the aluminum radiator may be prepared in a conventional manner utilizing brazing in a continuous aluminum radiator manufacturing line.
  • an aluminum radiator may be prepared from tubing of the present invention having a 17 mil thick wall and fin stock which may be either the same alloy as, the core material or a conventional aluminum alloy of the 4XXX series for example, aluminum alloy 4043, 4343 or 4045.
  • An assembly is prepared having the configuration of the desired aluminum radiator. The fixtured assembly is dip coated with a salt flux and then furnace brazed in a continuous manner ona production line.
  • the radiators pass through an air furnace where the brazing filler metal melts and then solidifies resulting in the formation of a rigid assembly.
  • fluxless brazing procedures may be used.
  • an additional cladding of a brazing alloy such as an AA 4XXX series alloy may be bonded to the exposed surface of the core material for bonding to the fin stock, if desired.
  • the high strength heat exchange assembly may have the configuration shown in FIG. I], which represents an illustrative heat exchanger embodiment.
  • the radiator assembly includes a heat dissipating unit or core 6 having at opposite ends a top tank or inlet header 8 and a bottom tank or outlet header 10, adapted for connection, respectively, with. the discharge and intake conduits or a cylinder block cooling jacket for the flow of cooling aqueous medium from one tank to the other.
  • the core 6 is made up of a number of fluid passageways of water tubes 12 of the present invention.
  • the tubes are spaced apart by fin strips 14.
  • the fins are folded or corrugated between tubes 12 and extend between adjacent walls or adjoining tubes to divide the space into a number of relatively small air cells 16.
  • Percent composition lngots A and B of Example I were scapled to 1.5 inch and then wire brushed and vapor degreased.
  • lngot C was hot rolled at 800 to 0.25 inch gage using a 0.1 inch pass with reheating to 800F with each second pass.
  • the hot rolled material was then cold rolled to 0.050 inch gage.
  • the 0.050 inch gage material of ingot C was then welded to each of the A and B ingot slabs on four sides to form A and B composites respectively leaving 1 inch long openings in the weld across one of the shorter edges so that air could be expelled during further rolling of the composites.
  • the composites were then heated to 800F for 5 minutes and given skin passes of about a 3 percent reduction each with the partially opened edge facing in a direction opposite to the travel of the composites.
  • the composites were then reheated to 800F, hot rolled to 0.25 inch gage, and then cold rolled to 0.050 inch gage.
  • Thecladding thickness of the A and B composites were then measured on mounted and polished sections and found to be 1.5 and 1.6 mils thick respectively.
  • Example 1 The composites of Example 1 were then heated up and cooled down using a pit furnace in such a way to simulate the effect of a brazing step in a continuous aluminum radiator manufacturing line. This was done in order to allow for any possibleinterdiffusion effects which could result in reducing the electrode potential difference between the components of each composite during the aluminum radiator manufacturing.
  • the heat up and cool down cycle is as follows: The composites were heated to 1,150F and cooled to 800F within two minutes at a constant cooling rate and then quenched in water at 160F.
  • Example land 11 The composites of Example land 11 were cut into appropriate size specimens and subjected to impingement by a plurality of jets of an aqueous antifreeze material simulating the effects of long term erosion corrosion in automobile radiators. Uncomposited Alloy A, further rolled to 0.050 inch after processing to 1.5 inch thick ness in Example I, and the composite A were employed as controls.
  • the antifreeze material was a commercial, inhibited aqueous ethylene glycol containing a 45 percent nominal by volume ethylene glycol which wasdirected onto the samples at a temperature of about 200F with the velocity of the jets at about 98 feet per second. The test was carried out for 6 days.
  • the specimens were removed and rinsed in distilled water followed by solvent rinses in methanol and benzene.
  • the samples were then chemically cleaned by immersing them in an aqueous bath of chromic plus phosphoric acids at 80C. They were then rinsed in distilled water, dried and the depths of the resultant impingement craters measured.
  • the depth of attack in the control composite comprising the A plus C material or composite A and the uncomposited alloy A material was found to be about three mils whereas the depth of attack in the composite comprising the B and C material or composite B was found to be about 1.8 mils maximum.
  • the exposed core of the B composite or the B alloy was found to be substantially free of attack attesting to the galvanic protection afforded to the B alloy by the C alloy cladding of the composite whereas the exposed core material of the A composite or the A alloy had numerous small pits indicating that the galvanic protection afforded to the alloy by the C alloy cladding is practically nonexistant.
  • the cladding adjacent to the exposed core of the B composite was found to be substantially consumed therebyindicating cathodic protection was provided to the B alloy core whereas there was substantially less consumption of the cladding in the crater rim of the control A composite.
  • EXAMPLE IV The present example illustrates the potential difference between the alloys of the composite of the present invention.
  • Example III Specimens were cut from the A and B'alloys and from 0.050 inch gage C cladding material of Example I for impingement testing as in Example III. A portion of each specimen was passed through a special composite gasket of silicon rubber in the jet chamber of the jet tester without making electrical contact with the flange or leaking any antifreeze when the gasket was tightened. Special rubber inserts were employed so that the specimens were mounted without incurring any electrical leakage to the stainless-steel jet tester chamber. In this manner it was possible to mount dissimilar specimens in jet testchambers and measure the current flow between them while they were subjected to antifreeze jet impingement at any temperature desired.
  • the current flow was measured by monitoring the potential drop across a 2 ohm resistor which shunted the electrodes externally. The value of the resistor was less than 0.5 percent of the total electrolytic resistance path in the antifreeze between the two test specimens. In this manner the current flow between Alloy C of Example and Alloy A of the present example and Alloy C of Example 1 and Alloy B of the present example was monitored while the antifreeze impinged on the samples at 98 feet per second. The temperature was cycled up and down from 40 to 105C for three successive cycles. The direction of current flow throughout the cycling was such that the alloy C of Example 1 component remained anodic for both couples.
  • a composite metal tubing having improved resistance to erosion corrosion in an aqueous environment comprising an aluminum base alloy cladding consisting of 0.8 to 1.3 percent zinc, 0.7 percent maximum silicon plus iron, 0.10 percent maximumcopper, 0.10 percent maximum manganese, 0.10 percent maximum magneslum, balance essentially aluminum, bonded to at least one side of an aluminum base alloy core consisting of manganese from 1.0 to 1.5 percent, chromium from 0.1 to 0.4 percent, copper from 0.05 to (0.4 percent balance essentially aluminum.
  • a tubing according'to claim 1 having a wall thickness from 0.010 to 0.030 inch.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Prevention Of Electric Corrosion (AREA)
US00222795A 1972-02-02 1972-02-02 Erosion-corrosion resistant aluminum radiator clad tubing Expired - Lifetime US3809155A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US00222795A US3809155A (en) 1972-02-02 1972-02-02 Erosion-corrosion resistant aluminum radiator clad tubing
US439336A US3859059A (en) 1972-02-02 1974-02-04 Erosion-corrosion resistant aluminum radiator clad tubing
US439335A US3872921A (en) 1972-02-02 1974-02-04 Erosion-corrosion resistant aluminum radiator clad tubing
AT287874A AT350286B (de) 1972-02-02 1974-04-05 Gegen erosionskorrosion bestaendiger metallgegenstand

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US00222795A US3809155A (en) 1972-02-02 1972-02-02 Erosion-corrosion resistant aluminum radiator clad tubing
AT287874A AT350286B (de) 1972-02-02 1974-04-05 Gegen erosionskorrosion bestaendiger metallgegenstand

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Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3973918A (en) * 1975-12-05 1976-08-10 The Trane Company Method of making a gas-fired furnace
JPS53133517A (en) * 1977-04-26 1978-11-21 Showa Aluminium Co Ltd Aluminum alloy fin material for galvanic anode
US4305452A (en) * 1979-08-23 1981-12-15 Nippon Petroleum Refining Co., Ltd. Method of pre-heating boiler feed water
US4410036A (en) * 1980-10-01 1983-10-18 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Heat exchanger made of aluminum alloys and tube material for the heat exchanger
US4796695A (en) * 1983-06-30 1989-01-10 Phillips Petroleum Company Tube supports
US4828937A (en) * 1986-01-31 1989-05-09 Showa Aluminum Corporation Process for producing hollow extrudate for use in vacuum
US4982784A (en) * 1988-09-30 1991-01-08 Ford Motor Company Composite heat exchanger tube
US5014774A (en) * 1989-06-02 1991-05-14 General Motors Corporation Biocidal coated air conditioning evaporator
US5105540A (en) * 1988-09-30 1992-04-21 Ford Motor Company Tube method of making a composite heat exchanger tube
US5351750A (en) * 1993-03-24 1994-10-04 Valeo Engine Cooling, Inc. Tubular element for a heat exchanger
US5366004A (en) * 1991-08-30 1994-11-22 General Motors Corporation Biostatic/biocidal coatings for air conditioner cores
US5456006A (en) * 1994-09-02 1995-10-10 Ford Motor Company Method for making a heat exchanger tube
US6039080A (en) * 1995-09-29 2000-03-21 Stork R.M.S. B.V. Machine frame for the meat processing industry and tube profile
US6415854B1 (en) * 1998-09-09 2002-07-09 Outokumpu Oyj Heat exchanger unit and use
US20030094209A1 (en) * 2000-06-14 2003-05-22 Suncall Corporation Two-layer clad pipe and method for making the same
US6667115B2 (en) 2001-01-16 2003-12-23 Pechiney Rolled Products Brazing sheet and method
US20050044856A1 (en) * 2003-08-28 2005-03-03 Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation Turbine component with enhanced stagnation prevention and corner heat distribution
US20070163762A1 (en) * 2004-04-30 2007-07-19 Urs Studer Heat exchanger and installation for extracting heat from waste water
US20110108608A1 (en) * 1999-06-30 2011-05-12 Kaestner Stefan Method for producing an aluminum composite material

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR20010034712A (ko) 1998-03-27 2001-04-25 칼 하인쯔 호르닝어 열교환기 관, 열교환기 관의 제조 방법 및 복수기

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3530932A (en) * 1967-01-23 1970-09-29 Olin Corp High strength heat exchange assembly

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3530932A (en) * 1967-01-23 1970-09-29 Olin Corp High strength heat exchange assembly

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3973918A (en) * 1975-12-05 1976-08-10 The Trane Company Method of making a gas-fired furnace
JPS53133517A (en) * 1977-04-26 1978-11-21 Showa Aluminium Co Ltd Aluminum alloy fin material for galvanic anode
US4305452A (en) * 1979-08-23 1981-12-15 Nippon Petroleum Refining Co., Ltd. Method of pre-heating boiler feed water
US4410036A (en) * 1980-10-01 1983-10-18 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Heat exchanger made of aluminum alloys and tube material for the heat exchanger
US4796695A (en) * 1983-06-30 1989-01-10 Phillips Petroleum Company Tube supports
US4828937A (en) * 1986-01-31 1989-05-09 Showa Aluminum Corporation Process for producing hollow extrudate for use in vacuum
US4982784A (en) * 1988-09-30 1991-01-08 Ford Motor Company Composite heat exchanger tube
US5105540A (en) * 1988-09-30 1992-04-21 Ford Motor Company Tube method of making a composite heat exchanger tube
US5014774A (en) * 1989-06-02 1991-05-14 General Motors Corporation Biocidal coated air conditioning evaporator
US5366004A (en) * 1991-08-30 1994-11-22 General Motors Corporation Biostatic/biocidal coatings for air conditioner cores
US5351750A (en) * 1993-03-24 1994-10-04 Valeo Engine Cooling, Inc. Tubular element for a heat exchanger
US5456006A (en) * 1994-09-02 1995-10-10 Ford Motor Company Method for making a heat exchanger tube
US6039080A (en) * 1995-09-29 2000-03-21 Stork R.M.S. B.V. Machine frame for the meat processing industry and tube profile
US6415854B1 (en) * 1998-09-09 2002-07-09 Outokumpu Oyj Heat exchanger unit and use
US20110108608A1 (en) * 1999-06-30 2011-05-12 Kaestner Stefan Method for producing an aluminum composite material
US20030094209A1 (en) * 2000-06-14 2003-05-22 Suncall Corporation Two-layer clad pipe and method for making the same
US6667115B2 (en) 2001-01-16 2003-12-23 Pechiney Rolled Products Brazing sheet and method
US20060035100A1 (en) * 2001-01-16 2006-02-16 Pechiney Rolled Products Brazing sheet and method
US20050044856A1 (en) * 2003-08-28 2005-03-03 Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation Turbine component with enhanced stagnation prevention and corner heat distribution
US7104068B2 (en) * 2003-08-28 2006-09-12 Siemens Power Generation, Inc. Turbine component with enhanced stagnation prevention and corner heat distribution
US20070163762A1 (en) * 2004-04-30 2007-07-19 Urs Studer Heat exchanger and installation for extracting heat from waste water
US8720533B2 (en) * 2004-04-30 2014-05-13 Lyonnaise Des Eaux Heat exchanger and installation for extracting heat from waste water

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ATA287874A (de) 1978-10-15
AT350286B (de) 1979-05-25

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