US3801839A - Mechanical to electrical transducer device - Google Patents

Mechanical to electrical transducer device Download PDF

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Publication number
US3801839A
US3801839A US00311433A US3801839DA US3801839A US 3801839 A US3801839 A US 3801839A US 00311433 A US00311433 A US 00311433A US 3801839D A US3801839D A US 3801839DA US 3801839 A US3801839 A US 3801839A
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United States
Prior art keywords
mechanical
elastomers
elastomer
transducer device
parts
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US00311433A
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English (en)
Inventor
K Yo
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Rion Co Ltd
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Rion Co Ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
    • G01L1/005—Measuring force or stress, in general by electrical means and not provided for in G01L1/06 - G01L1/22
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B06—GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS IN GENERAL
    • B06B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OF INFRASONIC, SONIC, OR ULTRASONIC FREQUENCY, e.g. FOR PERFORMING MECHANICAL WORK IN GENERAL
    • B06B1/00—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency
    • B06B1/02—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy
    • B06B1/06—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with piezoelectric effect or with electrostriction
    • B06B1/0644—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with piezoelectric effect or with electrostriction using a single piezoelectric element
    • B06B1/0662—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with piezoelectric effect or with electrostriction using a single piezoelectric element with an electrode on the sensitive surface
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
    • H10N30/30—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices with mechanical input and electrical output, e.g. functioning as generators or sensors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
    • H10N30/80—Constructional details
    • H10N30/85—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive active materials
    • H10N30/857—Macromolecular compositions
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R17/00—Piezoelectric transducers; Electrostrictive transducers
    • H04R17/04—Gramophone pick-ups using a stylus; Recorders using a stylus
    • H04R17/08—Gramophone pick-ups using a stylus; Recorders using a stylus signals being recorded or played back by vibration of a stylus in two orthogonal directions simultaneously
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S310/00—Electrical generator or motor structure
    • Y10S310/80—Piezoelectric polymers, e.g. PVDF

Definitions

  • a transducer element is disclosed herein made of, for example, a vulcanized chloroprene eiastomer mixed DEC. 3, Japan channel black to electrostrictive proper ties and biased with a DC voltage to convert a me- 310/8 fiis sl 'g chanical impact or vibration to corresponding electri- [58] Field of Search 310/8, 9.5; 252/629 cal energy 4 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures l 2 7/ ⁇ k ./1 4 A 1 6 ,1 11 K I' ll Q 1 0 I PATENTED 2 I974 FIG.
  • This invention relates to a mechanical-to-electrical transducer device utilizing an electrostrictive material consisting essentially of an elastomer, and more particularly to such a device for converting a mechanical force, for example, a sound or a mechanical vibration to electrical energy and vice versa.
  • the present invention accomplishes these objects by the provision of a mechanical to electrical transducer device including a transducer element for converting mechanical energy to electrical energy, characterized in that the transducer element is formed ofa vulcanized elastomer having mixed therewith a predetermined amount of a filler of electrically conductive material and has a DC biasing voltage applied thereacross.
  • the elastomers may be preferably selected from the group consisting of chloroprene rubbers, nitrile rubbers, isoprene rubbers, chlorosulfonated polyethylene elastomers, and fluoro-elastomers including polar substituents in the side chains thereof.
  • chloroprene rubbers nitrile rubbers, isoprene rubbers, chlorosulfonated polyethylene elastomers, and fluoro-elastomers including polar substituents in the side chains thereof.
  • the electrically conductive material of the filler may be advantageously selected from the group consisting of carbon black and graphite.
  • FIG. I is a sectional view of a mechanical-toelectrical transducer device with an electric circuit embodying the principles of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a view similar to FIG. 1 but illustrating a modificationof the invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating one application of the invention.
  • the filler formed of a suitable electrically conductive material such as carbon black much enhances the electrostrictive properties of the vulcanized elastomers.
  • a suitable electrically conductive material such as carbon black
  • the elastomers thus processed can have electrostrictive constants amounting to a value to 10' c.g.s. in e.s.u.
  • the vulcanized elastomers When put in a DC electric field having, for example, a strength of 300 volts per each centimeter of the thickness of the material, the vulcanized elastomers exhibit piezoelectric properties.
  • their piezoelectric constants d have been measured to be in the order of 10 c.g.s. in e.s.u. This figure is substantially identical to the value of the piezoelectric constant of lead zirconate porcelains.
  • a 14" constant (41rd /e representing a voltage sensitivity is in the order of 0.5 volt per gramscentimeter. That is, a force of one dyne per square centimeter is'converted to an electric output of 0.5 X 10*" volt.
  • microphones formed of the elastomers materials as above described to receive directly a sound pressure has a sensitivity of 66 dB. sufficient for practical purposes.
  • the present invention is effective for imparting high electrostrictive and piezoelectric properties to some elastomers not including polar substituents in the side chains thereof as will be described hereinafter.
  • the vulcanized elastomer had a dielectric constant and an electrostrictive constant measured at 90 and 10' c.g.s. in e.s.u. respectively.
  • the same starting materials were used in the same amounts as above described except for channel black being omitted and the process as above described was repeated.
  • the resulting dielectric constant and electrostrictive constant had measured values of 11 and 10" c.g.s. in e.s.u. respectively.
  • EXAMPLE I1 100 parts of a nitrile rubber including 30 percent of nitrile and commercially available under l-lycar DN 302 (trade mark), 5 parts of zinc oxide(ZnO), 1 part of stearic acid, 1.5 parts of dibenzothiazol disulfide, and 40 parts of furnace black were intimately mixed with one another and vulcanized at 150C for 20 minutes.
  • the results of various measurements indicated a dielectric constant of 52 and an electrostrictive constant of c.g.s. in e.s.u. With furnace black omitted, the process as above described was repeated to yield a dielectric constant of 8 and a electrostrictive constant of 10 c.g.s. in e.s.u.
  • Nitrile rubbers are inherently inferior in electrostriction to chloroprene rubbers but the substitution of furnace black for channel black improves the electrostriction. For example, the same results as above described were given with 20 parts by weight of channel black.
  • EXAMPLE 111 100 parts of an isoprene elastomer, 5 parts of zinc oxide(ZnO), 3 parts of stearic acid, 2.5 parts of sulfur, l
  • Example I As in Example I, the same materials were used in the same amount as described above with the channel black omitted and the above process was repeated. The results of measurements indicated that the dielectric constant and electrostrictive constant had respective values of 2.8 and 2.6 X 10' c.g.s. in e.s.u.
  • EXAMPLE IV The process as above described was repeated with the same materials but the channel black omitted to provide a dielectric constant of 9.5 and an electrostrictive modulus of 5 X 10' c.g.s. in e.s.u.
  • EXAMPLE V 100 parts of a chlorosulfonated polyethylene elastomer; 10 parts of magnesia(MgO), 2 parts of dipentamethylenethiuram tetrasulfide, 10 parts of dioctyl phthalate and 15 parts of channel black were formed into an intimate mixture. Then the mixture was vulcanized at 150C for 30 minutes.
  • the product could be continuously used at C and exhibited a chemical resistance.
  • EXAMPLE VI 100 parts of a butadiene rubber of high transtype (which does not include polar substituents in the side chains thereof), 5 parts of zinc oxide(ZnO), 2 parts of stearic acid, 3 parts of tetra-methylthiuram disulfide and 20 parts of channel black was used. The vulcanization was effected at C for 15 minutes. The dielectric constant and electrostrictive constant had measured values of 54 and 5 X 10 c.g.s. in e.s.u. respectively.
  • a dielectric constant and an electrostrictive constant were measured at 14 and 1.2 X 10 c.g.s. in e.s.u. respectively.
  • the dielectric constant and electrostrictive constant were measured in an electric field having a strength of 300 volts per centimeter.
  • Examples of elastomers for use in practicing the present invention involve chloroprene rubbers, nitrile rubbers, isoprene rubbers, fluoro-elastomers, chlorosulfonated polyethylene elastomers, butadiene rubbers.
  • Preferable examples of those elastomers may be chloroprene rubbers and nitrile rubbers high in content of nitrile.
  • fluoro-elastomers a copolymer of propylene hexafluoride and vinylidene fluioride is ad vantageously used and the butadien rubbers are preferably of high trans-type.
  • the amount of carbon black added depends upon both the type thereof and the type of the elastomer. It has been found that the maximum amount of the carbon black should not exceed a magnitude above which the associated elastomer after having been vulcanized become conductive, that is, has a resistivity of 10 megohms-centimeter or less. In other words, the carbon black can be added to the associated elastomer in an amount of ranging from 5 to 40 part relative to, 100 parts of the weight of the elastomer. As above described in conjunction with Example ll, channel black is superior to furnace black. That is, channel black may be used in amounts less than that of furnace black and still give similar results.
  • the DC voltage applied across the electrostrictive element has preferably a value sufficient to establish an electric field whose strength ranges from 10 to 10 X 10 volts per centimeter of the thickness of the element.
  • FIG. 1 of the drawing there is illustrated a mechanical-to-electrical transducer device constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention whereby an impulsive motion, for example, an impact or a mechanical strain is converted to corresponding electrical energy.
  • the arrangement illustrated comprises a disc-shaped transducer element 10 formed of an electrostrictive elastomer such as above described in conjunction with the Examples of the present invention, a hot electrode 14 of any suitable metallic material such as brass coextensive with and disposed on one of the opposite faces of the disc, and an electrically insulating block 14 encircling in contact relationship both the lateral surface of the interconnected element and electrode and 12, respectively and the exposed surface of the electrode 12 to leave only the central exposed portion of the electrode surface with an output electrode 16 disposed on that exposed surface portion.
  • a disc-shaped transducer element 10 formed of an electrostrictive elastomer such as above described in conjunction with the Examples of the present invention
  • a hot electrode 14 of any suitable metallic material such as brass coextensive with and disposed
  • the assembly thusproduced has the entire surface covered with a metallic shield 18 except for the exposed surface portion and a damper element 20 is formed, for example, of a foamed urethane attached to the other face of the transducer element 10 through the metallic shield 18. Then the output electrode 16 and the metallic shield 18 are connected to a pair of output terminals 22.
  • a source 24 of DC voltage is connected across the output electrode 16 and the metallic shield 20 through a resistor 26.
  • the transducer element 10 formed into a thickness of 2 millimeters of the electrostrictive elastomer of Example V and having a bias voltage of 18 volts applied thereacross, the transducer device as shown in FIG. 1 could generate an output of 50 millivolts in response to an iron ball(not shown) with a weight of 12 grams falling upon the damper element 20 thereof.
  • the present invention provides a durable impact meter having a high sensitivity. This is because the elastomer involved is soft enough to decrease its mechanical impedance to an extremely small value and still the elastomer itself serving as a sensor element which is very tough to motions of mechanical systems, for example, impacts.
  • FIG. 2 shows a modification of the present invention applied to a vibration pick-up device.
  • a twopart housing has a disc-shaped transducer element 32 formed of an electrostrictive material prepared in accordance with the present invention and suitably fixed on one of two opposite faces thereof to the inner surface of the wall of the housing 30 through a thin metallic electrode 34 and a weight 36 coextensive with and disposed on the other face of the element 32 through another thin metallic electrode 38. Then both electrodes 34 and 38 are connected to a pair of output terminals 40 through leads and across a bias source 42 of DC voltage.
  • any vibration is applied to the device in direction of the arrow B shown in FIG. 2. This results in the generation of a corresponding AC output across the output terminals 40.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a transducer device 44 suc as shown in FIG. 1 connected through any suitableA/ti xiliary device 46 to both an display device 48 and a recorder 50.
  • the auxiliary device 46 may be arfamplifier for suitably amplifying the output from the transducer device 44 or a translator for changing the output from the transducer device 44 to another electric quantity through electrical computations. Then the output from the device 44 is displayed on the display device 48 and recorded by the recorder device 50.
  • the present invention is very superior in utility to the prior art type of piezo-electric single crystals and porcelains because the-elastomer involved is extremely small in mechanical impedance and formed in any desired shape and size. Further the invention can readily and economically provide mechanical-to-electrical transducer devices having any desired performance by properly combining various types of elastomers with one another.
  • a mechanical-to-electrical transducer device comprising a transducer element for converting mechanical energy to electrical energy, formed of a vulcanized elastomer having mixed therewith 5 to 40 parts, based on the weight of the elastomer, of an electrically conductive material selected from the group consisting of channel black and furnace black and means for applying a DC biasing voltage across said transducer element.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Transmission And Conversion Of Sensor Element Output (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Mechanical Vibrations Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
  • Piezo-Electric Transducers For Audible Bands (AREA)
  • Vibration Prevention Devices (AREA)
US00311433A 1971-12-03 1972-12-01 Mechanical to electrical transducer device Expired - Lifetime US3801839A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP9818871A JPS5318893B2 (de) 1971-12-03 1971-12-03

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US3801839A true US3801839A (en) 1974-04-02

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US00311433A Expired - Lifetime US3801839A (en) 1971-12-03 1972-12-01 Mechanical to electrical transducer device

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US (1) US3801839A (de)
JP (1) JPS5318893B2 (de)
DE (1) DE2259368C3 (de)
FR (1) FR2164282A5 (de)
GB (1) GB1418673A (de)

Cited By (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4128489A (en) * 1975-12-29 1978-12-05 Mitsubishi Petrochemical Company Limited Piezo-electric material
EP0025215A2 (de) * 1979-09-11 1981-03-18 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Kontaktierung für einen Ultraschall-Wandler
US4296349A (en) * 1979-02-13 1981-10-20 Toray Industries, Inc. Ultrasonic transducer
US4378721A (en) * 1978-07-20 1983-04-05 Kabushiki Kaisha Kawai Seisakusho Pickup apparatus for an electric string type instrument
US4387318A (en) * 1981-06-04 1983-06-07 Piezo Electric Products, Inc. Piezoelectric fluid-electric generator
US4547870A (en) * 1983-01-28 1985-10-15 Thomson-Csf Velocity hydrophone
EP0186176A2 (de) * 1984-12-28 1986-07-02 Foton Production Automation GmbH Präzisionsmaschinenbau Maschine zum Befestigen der Verbindungsdrähte an den Anschlussstellen eines Halbleiterbauelements und des das Halbleiterbauelement aufnehmenden Gehäuses
US4642202A (en) * 1982-07-29 1987-02-10 Phillips Petroleum Company Conductive (hard) rubber compositions
US4723087A (en) * 1985-09-09 1988-02-02 Raychem Ltd. Piezoelectric impact sensor
US4733766A (en) * 1984-12-05 1988-03-29 Mars, Inc. Coin checking apparatus
DE3707988A1 (de) * 1987-03-12 1988-09-22 Ferenc Farago Angelgeraet
EP0340624A2 (de) * 1988-05-05 1989-11-08 Höntzsch Gmbh Elektroakustischer Wandler
WO1992010916A1 (en) * 1990-12-14 1992-06-25 Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey Novel electrostrictive driving device, process for sonic wave projection and polymer materials for use therein
US5835453A (en) * 1993-07-20 1998-11-10 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Electrostrictive acoustic projector and polymers used therein
US6201336B1 (en) * 1998-06-12 2001-03-13 Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. DC bias scheme for field induced piezoelectric power generators
WO2001058973A2 (en) * 2000-02-09 2001-08-16 Sri International Energy efficient electroactive polymers and electroactive polymer devices
EP1212800A1 (de) * 1999-07-20 2002-06-12 Sri International Verbesserte elektroaktive polymere
US6515077B1 (en) 1999-10-22 2003-02-04 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Electrostrictive graft elastomers
US20120293047A1 (en) * 2011-05-17 2012-11-22 Georgia Tech Research Corporation Large-scale Fabrication of Vertically Aligned ZnO Nanowire Arrays
US9195058B2 (en) 2011-03-22 2015-11-24 Parker-Hannifin Corporation Electroactive polymer actuator lenticular system
US9231186B2 (en) 2009-04-11 2016-01-05 Parker-Hannifin Corporation Electro-switchable polymer film assembly and use thereof
US9425383B2 (en) 2007-06-29 2016-08-23 Parker-Hannifin Corporation Method of manufacturing electroactive polymer transducers for sensory feedback applications
US9553254B2 (en) 2011-03-01 2017-01-24 Parker-Hannifin Corporation Automated manufacturing processes for producing deformable polymer devices and films
US9590193B2 (en) 2012-10-24 2017-03-07 Parker-Hannifin Corporation Polymer diode
US9761790B2 (en) 2012-06-18 2017-09-12 Parker-Hannifin Corporation Stretch frame for stretching process
US9876160B2 (en) 2012-03-21 2018-01-23 Parker-Hannifin Corporation Roll-to-roll manufacturing processes for producing self-healing electroactive polymer devices
US10991354B2 (en) 2015-05-29 2021-04-27 Consilium Sal Navigation Ab Hull-fitted electronic device for a vessel

Families Citing this family (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS50114281U (de) * 1974-02-28 1975-09-18
CA1007355A (en) * 1974-06-17 1977-03-22 Canadian General Electric Company Limited Ultrasonic transducer mounting and coupling assembly
JPS513379U (de) * 1974-06-25 1976-01-12
JPS5278476U (de) * 1975-12-09 1977-06-11
JPS5278477U (de) * 1975-12-09 1977-06-11
JPS5854681Y2 (ja) * 1977-07-04 1983-12-13 日本特殊陶業株式会社 シ−ト状ピックアップ
JPS5854683Y2 (ja) * 1977-09-19 1983-12-13 日本特殊陶業株式会社 可撓性音響測定子
JPS5920234B2 (ja) * 1979-09-27 1984-05-11 沖電気工業株式会社 超音波送受波器
JPH0697183B2 (ja) * 1986-02-04 1994-11-30 本田技研工業株式会社 振動センサ
CA2901848C (en) 2013-03-15 2018-09-18 Brigham Young University Composite material used as a strain gauge
US10260968B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2019-04-16 Nano Composite Products, Inc. Polymeric foam deformation gauge
US10405779B2 (en) 2015-01-07 2019-09-10 Nano Composite Products, Inc. Shoe-based analysis system

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2231159A (en) * 1936-12-12 1941-02-11 Telefunken Gmbh Piezoelectric device

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2231159A (en) * 1936-12-12 1941-02-11 Telefunken Gmbh Piezoelectric device

Cited By (35)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4128489A (en) * 1975-12-29 1978-12-05 Mitsubishi Petrochemical Company Limited Piezo-electric material
US4378721A (en) * 1978-07-20 1983-04-05 Kabushiki Kaisha Kawai Seisakusho Pickup apparatus for an electric string type instrument
US4296349A (en) * 1979-02-13 1981-10-20 Toray Industries, Inc. Ultrasonic transducer
EP0025215A2 (de) * 1979-09-11 1981-03-18 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Kontaktierung für einen Ultraschall-Wandler
EP0025215A3 (de) * 1979-09-11 1981-07-01 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Kontaktierung für einen Ultraschall-Wandler
US4387318A (en) * 1981-06-04 1983-06-07 Piezo Electric Products, Inc. Piezoelectric fluid-electric generator
US4642202A (en) * 1982-07-29 1987-02-10 Phillips Petroleum Company Conductive (hard) rubber compositions
US4547870A (en) * 1983-01-28 1985-10-15 Thomson-Csf Velocity hydrophone
US4733766A (en) * 1984-12-05 1988-03-29 Mars, Inc. Coin checking apparatus
EP0186176A2 (de) * 1984-12-28 1986-07-02 Foton Production Automation GmbH Präzisionsmaschinenbau Maschine zum Befestigen der Verbindungsdrähte an den Anschlussstellen eines Halbleiterbauelements und des das Halbleiterbauelement aufnehmenden Gehäuses
EP0186176A3 (de) * 1984-12-28 1987-12-09 Foton Production Automation GmbH Präzisionsmaschinenbau Maschine zum Befestigen der Verbindungsdrähte an den Anschlussstellen eines Halbleiterbauelements und des das Halbleiterbauelement aufnehmenden Gehäuses
US4723087A (en) * 1985-09-09 1988-02-02 Raychem Ltd. Piezoelectric impact sensor
DE3707988A1 (de) * 1987-03-12 1988-09-22 Ferenc Farago Angelgeraet
EP0340624A2 (de) * 1988-05-05 1989-11-08 Höntzsch Gmbh Elektroakustischer Wandler
EP0340624A3 (de) * 1988-05-05 1991-10-16 Höntzsch Gmbh Elektroakustischer Wandler
US5229979A (en) * 1990-12-14 1993-07-20 Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey Electrostrictive driving device, process for sonic wave projection and polymer materials for use therein
WO1992010916A1 (en) * 1990-12-14 1992-06-25 Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey Novel electrostrictive driving device, process for sonic wave projection and polymer materials for use therein
US5835453A (en) * 1993-07-20 1998-11-10 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Electrostrictive acoustic projector and polymers used therein
US6201336B1 (en) * 1998-06-12 2001-03-13 Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. DC bias scheme for field induced piezoelectric power generators
EP1212800A4 (de) * 1999-07-20 2004-09-15 Stanford Res Inst Int Verbesserte elektroaktive polymere
EP1212800A1 (de) * 1999-07-20 2002-06-12 Sri International Verbesserte elektroaktive polymere
US6515077B1 (en) 1999-10-22 2003-02-04 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Electrostrictive graft elastomers
US6911764B2 (en) 2000-02-09 2005-06-28 Sri International Energy efficient electroactive polymers and electroactive polymer devices
WO2001058973A3 (en) * 2000-02-09 2002-03-07 Stanford Res Inst Int Energy efficient electroactive polymers and electroactive polymer devices
WO2001058973A2 (en) * 2000-02-09 2001-08-16 Sri International Energy efficient electroactive polymers and electroactive polymer devices
US9425383B2 (en) 2007-06-29 2016-08-23 Parker-Hannifin Corporation Method of manufacturing electroactive polymer transducers for sensory feedback applications
US9231186B2 (en) 2009-04-11 2016-01-05 Parker-Hannifin Corporation Electro-switchable polymer film assembly and use thereof
US9553254B2 (en) 2011-03-01 2017-01-24 Parker-Hannifin Corporation Automated manufacturing processes for producing deformable polymer devices and films
US9195058B2 (en) 2011-03-22 2015-11-24 Parker-Hannifin Corporation Electroactive polymer actuator lenticular system
US20120293047A1 (en) * 2011-05-17 2012-11-22 Georgia Tech Research Corporation Large-scale Fabrication of Vertically Aligned ZnO Nanowire Arrays
US8829767B2 (en) * 2011-05-17 2014-09-09 Georgia Tech Research Corporation Large-scale fabrication of vertically aligned ZnO nanowire arrays
US9876160B2 (en) 2012-03-21 2018-01-23 Parker-Hannifin Corporation Roll-to-roll manufacturing processes for producing self-healing electroactive polymer devices
US9761790B2 (en) 2012-06-18 2017-09-12 Parker-Hannifin Corporation Stretch frame for stretching process
US9590193B2 (en) 2012-10-24 2017-03-07 Parker-Hannifin Corporation Polymer diode
US10991354B2 (en) 2015-05-29 2021-04-27 Consilium Sal Navigation Ab Hull-fitted electronic device for a vessel

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2259368A1 (de) 1973-06-20
FR2164282A5 (de) 1973-07-27
JPS5318893B2 (de) 1978-06-17
DE2259368B2 (de) 1973-11-08
JPS4863770A (de) 1973-09-04
DE2259368C3 (de) 1974-06-12
GB1418673A (en) 1975-12-24

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