US3799883A - Production of high purity fission product molybdenum-99 - Google Patents
Production of high purity fission product molybdenum-99 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3799883A US3799883A US00158396A US15839671A US3799883A US 3799883 A US3799883 A US 3799883A US 00158396 A US00158396 A US 00158396A US 15839671 A US15839671 A US 15839671A US 3799883 A US3799883 A US 3799883A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- molybdenum
- solution
- uranium
- target
- fission product
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-AKLPVKDBSA-N Molybdenum Mo-99 Chemical compound [99Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-AKLPVKDBSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 51
- 229950009740 molybdenum mo-99 Drugs 0.000 title abstract description 51
- 230000004992 fission Effects 0.000 title abstract description 22
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 69
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 65
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 56
- JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium(0) Chemical compound [U] JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 34
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 33
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 abstract description 29
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 25
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 abstract description 21
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 18
- WAKHLWOJMHVUJC-SQFISAMPSA-N (2z)-2-hydroxyimino-1,2-diphenylethanol Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=N/O)/C(O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WAKHLWOJMHVUJC-SQFISAMPSA-N 0.000 abstract description 17
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 17
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 abstract description 16
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 16
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 abstract description 16
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 abstract description 16
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 13
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 48
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 45
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 27
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 27
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 16
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuric acid group Chemical class S(O)(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 12
- 229910001410 inorganic ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 10
- GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium sulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])=O GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 10
- GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-OUBTZVSYSA-N Technetium-99 Chemical compound [99Tc] GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229940056501 technetium 99m Drugs 0.000 description 9
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 8
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium iodide Chemical compound [Na+].[I-] FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- WZECUPJJEIXUKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[U+6] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[U+6] WZECUPJJEIXUKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 235000010265 sodium sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910000439 uranium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002901 radioactive waste Substances 0.000 description 4
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 4
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- -1 aluminum silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000012993 chemical processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- JGJLWPGRMCADHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypobromite Inorganic materials Br[O-] JGJLWPGRMCADHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium iodide Chemical compound [K+].[I-] NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000012286 potassium permanganate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001226 reprecipitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-K ruthenium(iii) chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ru+3] YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- JFALSRSLKYAFGM-OIOBTWANSA-N uranium-235 Chemical compound [235U] JFALSRSLKYAFGM-OIOBTWANSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010963 304 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000589 SAE 304 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003304 ruthenium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000009518 sodium iodide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- WAKHLWOJMHVUJC-FYWRMAATSA-N (2e)-2-hydroxyimino-1,2-diphenylethanol Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=N/O)\C(O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WAKHLWOJMHVUJC-FYWRMAATSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-HVTJNCQCSA-N 10043-66-0 Chemical compound [131I][131I] PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-HVTJNCQCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000003174 Brain Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052778 Plutonium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical group O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical group OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium phosphate Chemical compound O1[Al]2OP1(=O)O2 ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- VBIXEXWLHSRNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium oxalate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O VBIXEXWLHSRNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003637 basic solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- WAKHLWOJMHVUJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoin alpha-oxime Natural products C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=NO)C(O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WAKHLWOJMHVUJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004440 column chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002405 diagnostic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004993 emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001730 gamma-ray spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004694 iodide salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002497 iodine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000155 isotopic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003734 kidney Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000010857 liquid radioactive waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 1
- MEFBJEMVZONFCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdate Chemical class [O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O MEFBJEMVZONFCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009206 nuclear medicine Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N plutonium atom Chemical compound [Pu] OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008213 purified water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005258 radioactive decay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000700 radioactive tracer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003608 radiolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012217 radiopharmaceutical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940121896 radiopharmaceutical Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002799 radiopharmaceutical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- DKNJHLHLMWHWOI-UHFFFAOYSA-L ruthenium(2+);sulfate Chemical compound [Ru+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DKNJHLHLMWHWOI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- GTCKPGDAPXUISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Ru+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O GTCKPGDAPXUISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-NJFSPNSNSA-N ruthenium-103 Chemical compound [103Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011684 sodium molybdate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015393 sodium molybdate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- TVXXNOYZHKPKGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium molybdate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O TVXXNOYZHKPKGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000001685 thyroid gland Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002007 uranyl nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013022 venting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21G—CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS; RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
- G21G1/00—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes
- G21G1/04—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes outside nuclear reactors or particle accelerators
- G21G1/06—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes outside nuclear reactors or particle accelerators by neutron irradiation
- G21G1/08—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes outside nuclear reactors or particle accelerators by neutron irradiation accompanied by nuclear fission
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G39/00—Compounds of molybdenum
- C01G39/003—Preparation involving a liquid-liquid extraction, an adsorption or an ion-exchange
Definitions
- the present invention involves a multistep process for the production of fission product mo- 3 lybdenum-99 of a high degree of purity and having a high specific activity.
- the fission product molybdenum prepared by the process of this invention is ideally suited for the preparation of generators employing alumina substrates. In contrast to known generators which usually take at least 2 hours to prepare, generators can be conveniently prepared in less than minutes. Moreover, when fission product M0 is loaded on alumina at pH 4 to 9 no treatment of the substrate is required, and a high activity Tc generator that possesses a high separation factor can be obtained. By eliminating substrate treatment, the To generators can be produced in much shorter times. Additionally, since fission product molybdenum-99 is employed, the resulting technetium-99m solution obtained from the generator is of a greater concentration than heretofore possible. The highest concentration usually obtained was less than 50 millicuries per milliliter. In contrast, technetium- 99m can be obtained from the generators using fission product molybdenum-99 in concentrations of 1000 or higher, millicuries per milliliters.
- a further advantage characteristic of the process of this invention is that the substrate and/or the entire elution system can be sterilized, i.e., by autoclaving at the normally prescribed temperatures and pressures.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
Priority Applications (9)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US00158396A US3799883A (en) | 1971-06-30 | 1971-06-30 | Production of high purity fission product molybdenum-99 |
CA142,933A CA969373A (en) | 1971-06-30 | 1972-05-25 | Production of high purity fission product molybdenum-99 |
JP47064558A JPS517800B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1971-06-30 | 1972-06-29 | |
NLAANVRAGE7209050,A NL172495C (nl) | 1971-06-30 | 1972-06-29 | Werkwijze ter bereiding van zeer zuiver radioactief molybdeen-99. |
IL39793A IL39793A (en) | 1971-06-30 | 1972-06-29 | Process for the preparation of radioactive molybdenum-99 |
DE2231976A DE2231976C3 (de) | 1971-06-30 | 1972-06-29 | Verfahren zur Herstellung von hochreinem, radioaktivem Molybdan-99-Spaltprodukt |
BE785637A BE785637A (fr) | 1971-06-30 | 1972-06-29 | Procede de preparation de molybdene-99 radioactif |
GB3050772A GB1389905A (en) | 1971-06-30 | 1972-06-29 | Production of high purity fission product molybdenum-99 |
FR7223546A FR2157781B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1971-06-30 | 1972-06-29 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US00158396A US3799883A (en) | 1971-06-30 | 1971-06-30 | Production of high purity fission product molybdenum-99 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3799883A true US3799883A (en) | 1974-03-26 |
Family
ID=22567913
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US00158396A Expired - Lifetime US3799883A (en) | 1971-06-30 | 1971-06-30 | Production of high purity fission product molybdenum-99 |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3799883A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
JP (1) | JPS517800B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
BE (1) | BE785637A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
CA (1) | CA969373A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
DE (1) | DE2231976C3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
FR (1) | FR2157781B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
GB (1) | GB1389905A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
IL (1) | IL39793A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
NL (1) | NL172495C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
Cited By (40)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4010109A (en) * | 1973-07-02 | 1977-03-01 | Kurt Sauerwein | Device for marking fluent materials |
US4093697A (en) * | 1976-03-16 | 1978-06-06 | Gesellschaft Fur Kernforschung M.B.H. | Process for recovering molybdenum-99 from a matrix containing neutron irradiated fissionable materials and fission products |
US4123497A (en) * | 1975-03-06 | 1978-10-31 | The Radiochemical Centre Limited | Purification of Technetium-99m pertechnetate solutions |
US4199551A (en) * | 1978-01-13 | 1980-04-22 | Amax Inc. | Recovery of molybdenum and uranium from activated charcoal containing molybdenum and residual uranium |
US4701308A (en) * | 1984-12-28 | 1987-10-20 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique | Process for the recovery of molybdenum-99 from an irradiated uranium alloy target |
AU582659B2 (en) * | 1985-06-13 | 1989-04-06 | Comurhex Societe Pour La Conversion De L'uranium En Metal Et Hexafluorure | Process for separation by precipitation of the molybdenum contained in sulphuric or nitric solutions of uranium |
US4839133A (en) * | 1987-10-26 | 1989-06-13 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Energy | Target and method for the production of fission product molybdenum-99 |
US4935373A (en) * | 1979-06-28 | 1990-06-19 | Radiometer A/S | Reference liquid |
US4981658A (en) * | 1986-05-15 | 1991-01-01 | Kernforschungezentrum Karlsruhe Gmbh | Process for the fine purification of fissionable molybdenum |
US5802438A (en) * | 1997-02-19 | 1998-09-01 | Lockheed Martin Idaho Technologies Company | Method for generating a crystalline 99 MoO3 product and the isolation 99m Tc compositions therefrom |
US5802439A (en) * | 1997-02-19 | 1998-09-01 | Lockheed Martin Idaho Technologies Company | Method for the production of 99m Tc compositions from 99 Mo-containing materials |
US20020080907A1 (en) * | 2000-09-28 | 2002-06-27 | Carlo Rubbia | Method and device for heating gas from a thin layer of nuclear fuel, and space engine using such method |
RU2313838C1 (ru) * | 2006-12-29 | 2007-12-27 | Институт ядерных исследований РАН ИЯИ РАН | Способ получения радиоолова в состоянии без носителя и мишень для его осуществления (варианты) |
US20090060812A1 (en) * | 2004-08-02 | 2009-03-05 | Schenter Robert E | Medical radioisotopes and methods for producing the same |
US20090196390A1 (en) * | 2008-02-05 | 2009-08-06 | The Curators Of The University Of Missouri | Radioisotope production and treatment of solution of target material |
US20100066374A1 (en) * | 2006-10-03 | 2010-03-18 | Trygstad W Marcus | Sample analyzer and sampling system |
RU2393564C2 (ru) * | 2008-09-12 | 2010-06-27 | Учреждение Российской Академии Наук Институт Ядерных Исследований Ран (Ияи Ран) | Мишень для получения радионуклидов и способ ее изготовления (варианты) |
US20100169134A1 (en) * | 2008-12-31 | 2010-07-01 | Microsoft Corporation | Fostering enterprise relationships |
WO2011103334A1 (en) * | 2010-02-19 | 2011-08-25 | Babcock & Wilcox | Method and apparatus for the extraction and processing of molybdenum-99 |
US20110250107A1 (en) * | 2010-04-07 | 2011-10-13 | Jennifer Varnedoe | Column geometry to maximize elution efficiencies for molybdenum-99 |
EP2398023A1 (en) | 2010-06-21 | 2011-12-21 | The European Union, represented by the European Commission | Production of molybdenum-99 |
WO2012018752A1 (en) * | 2010-08-04 | 2012-02-09 | Mallinckrodt Llc | Purification process |
DE102011002265A1 (de) * | 2011-04-26 | 2012-10-31 | Technische Universität München | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Ausgangsmaterial für einen Technetium-Generator |
US20130136221A1 (en) * | 2011-11-14 | 2013-05-30 | Japan Atomic Energy Agency | Method of producing radioactive molybdenum |
US8666015B2 (en) | 2001-05-08 | 2014-03-04 | The Curators Of The University Of Missouri | Method and apparatus for generating thermal neutrons using an electron accelerator |
US20140140462A1 (en) * | 2011-07-13 | 2014-05-22 | Luis A.M.M. Barbosa | Process |
US20140153684A1 (en) * | 2012-12-03 | 2014-06-05 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Dry Phase Reactor for Generating Medical Isotopes |
WO2014137439A2 (en) | 2013-02-13 | 2014-09-12 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Nuclear reactor target assemblies, nuclear reactor configurations, and methods for producing isotopes, modifying materials within target material, and/or characterizing meaterial within a target material |
US9691511B1 (en) * | 2009-11-09 | 2017-06-27 | Sandia Corporation | Target-fueled nuclear reactor for medical isotope production |
US9793023B2 (en) | 2013-09-26 | 2017-10-17 | Los Alamos National Security, Llc | Recovery of uranium from an irradiated solid target after removal of molybdenum-99 produced from the irradiated target |
US9842664B2 (en) | 2013-09-26 | 2017-12-12 | Los Alamos National Security, Llc | Recovering and recycling uranium used for production of molybdenum-99 |
CN109285616A (zh) * | 2018-11-16 | 2019-01-29 | 中国原子能科学研究院 | 从235U裂变产物中提取99Mo的装置及利用该装置提取99Mo的方法 |
US10734126B2 (en) * | 2011-04-28 | 2020-08-04 | SHINE Medical Technologies, LLC | Methods of separating medical isotopes from uranium solutions |
US10978214B2 (en) | 2010-01-28 | 2021-04-13 | SHINE Medical Technologies, LLC | Segmented reaction chamber for radioisotope production |
WO2021211870A3 (en) * | 2020-04-16 | 2021-11-18 | Uchicago Argonne, Llc | Technetium-99m generator for enriched molybdenum |
WO2022005882A3 (en) * | 2020-06-30 | 2022-04-07 | Uchicago Argonne, Llc | System and method for producing molybdenum 99 |
EP3985686A1 (en) | 2020-10-14 | 2022-04-20 | Narodowe Centrum Badan Jadrowych | Method of preparation of the uranium target for the production of molybdenum, molybdenum production process and the uranium target for the production of molybdenum |
US11361873B2 (en) | 2012-04-05 | 2022-06-14 | Shine Technologies, Llc | Aqueous assembly and control method |
US11830637B2 (en) * | 2008-05-02 | 2023-11-28 | Shine Technologies, Llc | Device and method for producing medical isotopes |
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Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2610948C3 (de) * | 1976-03-16 | 1980-01-10 | Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe Gmbh, 7500 Karlsruhe | Verfahren zur Gewinnung von Molybdän -99 aus mit Neutronen bestrahlter, spaltbare Stoffe und Spaltprodukte enthaltender Matrix |
JPS5525844U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * | 1978-08-10 | 1980-02-19 | ||
FR2531060B1 (fr) * | 1982-07-28 | 1986-07-04 | Cogema | Procede de recuperation du molybdene sur charbon actif, a partir d'une solution uranifere acide contenant plus de molybdene que d'uranium |
US4659477A (en) * | 1982-08-16 | 1987-04-21 | Pedro B. Macedo | Fixation of anionic materials with a complexing agent |
JPS59114881U (ja) * | 1983-01-24 | 1984-08-03 | 株式会社貝印刃物開発センター | さやの支持構造 |
EP0779628A3 (en) * | 1995-12-11 | 1997-07-09 | Institut National des Radioéléments, Nationaal Instituut voor Radio-elementen | Method of stabilizing an aqueous solution of 99Mo molybdate |
RU2145127C1 (ru) * | 1998-02-26 | 2000-01-27 | Российский научный центр "Курчатовский институт" | Способ получения и выделения осколочного молибдена-99 из жидкой гомогенной фазы, содержащей уран |
RU2489501C1 (ru) * | 2011-12-01 | 2013-08-10 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Прайм-Инвест" | СОСТАВ ЭКСТРАКЦИОННО-ХРОМАТОГРАФИЧЕСКОГО МАТЕРИАЛА ДЛЯ СЕЛЕКТИВНОГО ИЗВЛЕЧЕНИЯ Мo-99 ИЗ ОБЛУЧЕННОГО УРАНОВОГО ТОПЛИВА |
-
1971
- 1971-06-30 US US00158396A patent/US3799883A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1972
- 1972-05-25 CA CA142,933A patent/CA969373A/en not_active Expired
- 1972-06-29 IL IL39793A patent/IL39793A/xx unknown
- 1972-06-29 NL NLAANVRAGE7209050,A patent/NL172495C/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1972-06-29 DE DE2231976A patent/DE2231976C3/de not_active Expired
- 1972-06-29 GB GB3050772A patent/GB1389905A/en not_active Expired
- 1972-06-29 FR FR7223546A patent/FR2157781B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1972-06-29 BE BE785637A patent/BE785637A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1972-06-29 JP JP47064558A patent/JPS517800B1/ja active Pending
Cited By (61)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US4010109A (en) * | 1973-07-02 | 1977-03-01 | Kurt Sauerwein | Device for marking fluent materials |
US4123497A (en) * | 1975-03-06 | 1978-10-31 | The Radiochemical Centre Limited | Purification of Technetium-99m pertechnetate solutions |
US4093697A (en) * | 1976-03-16 | 1978-06-06 | Gesellschaft Fur Kernforschung M.B.H. | Process for recovering molybdenum-99 from a matrix containing neutron irradiated fissionable materials and fission products |
US4199551A (en) * | 1978-01-13 | 1980-04-22 | Amax Inc. | Recovery of molybdenum and uranium from activated charcoal containing molybdenum and residual uranium |
US4935373A (en) * | 1979-06-28 | 1990-06-19 | Radiometer A/S | Reference liquid |
US4701308A (en) * | 1984-12-28 | 1987-10-20 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique | Process for the recovery of molybdenum-99 from an irradiated uranium alloy target |
AU582659B2 (en) * | 1985-06-13 | 1989-04-06 | Comurhex Societe Pour La Conversion De L'uranium En Metal Et Hexafluorure | Process for separation by precipitation of the molybdenum contained in sulphuric or nitric solutions of uranium |
US4981658A (en) * | 1986-05-15 | 1991-01-01 | Kernforschungezentrum Karlsruhe Gmbh | Process for the fine purification of fissionable molybdenum |
US4839133A (en) * | 1987-10-26 | 1989-06-13 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Energy | Target and method for the production of fission product molybdenum-99 |
US5802438A (en) * | 1997-02-19 | 1998-09-01 | Lockheed Martin Idaho Technologies Company | Method for generating a crystalline 99 MoO3 product and the isolation 99m Tc compositions therefrom |
US5802439A (en) * | 1997-02-19 | 1998-09-01 | Lockheed Martin Idaho Technologies Company | Method for the production of 99m Tc compositions from 99 Mo-containing materials |
US20020080907A1 (en) * | 2000-09-28 | 2002-06-27 | Carlo Rubbia | Method and device for heating gas from a thin layer of nuclear fuel, and space engine using such method |
US6876714B2 (en) * | 2000-09-28 | 2005-04-05 | Carlo Rubbia | Device for heating gas from a thin layer of nuclear fuel, and space engine incorporating such device |
US8666015B2 (en) | 2001-05-08 | 2014-03-04 | The Curators Of The University Of Missouri | Method and apparatus for generating thermal neutrons using an electron accelerator |
US8126104B2 (en) * | 2004-08-02 | 2012-02-28 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Medical radioisotopes and methods for producing the same |
US20090060812A1 (en) * | 2004-08-02 | 2009-03-05 | Schenter Robert E | Medical radioisotopes and methods for producing the same |
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US20100066374A1 (en) * | 2006-10-03 | 2010-03-18 | Trygstad W Marcus | Sample analyzer and sampling system |
RU2313838C1 (ru) * | 2006-12-29 | 2007-12-27 | Институт ядерных исследований РАН ИЯИ РАН | Способ получения радиоолова в состоянии без носителя и мишень для его осуществления (варианты) |
EP2250649A4 (en) * | 2008-02-05 | 2011-05-18 | Univ Missouri | PREPARATION OF RADIO ISOTOPES AND TREATMENT OF A TARGET MATERIAL SOLUTION |
AU2009212487B2 (en) * | 2008-02-05 | 2014-03-27 | The Curators Of The University Of Missouri | Radioisotope production and treatment of solution of target material |
US20090196390A1 (en) * | 2008-02-05 | 2009-08-06 | The Curators Of The University Of Missouri | Radioisotope production and treatment of solution of target material |
US8644442B2 (en) | 2008-02-05 | 2014-02-04 | The Curators Of The University Of Missouri | Radioisotope production and treatment of solution of target material |
KR101353730B1 (ko) * | 2008-02-05 | 2014-01-20 | 더 큐레이터스 오브 더 유니버시티 오브 미주리 | 방사성 동위원소 생성 및 표적 물질 용액의 처리 |
WO2009100063A2 (en) | 2008-02-05 | 2009-08-13 | The Curators Of The University Of Missouri | Radioisotope production and treatment of solution of target material |
US11830637B2 (en) * | 2008-05-02 | 2023-11-28 | Shine Technologies, Llc | Device and method for producing medical isotopes |
RU2393564C2 (ru) * | 2008-09-12 | 2010-06-27 | Учреждение Российской Академии Наук Институт Ядерных Исследований Ран (Ияи Ран) | Мишень для получения радионуклидов и способ ее изготовления (варианты) |
US20100169134A1 (en) * | 2008-12-31 | 2010-07-01 | Microsoft Corporation | Fostering enterprise relationships |
US9691511B1 (en) * | 2009-11-09 | 2017-06-27 | Sandia Corporation | Target-fueled nuclear reactor for medical isotope production |
US10978214B2 (en) | 2010-01-28 | 2021-04-13 | SHINE Medical Technologies, LLC | Segmented reaction chamber for radioisotope production |
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US8449850B2 (en) | 2010-02-19 | 2013-05-28 | Babcock & Wilcox Technical Services Group, Inc. | Method and apparatus for the extraction and processing of molybdenum-99 |
US20110206579A1 (en) * | 2010-02-19 | 2011-08-25 | Glenn Daniel E | Method and apparatus for the extraction and processing of molybdenum-99 |
WO2011103334A1 (en) * | 2010-02-19 | 2011-08-25 | Babcock & Wilcox | Method and apparatus for the extraction and processing of molybdenum-99 |
RU2548033C2 (ru) * | 2010-02-19 | 2015-04-10 | БЭБКОК ЭНД ВИЛКОКС Текникал Сервисез Груп, Инк. | Способ и устройство для экстракции и обработки молибдена-99 |
US20110250107A1 (en) * | 2010-04-07 | 2011-10-13 | Jennifer Varnedoe | Column geometry to maximize elution efficiencies for molybdenum-99 |
US9240253B2 (en) * | 2010-04-07 | 2016-01-19 | Ge-Hitachi Nuclear Energy Americas Llc | Column geometry to maximize elution efficiencies for molybdenum-99 |
EP2398023A1 (en) | 2010-06-21 | 2011-12-21 | The European Union, represented by the European Commission | Production of molybdenum-99 |
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WO2012018752A1 (en) * | 2010-08-04 | 2012-02-09 | Mallinckrodt Llc | Purification process |
US10767243B2 (en) | 2010-08-04 | 2020-09-08 | Curium Us Llc | Purification process |
US9856543B2 (en) | 2010-08-04 | 2018-01-02 | Mallinckrodt Nuclear Medicine Llc | Purification process |
DE102011002265B4 (de) * | 2011-04-26 | 2012-12-06 | Technische Universität München | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Ausgangsmaterial für einen Technetium-Generator |
DE102011002265A1 (de) * | 2011-04-26 | 2012-10-31 | Technische Universität München | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Ausgangsmaterial für einen Technetium-Generator |
WO2012146586A1 (de) * | 2011-04-26 | 2012-11-01 | Technische Universität München | Verfahren zur herstellung von ausgangsmaterial für einen technetium-generator |
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US20140140462A1 (en) * | 2011-07-13 | 2014-05-22 | Luis A.M.M. Barbosa | Process |
US20130136221A1 (en) * | 2011-11-14 | 2013-05-30 | Japan Atomic Energy Agency | Method of producing radioactive molybdenum |
US11361873B2 (en) | 2012-04-05 | 2022-06-14 | Shine Technologies, Llc | Aqueous assembly and control method |
US20140153684A1 (en) * | 2012-12-03 | 2014-06-05 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Dry Phase Reactor for Generating Medical Isotopes |
US9330800B2 (en) * | 2012-12-03 | 2016-05-03 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Dry phase reactor for generating medical isotopes |
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WO2014137439A2 (en) | 2013-02-13 | 2014-09-12 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Nuclear reactor target assemblies, nuclear reactor configurations, and methods for producing isotopes, modifying materials within target material, and/or characterizing meaterial within a target material |
US9842664B2 (en) | 2013-09-26 | 2017-12-12 | Los Alamos National Security, Llc | Recovering and recycling uranium used for production of molybdenum-99 |
US9793023B2 (en) | 2013-09-26 | 2017-10-17 | Los Alamos National Security, Llc | Recovery of uranium from an irradiated solid target after removal of molybdenum-99 produced from the irradiated target |
CN109285616A (zh) * | 2018-11-16 | 2019-01-29 | 中国原子能科学研究院 | 从235U裂变产物中提取99Mo的装置及利用该装置提取99Mo的方法 |
WO2021211870A3 (en) * | 2020-04-16 | 2021-11-18 | Uchicago Argonne, Llc | Technetium-99m generator for enriched molybdenum |
WO2022005882A3 (en) * | 2020-06-30 | 2022-04-07 | Uchicago Argonne, Llc | System and method for producing molybdenum 99 |
EP3985686A1 (en) | 2020-10-14 | 2022-04-20 | Narodowe Centrum Badan Jadrowych | Method of preparation of the uranium target for the production of molybdenum, molybdenum production process and the uranium target for the production of molybdenum |
WO2022079600A1 (en) | 2020-10-14 | 2022-04-21 | Narodowe Centrum Badan Jadrowych | A method of fabricating a uranium target for producing molybdenum, a process of producing molybdenum, and a uranium target for producing molybdenum |
US12412676B2 (en) | 2022-04-15 | 2025-09-09 | Shine Technologies, Llc | Device and method for producing medical isotopes |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE2231976A1 (de) | 1973-01-11 |
IL39793A0 (en) | 1972-09-28 |
NL7209050A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1973-01-03 |
BE785637A (fr) | 1972-12-29 |
FR2157781A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1973-06-08 |
CA969373A (en) | 1975-06-17 |
NL172495C (nl) | 1983-09-01 |
IL39793A (en) | 1976-01-30 |
NL172495B (nl) | 1983-04-05 |
FR2157781B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1976-10-29 |
JPS517800B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1976-03-11 |
GB1389905A (en) | 1975-04-09 |
DE2231976B2 (de) | 1979-07-19 |
DE2231976C3 (de) | 1980-03-27 |
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