US3779706A - Process for bulk sterilization, minimizing chemical and physical damage - Google Patents

Process for bulk sterilization, minimizing chemical and physical damage Download PDF

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Publication number
US3779706A
US3779706A US00186427A US3779706DA US3779706A US 3779706 A US3779706 A US 3779706A US 00186427 A US00186427 A US 00186427A US 3779706D A US3779706D A US 3779706DA US 3779706 A US3779706 A US 3779706A
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United States
Prior art keywords
sterilization
rads
damage
physical damage
treatment
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US00186427A
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English (en)
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S Nablo
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Energy Sciences Inc
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Energy Sciences Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/02—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using physical phenomena
    • A61L2103/05—

Definitions

  • the invention teaches new methods of sterilizing and preserving substances whereby the destruction or inactivation of harmful or undesirable micro-organisms can be conducted without causing significant damage or other del eterious effects in the host or carrier medium, including bacteria, virus, yeasts, molds, enzymes and a number of other radiation-sensitive chemicals and protein-rich materials, including blood serum.
  • An object of the invention accordingly, is to provide a new and improved process of electron-beam sterilization or irradiation, not subject to the disadvantages, before discussed, but effective without damage to the irradiated substance structure.
  • a further object is to provide a novel electron-beam technique of more general applicability, as well.
  • the invention contemplates a process for bulk sterilization involving selectively destroying viable micro-organisms and the like in a medium, such as cellulose-containing products, blood, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, foodstuffs and other substances, but without effecting substantial chemical and physical damage to the media, that comprises, disposing a medium to-be-sterilized at a predetermined region, generating pulsed substantially monochromatic electron beam energy and directing the same to said region substantially uniformly to irradiate the medium, and adjusting the pulses of energy to produce an irradiation dose of value within the range of from substantially a few tenths to several megarads and with a dose rate greater than substantially l0 rads per second.
  • a medium such as cellulose-containing products, blood, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, foodstuffs and other substances
  • substantial chemical and physical damage to the media that comprises, disposing a medium to-be-sterilized at a predetermined region, generating pulsed substantially monochromatic electron beam energy and directing the same
  • typical dose rates here-employed are of the order of 4 X 10" rads/second.
  • Ultraviolet spectroscopic evaluation of the material was used to determine the degree of damage to the active benzyl ammonium group; and the structures in the 2,000-2,200 A and in the 2,500-2,800 A regions characteristic of the benzylammonium radical demonstrated severe damage under low rate (C0 irradiation and negligible change under the high rate (electron) treatment of the invention.
  • the decreased chemical damage associated with the high rate electron beam treatment of the invention bears out the results of other experiments, moreover, particularly with proteins. It appears that the rapid quenching of the free radicals formed during the radiation pulse or bursts, ameliorates (in fact may eliminate) secondary damage effects in the system; while those primary damage mechanisms which dominate the bactericidal action are unaltered.
  • the extensive lethality studies described with vegetative bacteria, aerobic spore formers, enzymes and virus have confirmed this latter effect; i.e., that the dose required to reduce the micro-organism population by a factor of ten varies little with rate in some cases it has been found to decrease.
  • the radiation sensitivities of bacteria and microflora are known to be very dependent upon environment, notably oxygen availability. It is for this reason that parallel comparative studies were performed.
  • Plasma proteins and their fractions have been used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes for many years. Since they are usually used parenterally, a sterile preparation is required. Conventional methods for protein sterilization are not completely satisfactory due to loss of proteins and their relative ineffectiveness in preventing virus contamination. The application of the present electron sterilization for cold treatment of proteins can eliminate losses currently involved in the filtration techniques commonly used. Results from comparative experiments on human fibrinogen and human plasma showed that significant reduction in the destruction of clottable protein in these blood fractions is attainable by the invention (l0 rads/second), as compared with the rads/second treatment level for Co.
  • the invention has provided a process whereby materials sensitive to heat or hydrolysis can readily be sterilized without physio-chemical damage to the treated compound.
  • a process for bulk sterilization involving selectively destroying viable micro-organisms and the like in a medium but without effecting substantial chemical and physical damage to the medium that comprises, disposing a medium-to-be-sterilized at a predetermined region, said medium being selected of sample thickness of the order of approximately one gram per square centimeter and under, generating pulsed substantially monochromatic electron beams and directing the same to said region substantially uniformly to irradiate the medium, and adjusting the pulses of electron beam energy to produce an irradiation dose of value within the range of from substantially a few tenths to several megarads and with a dose rate greater than substantially l0 rads per second.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Apparatus For Disinfection Or Sterilisation (AREA)
  • Food Preservation Except Freezing, Refrigeration, And Drying (AREA)
  • Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
  • Meat, Egg Or Seafood Products (AREA)
US00186427A 1971-10-04 1971-10-04 Process for bulk sterilization, minimizing chemical and physical damage Expired - Lifetime US3779706A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US18642771A 1971-10-04 1971-10-04

Publications (1)

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US3779706A true US3779706A (en) 1973-12-18

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Family Applications (1)

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US00186427A Expired - Lifetime US3779706A (en) 1971-10-04 1971-10-04 Process for bulk sterilization, minimizing chemical and physical damage

Country Status (9)

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US (1) US3779706A (OSRAM)
JP (1) JPS5235236B2 (OSRAM)
CA (1) CA963984A (OSRAM)
DE (1) DE2249190C3 (OSRAM)
FR (1) FR2155980B1 (OSRAM)
GB (1) GB1361300A (OSRAM)
IT (1) IT986850B (OSRAM)
SE (1) SE385539B (OSRAM)
SU (1) SU603321A3 (OSRAM)

Cited By (48)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3901807A (en) * 1973-06-27 1975-08-26 High Voltage Engineering Corp High energy electron treatment of water
US4246295A (en) * 1978-09-15 1981-01-20 Crihan Ioan G Sterilization and structural reinforcement of art objects made of organic material
US4367412A (en) * 1978-11-03 1983-01-04 Tetra Pak Developpement Sa Process of and apparatus for cold-cathode electron-beam generation for sterilization of surfaces and similar applications
US4439686A (en) * 1980-09-16 1984-03-27 Tetra Pak Developpement Ltd. Electron beam-irradiating apparatus with conical bushing seal-support
US4620908A (en) * 1983-10-03 1986-11-04 Biocell Laboratories, Inc. Method for destroying microbial contamination in protein materials
US5096553A (en) * 1986-09-11 1992-03-17 Ionizing Energy Company Of Canada Limited Treatment of raw animal hides and skins
US5250257A (en) * 1990-06-20 1993-10-05 Adatomed Pharmazeutische Und Medizintechnische Gesellschaft Mbh Process for the sterilization of implants
US5418130A (en) * 1990-04-16 1995-05-23 Cryopharm Corporation Method of inactivation of viral and bacterial blood contaminants
US5489783A (en) * 1993-04-28 1996-02-06 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. Electron accelerator for sterilizing packaging material in an aspetic packaging machine
US5989498A (en) * 1994-03-04 1999-11-23 St. Jude Medical, Inc. Electron-beam sterilization of biological materials
US5998155A (en) * 1995-11-09 1999-12-07 E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. Stable composition of immobilized protein having affinity for biotin
US6187572B1 (en) 1990-04-16 2001-02-13 Baxter International Inc. Method of inactivation of viral and bacterial blood contaminants
US20030031584A1 (en) * 2001-08-10 2003-02-13 Wilson Burgess Methods for sterilizing biological materials using dipeptide stabilizers
US6524528B1 (en) * 1999-03-02 2003-02-25 Suzanne C. Gottuso Method of sterilizing a tattooing solution through irradiation
US6551794B1 (en) * 1995-11-09 2003-04-22 E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. Stable biotinylated biomolecule composition
US20030095890A1 (en) * 2001-09-24 2003-05-22 Shirley Miekka Methods for sterilizing biological materials containing non-aqueous solvents
US20030099743A1 (en) * 2001-10-05 2003-05-29 Brey Richard R. Method of inhibiting sprouting in plant products
US20030161753A1 (en) * 2001-03-23 2003-08-28 Macphee Martin Methods for sterilizing biological materials by multiple rates
US20030162163A1 (en) * 2001-12-21 2003-08-28 Clearant, Inc. Method of sterilizing heart valves
US20030164285A1 (en) * 2002-03-04 2003-09-04 Steris Inc. Mobile radiant energy sterilizer
US20030174810A1 (en) * 2002-03-12 2003-09-18 Steris Inc. Method and apparatus for destroying microbial contamination of mail
US6623706B2 (en) 2000-06-20 2003-09-23 Advanced Electron Beams, Inc. Air sterilizing system
US20030185702A1 (en) * 2002-02-01 2003-10-02 Wilson Burgess Methods for sterilizing tissue
US6635222B2 (en) 1993-07-22 2003-10-21 Clearant, Inc. Method of sterilizing products
US20040013562A1 (en) * 2002-07-18 2004-01-22 Wilson Burgess Methods for sterilizing milk.
US20040033160A1 (en) * 2002-07-18 2004-02-19 Macphee Martin Methods for sterilizing biological materials by irradiation over a temperature gradient
US6696060B2 (en) 2001-06-14 2004-02-24 Clearant, Inc. Methods for sterilizing preparations of monoclonal immunoglobulins
US20040067157A1 (en) * 1993-07-22 2004-04-08 Clearant, Inc. Methods for sterilizing biological materials
US20040086420A1 (en) * 2000-03-23 2004-05-06 Macphee Martin J. Methods for sterilizing serum or plasma
US6749851B2 (en) 2001-08-31 2004-06-15 Clearant, Inc. Methods for sterilizing preparations of digestive enzymes
US6783968B2 (en) 2001-09-24 2004-08-31 Clearant, Inc. Methods for sterilizing preparations of glycosidases
US6946098B2 (en) 2001-08-10 2005-09-20 Clearant, Inc. Methods for sterilizing biological materials
US20060076507A1 (en) * 2000-06-20 2006-04-13 Advanced Electron Beams, Inc. Air Sterilizing system
US7252799B2 (en) 2001-08-31 2007-08-07 Clearant, Inc. Methods for sterilizing preparations containing albumin
US20100112242A1 (en) * 2006-10-26 2010-05-06 Xyleco, Inc. Processing biomass
US20110067830A1 (en) * 2008-04-30 2011-03-24 Xyleco, Inc Functionalizing cellulosic and lignocellulosic materials
US20110124846A1 (en) * 2008-04-30 2011-05-26 Xyleco, Inc Cellulosic and lignocellulosic structural materials and methods and systems for manufacturing such materials
US8198344B2 (en) 2008-06-20 2012-06-12 Adhezion Biomedical, Llc Method of preparing adhesive compositions for medical use: single additive as both the thickening agent and the accelerator
US8293838B2 (en) 2008-06-20 2012-10-23 Adhezion Biomedical, Llc Stable and sterile tissue adhesive composition with a controlled high viscosity
US8609128B2 (en) 2008-10-31 2013-12-17 Adhezion Biomedical, Llc Cyanoacrylate-based liquid microbial sealant drape
US8613952B2 (en) 2007-11-14 2013-12-24 Adhezion Biomedical, Llc Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesives
US8652510B2 (en) 2008-10-31 2014-02-18 Adhezion Biomedical, Llc Sterilized liquid compositions of cyanoacrylate monomer mixtures
US8729121B2 (en) 2007-06-25 2014-05-20 Adhezion Biomedical, Llc Curing accelerator and method of making
US9018254B2 (en) 2007-06-25 2015-04-28 Adhezion Biomedical, Llc Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesives with desirable permeability and tensile strength
US9254133B2 (en) 2008-10-31 2016-02-09 Adhezion Biomedical, Llc Sterilized liquid compositions of cyanoacrylate monomer mixtures
US9309019B2 (en) 2010-05-21 2016-04-12 Adhezion Biomedical, Llc Low dose gamma sterilization of liquid adhesives
US9421297B2 (en) 2014-04-02 2016-08-23 Adhezion Biomedical, Llc Sterilized compositions of cyanoacrylate monomers and naphthoquinone 2,3-oxides
US9439809B2 (en) 2010-03-26 2016-09-13 3M Innovative Properties Company Method of sterilization of wound dressings

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2313599B2 (de) * 1972-07-17 1977-07-14 Imc Chemical Group Inc., Terre Haute, Ind. (V.St.A.) Sterilisierung von bacitracin
DE3500487A1 (de) * 1985-01-09 1986-07-10 Hölter, Heinz, Dipl.-Ing., 4390 Gladbeck Uv-ultraschallbesen zur entkeimung von flaechen und koerpern
DE3529310A1 (de) * 1985-08-16 1987-03-05 Hoelter Heinz Verfahren zur reinigung von be- und entlueftungsschaechten in wohn- und krankenhaeusern, schulen, altenheimen usw.
EP1625859A1 (en) * 2004-08-13 2006-02-15 Access Group ApS A process for the preparation of a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a substance, and a package comprising a sterilised bulk of a penicilin
FR3031903B1 (fr) * 2015-01-28 2017-01-13 Sidel Participations Dispositif et procede de sterilisation de recipients en matiere thermoplastique au moyen d'un faisceau d'electrons pulse
RU2713275C1 (ru) * 2019-08-20 2020-02-04 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Победа-1" (ООО "Победа-1") Способ производства сывороточного изолята для изготовления адаптированных молочных смесей и заменителей грудного молока

Citations (2)

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US2602751A (en) * 1950-08-17 1952-07-08 High Voltage Engineering Corp Method for sterilizing substances or materials such as food and drugs
GB945801A (en) * 1959-05-25 1964-01-08 Merck & Co Inc Sterilization of spores

Family Cites Families (2)

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FR973339A (fr) * 1942-05-07 1951-02-09 Procédés de stérilisation et de stabilisation du sang entier humain et animal et de ses dérivés tels que le plasma sanguin, le sérum, les corpuscules lymphatiques et sanguins
FR973340A (fr) * 1942-05-07 1951-02-09 Procédé de stérilisation de substances et objets non alimentaires

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2602751A (en) * 1950-08-17 1952-07-08 High Voltage Engineering Corp Method for sterilizing substances or materials such as food and drugs
GB945801A (en) * 1959-05-25 1964-01-08 Merck & Co Inc Sterilization of spores

Cited By (100)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3901807A (en) * 1973-06-27 1975-08-26 High Voltage Engineering Corp High energy electron treatment of water
US4246295A (en) * 1978-09-15 1981-01-20 Crihan Ioan G Sterilization and structural reinforcement of art objects made of organic material
US4367412A (en) * 1978-11-03 1983-01-04 Tetra Pak Developpement Sa Process of and apparatus for cold-cathode electron-beam generation for sterilization of surfaces and similar applications
US4439686A (en) * 1980-09-16 1984-03-27 Tetra Pak Developpement Ltd. Electron beam-irradiating apparatus with conical bushing seal-support
US4620908A (en) * 1983-10-03 1986-11-04 Biocell Laboratories, Inc. Method for destroying microbial contamination in protein materials
US5096553A (en) * 1986-09-11 1992-03-17 Ionizing Energy Company Of Canada Limited Treatment of raw animal hides and skins
US6187572B1 (en) 1990-04-16 2001-02-13 Baxter International Inc. Method of inactivation of viral and bacterial blood contaminants
US5418130A (en) * 1990-04-16 1995-05-23 Cryopharm Corporation Method of inactivation of viral and bacterial blood contaminants
US5250257A (en) * 1990-06-20 1993-10-05 Adatomed Pharmazeutische Und Medizintechnische Gesellschaft Mbh Process for the sterilization of implants
US5489783A (en) * 1993-04-28 1996-02-06 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. Electron accelerator for sterilizing packaging material in an aspetic packaging machine
US20040067157A1 (en) * 1993-07-22 2004-04-08 Clearant, Inc. Methods for sterilizing biological materials
US6635222B2 (en) 1993-07-22 2003-10-21 Clearant, Inc. Method of sterilizing products
US20040101436A1 (en) * 1993-07-22 2004-05-27 Clearant, Inc. Methods for sterilizing biological materials
US20080176306A1 (en) * 1993-07-22 2008-07-24 Macphee Martin J Methods for Sterilizing Biological Materials
US6203755B1 (en) * 1994-03-04 2001-03-20 St. Jude Medical, Inc. Electron beam sterilization of biological tissues
US5989498A (en) * 1994-03-04 1999-11-23 St. Jude Medical, Inc. Electron-beam sterilization of biological materials
US6551794B1 (en) * 1995-11-09 2003-04-22 E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. Stable biotinylated biomolecule composition
US5998155A (en) * 1995-11-09 1999-12-07 E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. Stable composition of immobilized protein having affinity for biotin
US6524528B1 (en) * 1999-03-02 2003-02-25 Suzanne C. Gottuso Method of sterilizing a tattooing solution through irradiation
US20040086420A1 (en) * 2000-03-23 2004-05-06 Macphee Martin J. Methods for sterilizing serum or plasma
US6623706B2 (en) 2000-06-20 2003-09-23 Advanced Electron Beams, Inc. Air sterilizing system
US20070145291A1 (en) * 2000-06-20 2007-06-28 Tzvi Avnery Air sterilizing system
US7547892B2 (en) 2000-06-20 2009-06-16 Advanced Electron Beams, Inc. Air sterilizing system
US7189978B2 (en) 2000-06-20 2007-03-13 Advanced Electron Beams, Inc. Air sterilizing system
US20060076507A1 (en) * 2000-06-20 2006-04-13 Advanced Electron Beams, Inc. Air Sterilizing system
US7323137B2 (en) 2000-06-20 2008-01-29 Advanced Electron Beams, Inc. Air sterilizing system
US20040060811A1 (en) * 2000-06-20 2004-04-01 Tzvi Avnery Air sterilizing system
US20040091388A1 (en) * 2001-03-23 2004-05-13 Clearant, Inc. Methods for sterilizing biological materials by multiple rates
US20030161753A1 (en) * 2001-03-23 2003-08-28 Macphee Martin Methods for sterilizing biological materials by multiple rates
US6682695B2 (en) 2001-03-23 2004-01-27 Clearant, Inc. Methods for sterilizing biological materials by multiple rates
US6696060B2 (en) 2001-06-14 2004-02-24 Clearant, Inc. Methods for sterilizing preparations of monoclonal immunoglobulins
US20040249135A1 (en) * 2001-06-14 2004-12-09 Teri Grieb Methods for sterilizing preparations of monoclonal immunoglobulins
US6946098B2 (en) 2001-08-10 2005-09-20 Clearant, Inc. Methods for sterilizing biological materials
US20030031584A1 (en) * 2001-08-10 2003-02-13 Wilson Burgess Methods for sterilizing biological materials using dipeptide stabilizers
US7252799B2 (en) 2001-08-31 2007-08-07 Clearant, Inc. Methods for sterilizing preparations containing albumin
US6749851B2 (en) 2001-08-31 2004-06-15 Clearant, Inc. Methods for sterilizing preparations of digestive enzymes
US20090202039A1 (en) * 2001-09-24 2009-08-13 Shirley Miekka Methods for Sterilizing Biological Materials Containing Non-Aqueous Solvents
US7848487B2 (en) 2001-09-24 2010-12-07 Clearant, Inc. Methods for sterilizing biological materials containing non-aqueous solvents
US6783968B2 (en) 2001-09-24 2004-08-31 Clearant, Inc. Methods for sterilizing preparations of glycosidases
US20030095890A1 (en) * 2001-09-24 2003-05-22 Shirley Miekka Methods for sterilizing biological materials containing non-aqueous solvents
US20030099743A1 (en) * 2001-10-05 2003-05-29 Brey Richard R. Method of inhibiting sprouting in plant products
US20030162163A1 (en) * 2001-12-21 2003-08-28 Clearant, Inc. Method of sterilizing heart valves
US20030185702A1 (en) * 2002-02-01 2003-10-02 Wilson Burgess Methods for sterilizing tissue
US20030164285A1 (en) * 2002-03-04 2003-09-04 Steris Inc. Mobile radiant energy sterilizer
US6822250B2 (en) 2002-03-04 2004-11-23 Steris Inc. Mobile radiant energy sterilizer
WO2003075964A1 (en) * 2002-03-04 2003-09-18 Steris Inc. Portable radiant energy sterilizer
WO2003077957A1 (en) * 2002-03-12 2003-09-25 Steris Inc. Method and apparatus for destroying microbial contamination of mail and paper currency
US20030174810A1 (en) * 2002-03-12 2003-09-18 Steris Inc. Method and apparatus for destroying microbial contamination of mail
WO2004009138A3 (en) * 2002-07-18 2004-03-11 Clearant Inc Methods for sterilizing milk
US20040033160A1 (en) * 2002-07-18 2004-02-19 Macphee Martin Methods for sterilizing biological materials by irradiation over a temperature gradient
US20040013562A1 (en) * 2002-07-18 2004-01-22 Wilson Burgess Methods for sterilizing milk.
US6908591B2 (en) 2002-07-18 2005-06-21 Clearant, Inc. Methods for sterilizing biological materials by irradiation over a temperature gradient
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US8492128B2 (en) 2006-10-26 2013-07-23 Xyleco, Inc. Processing biomass
US8597921B2 (en) * 2006-10-26 2013-12-03 Xyleco, Inc. Processing biomass
US8980947B2 (en) 2007-06-25 2015-03-17 Adhezion Biomedical, Llc Curing accelerator and method of making
US8729121B2 (en) 2007-06-25 2014-05-20 Adhezion Biomedical, Llc Curing accelerator and method of making
US9018254B2 (en) 2007-06-25 2015-04-28 Adhezion Biomedical, Llc Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesives with desirable permeability and tensile strength
US9878041B2 (en) 2007-11-14 2018-01-30 Adhezion Biomedical, Llc Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesives
US8613952B2 (en) 2007-11-14 2013-12-24 Adhezion Biomedical, Llc Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesives
US8052838B2 (en) * 2008-04-30 2011-11-08 Xyleco, Inc. Functionalizing cellulosic and lignocellulosic materials
US9062413B2 (en) 2008-04-30 2015-06-23 Xyleco, Inc. Functionalizing cellulosic and lignocellulosic materials
US8277607B2 (en) * 2008-04-30 2012-10-02 Xyleco, Inc. Cellulosic and lignocellulosic structural materials and methods and systems for manufacturing such materials
US8641864B2 (en) 2008-04-30 2014-02-04 Xyleco, Inc. Funtionalizing cellulosic and lignocellulosic materials
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US8070912B2 (en) * 2008-04-30 2011-12-06 Xyleco, Inc. Cellulosic and lignocellulosic structural materials and methods and systems for manufacturing such materials
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2155980A1 (OSRAM) 1973-05-25
IT986850B (it) 1975-01-30
SE385539B (sv) 1976-07-12
DE2249190C3 (de) 1978-08-31
JPS4848263A (OSRAM) 1973-07-09
DE2249190A1 (de) 1973-04-12
CA963984A (en) 1975-03-04
FR2155980B1 (OSRAM) 1976-08-20
GB1361300A (en) 1974-07-24
JPS5235236B2 (OSRAM) 1977-09-08
DE2249190B2 (de) 1978-01-05
SU603321A3 (ru) 1978-04-15

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