Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
  • C10L1/328—Oil emulsions containing water or any other hydrophilic phase

Definitions

• Emulsified fuel compositions comprising a hydrocarbon fuel as the disperse phase, an emulsifier, water and urea or formamide as an emulsion stabilizer have improved flow and dernulsification characteristics.
• This invention relates to emulsified hydrocarbon fuels. More particularly it relates to emulsified hydrocarbon fuels containing a unique water soluble non-ash forming emulsion stabilizer.
• a hydrocarbon fuel or its vapor can burn in an uncontrolled manner and therefore is extremely dangerous if it escapes, for example, from a leaking fuel tank.
• a tank can be a fuel tank of an aircraft, a car, a truck or a ship.
• a suitable emulsifying agent it is possible to decrease the flow and vaporization rate of a hydrocarbon fuel by emulsifying it with water employing a suitable emulsifying agent.
• Such an emulsion must have good emulsion stability properties and must also be capable of being pumped at low temperatures, for example -29 C.
• an emulsified fuel composition consisting essentially of a hydrocarbon fuel as the disperse phase, an emulsifier, water and urea or formamide as an emulsion stabilizer, has good flow properties and demulsification characteristics.
• the improved properties of the present compositions are attributed in large part to the presence of the Water soluble non-ash forming emulsion stabilizer, i.e., urea or formamide, which unexpectedly have been found to be highly efficacious in imparting stability to the emulsions of the invention.
• formamide is less effective than urea, it is still better than many known stabilizers (see Example 11).
• the stabilizer can be employed in concentrations of from 0.3% to 10% by weight, preferably from 0.3% to by weight, more preferably from 0.3% to 0.7% by weight.
• Hydrocarbon fuels which can be used in the present compositions are those suitable for engines of aircraft (for example, jet or turbojet engines), cars (for example, gasoline engines) or trucks or ships (for example, diesel engines).
• the fuel thus includes diesel, gasoline and kerosene type distillate fuels boiling within the range 20- 400 C.
• the hydrocarbon fuel component of the composition forms more than 75%, preferably more than 90% and more preferable more than 95% of the total composition by weight.
• a preferred maximum concentration of the hydrocarbon is 98.5%.
• the water may conveniently be present in the range 0.75% to 12% by weight of the total composition, but amounts in the range 0.75% to 3% are preferred.
• emulsifiers can be employed in the present compositions.
• An example of a very suitable emulsifier is a condensate of an alkylphenol and an alkyleneoxide.
• the mole ratio of alkyleneoxide to alkylphenol can be 5:1 to 15:1.
• Examples of the alkylphenol are C alkylphenols, especially octylphenol, nonylphenol or dodecylphenol.
• Examples of the alkyleneoxide are ethyleneoxide and propyleneoxide.
• a particularly advantageous emulsifier is a condensate of an octylphenol and ethyleneoxide, for example, one sold under the trade mark Nonidet P or Triton X-l02.
• the emulsifier can be employed in concentrations of 0.3% to 5% by weight, preferably 0.5% to 1.5%, although an upper limit of 10% is practicable.
• the emulsified fuels of the invention can also contain a water soluble non-ash forming freezing point depressant.
• a water soluble non-ash forming freezing point depressant for example, ammonium salts (for example, ammonium nitrate) or polyols (for example, ethylene glycol or glycerol).
• Ammonium nitrate has been found to be particularly advantageous in the present compositions.
• the proportion of depressant may be 0.1% to 10% by weight but preferably is from 0.3% to 0.7%.
• An emulsified fuel comprising both urea and ammonium nitrate in the preferred proportions shows particularly surprising stability.
• Supplementary additives can also be present. Examples of these are anticorrosion additives and antistatic additives. Anticorrosion additives may be required particularly in view of the presence of water in the composition of the invention. Trace quantities of, for example, ethylene diamine, have been found useful in reducing corrosion of iron. Glycerol and ethylene glycol are other examples of anticorrosion agents. Proprietary anticorrosion additives such as Lubrizol 541 (dodecenyl succinic acid) may also be employed in appropriate quantities. The amount of anticorrosion agent will usually be up to 1.0% by Weight.
• EXAMPLE An emulsified hydrocarbon fuel according to the invention (Emulsion I) had the following composition:
• a second emulsified hydrocarbon fuel (Emulsion II) according to the invention had the following composition:
• Table I Properties of the above emulsions are given in Table I, which also contains test results relating to the properties of reference emulsions A, D and E prepared in accordance with the invention, and B, C, F, G and H not in accordance with the invention.
• Emulsion A Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Nonidet P80 1.0 Water 1.3 Urea 0.6
• Emulsion B Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Nonidet P80 1.0 Water 1.0 Ammonium nitrate 1.0
• Emulsion Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Nonidet P80 1.0 Water 1.5 Ammonium chloride 0.5
• Emulsion D Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Triton X102 (octylphenol-ethyleneoxide condensate) 1.0 Water 1.0 Urea 1.0
• Emulsion E Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Triton X-102 1.0 Water 1.5 Urea 0.5
• Emulsion F Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Triton X-102 1.0 Water 1.0 Acetamide 1.0
• Emulsion G Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Triton X-102 1.0 Water 1.5 Ammonium chloride 0.5
• Emulsion H Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Triton X-102 1.0 Water 2.0
• compositions were made up on a percent weight/volume basis, the hydrocarbon and water being measured by volume and the other components by weight.
• Stable 1 Stable Stable Stable Stable. II do. do. ..d0. Do. A Separated slowlyJ; Separated B Separated 4 Stable C do. do. D Stable 1 Separated E do. (10. F Separated rapidly. Stable B G Separated 4 do? H do. Separated 3 1 Longer than 30 days.
• EXAMPLE II To demonstrate the superiority of urea and formamide over known emulsion stabilizers, a series of emulsion compositions were prepared and tested for emulsion stability. Each of the emulsions comprised of 97% vol. aviation turbine fuel, 1% vol. water, 1% vol. Nonidet P80, 0.5% wt. ammonium nitrate together with one of the stabilizers set out in Table II.
• An emulsified fuel composition consisting essentially of (1) a major amount of a hydrocarbon fuel boiling in the range of 20400 C. as the disperse phase, (2) 0.3% to 5% by weight of an emulsifier, (3) 0.75% to 12% by weight water, (4) 0.3% to 0.7% by weight of urea as emulsion stabilizer and (5) 0.3% to 0.7% by weight of ammonium nitrate.
• composition of claim 1 wherein the emulsifier is a condensate of a C alkyl phenol and C alkyleneoxide.
• composition of claim 4 wherein the emulsifier is a condensation product of octylphenol and ethyleneoxide.
• composition of claim 2 wherein the hydrocarbon fuel is present in an amount of more than by weight.

Landscapes

• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
• Emulsifying, Dispersing, Foam-Producing Or Wetting Agents (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Publications (1)

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Family Applications (1)

Country Status (5)

Cited By (32)

Families Citing this family (2)

• 1968
  • 1968-07-22 GB GB34755/68A patent/GB1260473A/en not_active Expired
• 1969
  • 1969-07-16 US US00842399A patent/US3756794A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1969-07-21 FR FR6924748A patent/FR2013452A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
  • 1969-07-21 NL NL6911132A patent/NL6911132A/xx unknown
  • 1969-07-21 DE DE19691937000 patent/DE1937000B2/de active Granted

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