US3791813A - Method for injecting a gaseous reacting agent into a bath of molten metal - Google Patents

Method for injecting a gaseous reacting agent into a bath of molten metal Download PDF

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Publication number
US3791813A
US3791813A US00161040A US3791813DA US3791813A US 3791813 A US3791813 A US 3791813A US 00161040 A US00161040 A US 00161040A US 3791813D A US3791813D A US 3791813DA US 3791813 A US3791813 A US 3791813A
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bath
gas
nozzle
bubbles
molten metal
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US00161040A
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S Ramachandran
B Igwe
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Allegheny Ludlum Corp
Pittsburgh National Bank
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Allegheny Ludlum Industries Inc
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Assigned to ALLEGHENY LUDLUM CORPORATION reassignment ALLEGHENY LUDLUM CORPORATION CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). 8-4-86 Assignors: ALLEGHENY LUDLUM STEEL CORPORATION
Assigned to PITTSBURGH NATIONAL BANK reassignment PITTSBURGH NATIONAL BANK SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ALLEGHENY LUDLUM CORPORATION
Assigned to PITTSBURGH NATIONAL BANK reassignment PITTSBURGH NATIONAL BANK ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. RECORDED ON REEL 4855 FRAME 0400 Assignors: PITTSBURGH NATIONAL BANK
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/28—Manufacture of steel in the converter
    • C21C5/30—Regulating or controlling the blowing
    • C21C5/34—Blowing through the bath
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B9/00—General processes of refining or remelting of metals; Apparatus for electroslag or arc remelting of metals
    • C22B9/05—Refining by treating with gases, e.g. gas flushing also refining by means of a material generating gas in situ

Definitions

  • Desiliconization, degassing and decarburization are some of the processes that employ such a technique.
  • oxygen is injected into the bath through a topsubmerged lance which is progressively consumed by mechanical erosion and the high temperature of the liquid.
  • BOP basic oxygen process
  • the refining oxygen is introduced in the form of a jet issuing from a lance positioned above the surface of the bath.
  • the interaction of a gas jet with the liquid metal results in the oxidation of carbon and other elements capable of chemically reacting with the oxidizing gas.
  • blowing oxygen onto the surface of a molten metal bath results in considerable splashing and slopping of liquid in the vessel and undesirable oxidation of useful alloying elements.
  • the oxygen or other reacting gas should be injected into or onto the molten bath so as to minimize splashing and slopping, while facilitating maximized gas-liquid interfacial area to insure complete reaction of the gas with impurities in the melt.
  • gases such as oxygen must be injected in such a manner to prevent erosion of the refractory vessel walls.
  • a submerged nozzle either one which projects into the side of the vessel or one which extends vertically downwardly and is immersed beneath the upper level of the bath. Furthermore, it is preferable to inject the gas beneath the surface of the melt with the use of a plurality of nozzles.
  • the use of a submerged nozzle, per se, is not new and is shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,855,293 which discloses a gas injection device protruding into the body of the molten metal from either the bottom or side walls of the treating vessel.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 3,128,324 describes a method whereby the gases are injected both through a bottom tuyere and a topsubmerged lance for purposes of metal purification.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 3,227,547 discloses various modifications of an injector device that incorporate a system of vanes which serve to stir the melt during metal degassing and also impart a shearing force on the gas stream as it emerges from small orifices positioned at various levels of the submerged portion of a vertical top-submerged lance. The vanes further serve as collision planes for issuing gas bubbles. To insure good bubble dispersion within the bath, it is necessary to rotate either the lance or the metal container or both relative to each other.
  • a method for injecting a reacting gas into a metallic bath of maximized reaction efficiency by injecting the gas into the metal bath as small bubbles and by distributing the generated gas bubbles throughout a substantial portion of the liquid to mix and stir the bath to effect chemical homogeneity. Furthermore, by controlling the trajectory of the injected bubbles within the bath, the residence time of the bubbles can be increased to promote complete reaction of the gas phase with the environmental liquid while at the same time preventing impingement of the bubbles on the refractory lining of the reacting vessel which might otherwise cause erosion of the lining.
  • a method for injecting a decarburizing or the like gas into a molten metal bath comprising the steps of providing a nozzle having a diameter determined from a known gas flow rate and desired Reynolds number in accordance with the equation:
  • N is the desired Reynolds number
  • W is the gas flow rate
  • t is the gas viscosity
  • d is the nozzle orifice diameter
  • a nozzle with a diameter determined in accordance with the foregoing equation is disposed such'that it projects into and is immersed in the molten metal bath.
  • the pressure of the gas forced through the nozzle is then controlled from a consideration of the desired horizontal and vertical jet penetrations of bubbles from the nozzle in accordance with the empirically derived equations:
  • L, and L are the vertical and horizontal penetrations, respectively, in inches
  • P is the pressure of the gas supplied to the nozzle
  • d is the nozzle diameter as determined above
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a single jet nozzle or orifice inserted through the wall of a vessel containing a metal bath to be purified, and in such a manner that the formed fluid jet emerges within the volume of liquid;
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a molten metal bath into which two or more gas jets are injected through several single-orifice nozzles distributed around the circumference of the reaction vessel whereby each jet covers a restricted portion of the liquid volume;
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a molten metal bath supplied by one or more multiple-orifice side injectors whereby the bubble coverage of the bath is determined by the manner of distribution and the angle of inclination of the respective orifices on the injector frame;
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a molten metal bath supplied with a reaction gas by an orifice located at the end of a vertical gas-supply lance, the axis of the orifice and of the-ensuing jet being inclined at an appropriate angle to the vertical axis of the lance;
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a molten metal bath showing a lance immersed therein which is equipped with a plurality of orifices inclined at suitable angles to the lance axis whereby the jet from each orifice emerges parallel to the axis of the orifice;
  • FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing a lance immersed within a molten metal bath and provided with swirling jets comprising a plurality of orifices each 'of which is characterized by an elbow of given included angle; and
  • FIG. 7 is a 'plot of orifice Reynolds number versus mean bubble diameter for various orifice diameters.
  • a reaction vessel comprising an outer shell 10 of steel or the like having an interior refractory lining 12.
  • the upper end of the reaction vessel 10 is open as at 14 to permit the escape of gases, usually through a hood which covers the opening 14.
  • Contained within the reaction vessel is a molten metal bath 16, such as molten steel to be purified.
  • the refining gas such as oxygen, is injected into the molten metal bath 16 through a side injector comprising a refractory nozzle device 18 projecting through the side of the reaction vessel near the bottom thereof.
  • oxygen is thus forced through the nozzle device 18, it will generate bubble within the molten metal bath, the bubble envelope being indicated generally by the reference numeral 20.
  • the present invention provides a means for insuring the generation of turbulent bubbles of essentially equal diameters to insure complete reaction of the gaseous reacting agent, such as oxygen, withimpurities in. the metal bath -l6. Additionally, the invention provides a means for controlling the bubble penetration within the bath. In this respect, if the penetration is too great such that the bubble envelope intersects the refractory lining 12, the oxygen within the bubbles will oxidize and erode the refractory lining.
  • FIG. 2 another embodiment of the invention is shown wherein elements corresponding to those of FIG. 1 are identified by like reference numerals.
  • a plurality of nozzle devices 22 is circumferentially spaced around the bottom of the reaction vessel to produce a plurality of bubble penetrations.
  • the molten metal within the bath 16 will rise at the center and then circulate downwardly along the walls of the reaction vessel to the bottom (along the direction of arrows 17) where it again rises upwardly at the center, thereby insuring a complete mixing of the molten metal bath and reaction of the gaseous bubbles with impurities in the melt.
  • FIG. 3 another embodiment of the invention is shown wherein the operation is essentially the same as that of FIG. 2 but wherein each nozzle 24 circumferentially spaced around the bottom of the reaction vessel is provided with a plurality of orifices 26. This provides for a further and more complete mixing of the bubbles with the molten metal bath 16.
  • FIGS. l-3 generate liquid circulation patterns, as shown by the arrows 17 in FIG. 2, which follow closely the trajectory of the bubbles within the liquid body upwardly at the center.
  • the flow of liquid is thereafter downward along the vessel walls where the injector or injectors are located. Consequently, provided that jet penetration extends to at least one-half the vessel diameter, a continuous liquid circulation and mixing is observed to occur.
  • side injectors such as those shown in FIGS. l-3 can be used in accordance with the invention, they usually result in a large amount of liquid splashing and slopping out of the vessel at high gas flow rates. Furthermore, when a single injector is used as in FIG.
  • the gas is supplied to the liquid bath 16 through a single orifice 28 at the end ofa vertical lance 30 and inclined at an angle 0 with respect to the vertical axis of the lance.
  • the value of 0 is determined by the size of the bath (in terms of depth and width) which, in turn, determines the vertical and horizontal components of jet penetration.
  • the device illustrated in FIG. 4 effects adequate bubble dispersion, provided the principles of the invention are utilized, as well as a liquid circulation motion that follows closely the bubble trajectory.
  • the effective horizontal jet penetration should equal at least a third of the distance from the orifice to the opposite wall of the vessel, and the effective vertical jet penetration should equal at least a third of the bath depth.
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 comprise variations of multiple-jet top submerged injection lances.
  • a lance 32 is provided with a plurality of circumferentially spaced jets or nozzles 34 at its bottom.
  • the individual jet characteristics are similar to those of FIG. 4; and the angle of orifice inclination, 0, varies from 0l (i.e., vertically upward) depending upon the appropriate value of 0 as determined in a manner hereinafter described.
  • the device of FIG. 6 is a modification of that illustrated in FIG. 5, possessing all the superior splash, bubble dispersion, and liquid circulation characteristics of the latter. It comprises a plurality of jets or nozzles 36 projecting outwardly from the side of a submerged lance 38. Each nozzle 36 has a first downwardlyinclined portion 36A lying in a plane aligned with the axis of the lance 38 and a second portion 363 which extends downwardly and backwardly (i.e., skewed with respect to the axis of the lance). In this manner, gas issuing from the nozzles 36 will produce a rotating, swirling action within the bath which effects excellent mixing and stirring without splashing.
  • Bubble diameter and turbulence is, in turn, a function of orifice diameter and the orifice flow Reynolds number which is defined as:
  • mean bubble diameter is shown in FIG. 7.
  • Laminar flow occurs when the Reynolds number, N is less than 10,000; and turbulence occurs when the Reynolds number exceeds 10,000.
  • the mean bubble diameter is a function of orifice diameter, at least until the Reynolds number reaches 4000.
  • the bubble size is a function only of the physical system and gas flow conditions through it, and independent of the properties of the liquid in which the bubbles are formed.
  • the mean diameter of generated bubbles can be predictably and conveniently controlled by causing gas flow to occur in such a manner that the orifice flow Reynolds number lies in the turbulent zone (i.e., above 10,000), irrespective of orifice size. Under these conditions, the bubbles will be smaller than 0.18 inch in di ameter. That is, bubble diameter d,, for turbulent gas flow is defined as:
  • the correct orifice diameter can be calculated from Equation (1) above using, as a Reynolds number 10,000 or greater. In the case where multiple orifices are employed, the orifice diameter determined in accordance with Equation (1) above will be the diameter of each 'of the individual orifices.
  • Equation (4) For most diatomic gases of metallurgical value, the specific heat ratio equals 1.404; and if a gas temperature of 60F is assumed, the above expression in Equation (4) can be transformed in terms of the gas volume flow rate per minute, Q, and orifice throat diameter d in inches, as:
  • the gas jet velocity at the orifice throat is sonic and the jet exit velocity is at least sonic, depending upon the specific orifice design employed.
  • Straight orifice and convergent nozzles are not capable of providing jet exit velocities in the supersonic range. Therefore, the Reynolds number of gas flow through orifices of these designs is controlled through the gas flow rate and the orifice diameter. It is upon this basis that the orifice diameter can be calculated in accordance with Equation (1) above.
  • convergent-divergent nozzles can generate supersonic jets at pressure ratios less than the critical value given by Equation (3).
  • d is the exit diameter of the nozzle and the other symbols are the same as those defined above.
  • the theoretical velocity attainable at the nozzle exit, with throat velocity being sonic, is given by:
  • V is the sonic velocity at the temperature and pressure of the gas.
  • 0 is the angle of inclination of the nozzle as illustrated in FIG. 4, Y P, is the pressure immediately ahead of the throat of the nozzle, and d is the diameter of the nozzle, or the cumulative diameters of the nozzles in the case of multiple jet nozzle arrangements.
  • the gas mass flow rate it is first necessary to determine the gas mass flow rate, this being dependent upon the volume and metallurgical characteristics of the molten metal bath to be treated. From this information, and a selected Reynolds number, usually 10,000 or greater, the nozzle diameter d, can be selected from Equation (1) above in the case of a straight nozzle or from Equation (6) above in the case ofa divergent nozzle.
  • the desired pressure P, ahead of the throat can be determinedand can be controlled by a pressure regulator ahead of the nozzle or lance submerged in the metal bath. By controlling the pressure, therefore, the desired penetration can be controlled; and since the nozzle diameter has been selected to insure turbulent bubble conditions with the bubble diameter being essentially constant, a refining or other treating process of the metal bath can be controlled to achieve maximum effectiveness.
  • the invention provides a means for supplying a predetermined quantity of gas at a specified flow rate and driving pressure through one or more orifices submerged underneath the surface of a liquid metal bath to be treated, causing the gas phase to emerge into the body of liquid in the form of a high speed jet.
  • the gas phase upon encountering the liquid body, breaks up into small-diameter bubbles which traverse the liquid bath in a controlled and predetermined manner. Chemical or other interactions ,occur during the liquid-gas contact period resulting in purification of the liquid species.
  • a method of decarburizing a bath of molten metal within a vessel having a refractory lining, characterized by maximum reaction efficiency and mixing without splashing comprising the steps of selecting and desired gas mass flow rate determined by the volume and metallurgual characteristies of said molten metal, introducing said gas into said molten metal through an orifice having a diameter determined from said gas mass flow rate and a preselected desired Reynolds number of not less than l0,000 in accordance the equation;
  • N is the desired Reynolds number
  • W is the gas mass ,flow rate, is the gas viscosity, and do is the diameter of each individual orifice
  • d is the cumulative orifice diameter
  • P is the injection pressure

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  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
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Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3920448A (en) * 1972-10-03 1975-11-18 Maximilianshuette Eisenwerk Process and converter for refining liquid metals
US3972709A (en) * 1973-06-04 1976-08-03 Southwire Company Method for dispersing gas into a molten metal
US4062531A (en) * 1976-07-07 1977-12-13 Osaka Iron & Steel Co., Ltd. Ferruginous slag oxidizing apparatus
US4517015A (en) * 1983-02-12 1985-05-14 Daido Tokushuko Kabushiki Kaisha Steel refining method
US4536385A (en) * 1980-05-02 1985-08-20 Goslarer Farbenwerke Dr. Hans Heubach Gmbh & Co. Kg Method and apparatus for the production of industrial lead oxide
FR2578068A1 (fr) * 1985-02-14 1986-08-29 Vasipari Kutato Fejleszto Procede et dispositif de controle d'un processus de transformation heterogene avec diffusion cinetique se deroulant dans un courant de liquide turbulent
EP0186213A3 (en) * 1984-12-28 1987-11-04 Sumitomo Electric Industries Limited Method for synthesizing compound semiconductor polycrystals and apparatus therefor
US5087292A (en) * 1989-04-11 1992-02-11 L'Air Liquide, Societe Anonyme pour l'Etude et l Exploitation des Procedes Georges Claude Process and apparatus for treating a liquid with a gas
US5397377A (en) * 1994-01-03 1995-03-14 Eckert; C. Edward Molten metal fluxing system
US5470201A (en) * 1992-06-12 1995-11-28 Metaullics Systems Co., L.P. Molten metal pump with vaned impeller
US5597289A (en) * 1995-03-07 1997-01-28 Thut; Bruno H. Dynamically balanced pump impeller
US5634770A (en) * 1992-06-12 1997-06-03 Metaullics Systems Co., L.P. Molten metal pump with vaned impeller
WO1998058088A1 (de) * 1997-06-16 1998-12-23 Voest-Alpine Industrieanlagenbau Gmbh Verfahren und metallurgisches gefäss zum einbringen eines wertstoffes in ein schmelzbad
US5858059A (en) * 1997-03-24 1999-01-12 Molten Metal Technology, Inc. Method for injecting feed streams into a molten bath
US6019576A (en) * 1997-09-22 2000-02-01 Thut; Bruno H. Pumps for pumping molten metal with a stirring action
RU2208054C1 (ru) * 2002-04-03 2003-07-10 Техком Импорт Экспорт Гмбх Способ перемешивания стали в ковше
RU2304172C1 (ru) * 2005-12-23 2007-08-10 Открытое акционерное общество "Северский трубный завод" Способ перемешивания стали в ковше
RU2388832C2 (ru) * 2008-06-09 2010-05-10 Открытое акционерное общество "Северский трубный завод" Способ перемешивания стали в ковше
WO2016144557A1 (en) * 2015-03-10 2016-09-15 Honeywell International Inc. Method of purifying and casting materials
WO2018035010A1 (en) * 2016-08-15 2018-02-22 Illinois Tool Works Inc. System for and method of controlling shielding gas flow in a welding device based on the size of the nozzle
RU2653743C1 (ru) * 2017-03-20 2018-05-14 Публичное акционерное общество "Северсталь" (ПАО "Северсталь") Способ перемешивания стали в металлургическом агрегате
US11185919B2 (en) 2018-01-12 2021-11-30 Hammond Group, Inc. Methods and systems for forming mixtures of lead oxide and lead metal particles
US11801482B2 (en) 2021-02-17 2023-10-31 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Mixing fluids in welding-type equipment
US11938574B2 (en) 2021-01-22 2024-03-26 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Gas surge prevention using improved flow regulators in welding-type systems
US12011786B2 (en) 2020-03-11 2024-06-18 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Smart manifolds for welding-type systems

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DE2834737A1 (de) * 1977-08-26 1979-03-08 British Steel Corp Stahlherstellungsverfahren
GR71466B (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) * 1978-03-06 1983-05-30 Alcan Res & Dev
FR2594446A1 (fr) * 1986-02-14 1987-08-21 Siderurgie Fse Inst Rech Lance immergee refroidie d'injection de produit gazeux dans un bain metallique
ES2121542B1 (es) * 1996-09-19 1999-09-16 Lin Yeun Junn "dispositivo para extraer gases e impurezas del aluminio fundido"

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US2871008A (en) * 1950-11-02 1959-01-27 Air Liquide Apparatus for gas flushing of molten metal
US2855293A (en) * 1955-03-21 1958-10-07 Air Liquide Method and apparatus for treating molten metal with oxygen
US3046107A (en) * 1960-11-18 1962-07-24 Union Carbide Corp Decarburization process for highchromium steel
US3330645A (en) * 1962-08-07 1967-07-11 Air Liquide Method and article for the injection of fluids into hot molten metal
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US3573895A (en) * 1967-02-09 1971-04-06 Ostberg Jan Erik Method for improving reactions between two components of a metallurgical melt
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Cited By (36)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3920448A (en) * 1972-10-03 1975-11-18 Maximilianshuette Eisenwerk Process and converter for refining liquid metals
US3972709A (en) * 1973-06-04 1976-08-03 Southwire Company Method for dispersing gas into a molten metal
US4062531A (en) * 1976-07-07 1977-12-13 Osaka Iron & Steel Co., Ltd. Ferruginous slag oxidizing apparatus
US4536385A (en) * 1980-05-02 1985-08-20 Goslarer Farbenwerke Dr. Hans Heubach Gmbh & Co. Kg Method and apparatus for the production of industrial lead oxide
US4517015A (en) * 1983-02-12 1985-05-14 Daido Tokushuko Kabushiki Kaisha Steel refining method
EP0186213A3 (en) * 1984-12-28 1987-11-04 Sumitomo Electric Industries Limited Method for synthesizing compound semiconductor polycrystals and apparatus therefor
US5524571A (en) * 1984-12-28 1996-06-11 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Method for synthesizing compound semiconductor polycrystals and apparatus therefor
FR2578068A1 (fr) * 1985-02-14 1986-08-29 Vasipari Kutato Fejleszto Procede et dispositif de controle d'un processus de transformation heterogene avec diffusion cinetique se deroulant dans un courant de liquide turbulent
US5087292A (en) * 1989-04-11 1992-02-11 L'Air Liquide, Societe Anonyme pour l'Etude et l Exploitation des Procedes Georges Claude Process and apparatus for treating a liquid with a gas
US5634770A (en) * 1992-06-12 1997-06-03 Metaullics Systems Co., L.P. Molten metal pump with vaned impeller
US5470201A (en) * 1992-06-12 1995-11-28 Metaullics Systems Co., L.P. Molten metal pump with vaned impeller
US5586863A (en) * 1992-06-12 1996-12-24 Metaullics Systems Co., L.P. Molten metal pump with vaned impeller
US5397377A (en) * 1994-01-03 1995-03-14 Eckert; C. Edward Molten metal fluxing system
US5597289A (en) * 1995-03-07 1997-01-28 Thut; Bruno H. Dynamically balanced pump impeller
US5858059A (en) * 1997-03-24 1999-01-12 Molten Metal Technology, Inc. Method for injecting feed streams into a molten bath
WO1998058088A1 (de) * 1997-06-16 1998-12-23 Voest-Alpine Industrieanlagenbau Gmbh Verfahren und metallurgisches gefäss zum einbringen eines wertstoffes in ein schmelzbad
US6019576A (en) * 1997-09-22 2000-02-01 Thut; Bruno H. Pumps for pumping molten metal with a stirring action
WO2003083145A1 (en) * 2002-04-03 2003-10-09 Techcom Import-Export Gmbh Method for feeling steel
RU2208054C1 (ru) * 2002-04-03 2003-07-10 Техком Импорт Экспорт Гмбх Способ перемешивания стали в ковше
RU2304172C1 (ru) * 2005-12-23 2007-08-10 Открытое акционерное общество "Северский трубный завод" Способ перемешивания стали в ковше
RU2388832C2 (ru) * 2008-06-09 2010-05-10 Открытое акционерное общество "Северский трубный завод" Способ перемешивания стали в ковше
WO2016144557A1 (en) * 2015-03-10 2016-09-15 Honeywell International Inc. Method of purifying and casting materials
US11724331B2 (en) 2016-08-15 2023-08-15 Illinois Tool Works Inc. System and method for controlling shielding gas flow in a welding device
CN114871536A (zh) * 2016-08-15 2022-08-09 伊利诺斯工具制品有限公司 基于喷嘴的尺寸控制焊接装置中的保护气体流动的系统和方法
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AU466833B2 (en) 1975-11-13
BE786018A (fr) 1973-01-08
DE2232221B2 (de) 1979-12-06
FR2145505A1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) 1973-02-23
AT327971B (de) 1976-02-25
ES404697A1 (es) 1975-06-16
ATA568772A (de) 1975-05-15
AU4370572A (en) 1974-01-03
IT962662B (it) 1973-12-31
CA959273A (en) 1974-12-17
SE419655B (sv) 1981-08-17
JPS5610365B1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) 1981-03-07
FR2145505B1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) 1977-04-01
DE2232221A1 (de) 1973-01-18
GB1403544A (en) 1975-08-28

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