US3756794A - Emulsified hydrocarbon fuels - Google Patents

Emulsified hydrocarbon fuels Download PDF

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US3756794A
US3756794A US00842399A US3756794DA US3756794A US 3756794 A US3756794 A US 3756794A US 00842399 A US00842399 A US 00842399A US 3756794D A US3756794D A US 3756794DA US 3756794 A US3756794 A US 3756794A
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fuel
water
emulsion
weight
emulsified
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P Ford
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Shell USA Inc
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Shell Oil Co
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
    • C10L1/328—Oil emulsions containing water or any other hydrophilic phase

Definitions

  • Emulsified fuel compositions comprising a hydrocarbon fuel as the disperse phase, an emulsifier, water and urea or formamide as an emulsion stabilizer have improved flow and dernulsification characteristics.
  • This invention relates to emulsified hydrocarbon fuels. More particularly it relates to emulsified hydrocarbon fuels containing a unique water soluble non-ash forming emulsion stabilizer.
  • a hydrocarbon fuel or its vapor can burn in an uncontrolled manner and therefore is extremely dangerous if it escapes, for example, from a leaking fuel tank.
  • a tank can be a fuel tank of an aircraft, a car, a truck or a ship.
  • a suitable emulsifying agent it is possible to decrease the flow and vaporization rate of a hydrocarbon fuel by emulsifying it with water employing a suitable emulsifying agent.
  • Such an emulsion must have good emulsion stability properties and must also be capable of being pumped at low temperatures, for example -29 C.
  • an emulsified fuel composition consisting essentially of a hydrocarbon fuel as the disperse phase, an emulsifier, water and urea or formamide as an emulsion stabilizer, has good flow properties and demulsification characteristics.
  • the improved properties of the present compositions are attributed in large part to the presence of the Water soluble non-ash forming emulsion stabilizer, i.e., urea or formamide, which unexpectedly have been found to be highly efficacious in imparting stability to the emulsions of the invention.
  • formamide is less effective than urea, it is still better than many known stabilizers (see Example 11).
  • the stabilizer can be employed in concentrations of from 0.3% to 10% by weight, preferably from 0.3% to by weight, more preferably from 0.3% to 0.7% by weight.
  • Hydrocarbon fuels which can be used in the present compositions are those suitable for engines of aircraft (for example, jet or turbojet engines), cars (for example, gasoline engines) or trucks or ships (for example, diesel engines).
  • the fuel thus includes diesel, gasoline and kerosene type distillate fuels boiling within the range 20- 400 C.
  • the hydrocarbon fuel component of the composition forms more than 75%, preferably more than 90% and more preferable more than 95% of the total composition by weight.
  • a preferred maximum concentration of the hydrocarbon is 98.5%.
  • the water may conveniently be present in the range 0.75% to 12% by weight of the total composition, but amounts in the range 0.75% to 3% are preferred.
  • emulsifiers can be employed in the present compositions.
  • An example of a very suitable emulsifier is a condensate of an alkylphenol and an alkyleneoxide.
  • the mole ratio of alkyleneoxide to alkylphenol can be 5:1 to 15:1.
  • Examples of the alkylphenol are C alkylphenols, especially octylphenol, nonylphenol or dodecylphenol.
  • Examples of the alkyleneoxide are ethyleneoxide and propyleneoxide.
  • a particularly advantageous emulsifier is a condensate of an octylphenol and ethyleneoxide, for example, one sold under the trade mark Nonidet P or Triton X-l02.
  • the emulsifier can be employed in concentrations of 0.3% to 5% by weight, preferably 0.5% to 1.5%, although an upper limit of 10% is practicable.
  • the emulsified fuels of the invention can also contain a water soluble non-ash forming freezing point depressant.
  • a water soluble non-ash forming freezing point depressant for example, ammonium salts (for example, ammonium nitrate) or polyols (for example, ethylene glycol or glycerol).
  • Ammonium nitrate has been found to be particularly advantageous in the present compositions.
  • the proportion of depressant may be 0.1% to 10% by weight but preferably is from 0.3% to 0.7%.
  • An emulsified fuel comprising both urea and ammonium nitrate in the preferred proportions shows particularly surprising stability.
  • Supplementary additives can also be present. Examples of these are anticorrosion additives and antistatic additives. Anticorrosion additives may be required particularly in view of the presence of water in the composition of the invention. Trace quantities of, for example, ethylene diamine, have been found useful in reducing corrosion of iron. Glycerol and ethylene glycol are other examples of anticorrosion agents. Proprietary anticorrosion additives such as Lubrizol 541 (dodecenyl succinic acid) may also be employed in appropriate quantities. The amount of anticorrosion agent will usually be up to 1.0% by Weight.
  • EXAMPLE An emulsified hydrocarbon fuel according to the invention (Emulsion I) had the following composition:
  • a second emulsified hydrocarbon fuel (Emulsion II) according to the invention had the following composition:
  • Table I Properties of the above emulsions are given in Table I, which also contains test results relating to the properties of reference emulsions A, D and E prepared in accordance with the invention, and B, C, F, G and H not in accordance with the invention.
  • Emulsion A Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Nonidet P80 1.0 Water 1.3 Urea 0.6
  • Emulsion B Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Nonidet P80 1.0 Water 1.0 Ammonium nitrate 1.0
  • Emulsion Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Nonidet P80 1.0 Water 1.5 Ammonium chloride 0.5
  • Emulsion D Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Triton X102 (octylphenol-ethyleneoxide condensate) 1.0 Water 1.0 Urea 1.0
  • Emulsion E Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Triton X-102 1.0 Water 1.5 Urea 0.5
  • Emulsion F Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Triton X-102 1.0 Water 1.0 Acetamide 1.0
  • Emulsion G Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Triton X-102 1.0 Water 1.5 Ammonium chloride 0.5
  • Emulsion H Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Triton X-102 1.0 Water 2.0
  • compositions were made up on a percent weight/volume basis, the hydrocarbon and water being measured by volume and the other components by weight.
  • Stable 1 Stable Stable Stable Stable. II do. do. ..d0. Do. A Separated slowlyJ; Separated B Separated 4 Stable C do. do. D Stable 1 Separated E do. (10. F Separated rapidly. Stable B G Separated 4 do? H do. Separated 3 1 Longer than 30 days.
  • EXAMPLE II To demonstrate the superiority of urea and formamide over known emulsion stabilizers, a series of emulsion compositions were prepared and tested for emulsion stability. Each of the emulsions comprised of 97% vol. aviation turbine fuel, 1% vol. water, 1% vol. Nonidet P80, 0.5% wt. ammonium nitrate together with one of the stabilizers set out in Table II.
  • An emulsified fuel composition consisting essentially of (1) a major amount of a hydrocarbon fuel boiling in the range of 20400 C. as the disperse phase, (2) 0.3% to 5% by weight of an emulsifier, (3) 0.75% to 12% by weight water, (4) 0.3% to 0.7% by weight of urea as emulsion stabilizer and (5) 0.3% to 0.7% by weight of ammonium nitrate.
  • composition of claim 1 wherein the emulsifier is a condensate of a C alkyl phenol and C alkyleneoxide.
  • composition of claim 4 wherein the emulsifier is a condensation product of octylphenol and ethyleneoxide.
  • composition of claim 2 wherein the hydrocarbon fuel is present in an amount of more than by weight.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
  • Emulsifying, Dispersing, Foam-Producing Or Wetting Agents (AREA)

Abstract

EMULSIFIED FUEL COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING A HYDROCARBON FUEL AS THE DISPERSE PHASE, AN EMULSIFIER, WATER AND UREA OF FORMAMIDE AS AN EMULSION STABILIZER HAVE IMPROVED FLOW AND DEMULSIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS.

Description

3,756,794 EMULSIFIED HYDROCARBON FUELS Peter '1. Ford, Chester, England, assignor to Shell Oil Company, New York, N.Y.
No Drawing. Filed July 16, 1969, Ser. No. 842,399 Claims priority, application Great Britain, July 22, 1968, 34,755/ 68 Int. Cl. C10] 1/32 U.S. Cl. 44-51 6 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Emulsified fuel compositions comprising a hydrocarbon fuel as the disperse phase, an emulsifier, water and urea or formamide as an emulsion stabilizer have improved flow and dernulsification characteristics.
This invention relates to emulsified hydrocarbon fuels. More particularly it relates to emulsified hydrocarbon fuels containing a unique water soluble non-ash forming emulsion stabilizer.
A hydrocarbon fuel or its vapor can burn in an uncontrolled manner and therefore is extremely dangerous if it escapes, for example, from a leaking fuel tank. Such a tank can be a fuel tank of an aircraft, a car, a truck or a ship. In order to reduce this hazard, it is possible to decrease the flow and vaporization rate of a hydrocarbon fuel by emulsifying it with water employing a suitable emulsifying agent. Such an emulsion must have good emulsion stability properties and must also be capable of being pumped at low temperatures, for example -29 C.
It has now been found that an emulsified fuel composition consisting essentially of a hydrocarbon fuel as the disperse phase, an emulsifier, water and urea or formamide as an emulsion stabilizer, has good flow properties and demulsification characteristics. The improved properties of the present compositions are attributed in large part to the presence of the Water soluble non-ash forming emulsion stabilizer, i.e., urea or formamide, which unexpectedly have been found to be highly efficacious in imparting stability to the emulsions of the invention. While formamide is less effective than urea, it is still better than many known stabilizers (see Example 11). The stabilizer can be employed in concentrations of from 0.3% to 10% by weight, preferably from 0.3% to by weight, more preferably from 0.3% to 0.7% by weight.
Hydrocarbon fuels which can be used in the present compositions are those suitable for engines of aircraft (for example, jet or turbojet engines), cars (for example, gasoline engines) or trucks or ships (for example, diesel engines). The fuel thus includes diesel, gasoline and kerosene type distillate fuels boiling within the range 20- 400 C. The hydrocarbon fuel component of the composition forms more than 75%, preferably more than 90% and more preferable more than 95% of the total composition by weight. A preferred maximum concentration of the hydrocarbon is 98.5%.
An excessively high proportion of water cannot be incorporated in the fuel. The water may conveniently be present in the range 0.75% to 12% by weight of the total composition, but amounts in the range 0.75% to 3% are preferred.
A wide range of emulsifiers can be employed in the present compositions. An emulsifier or emulsifier mixture 3,756,794 Patented Sept. 4, 1973 having an HLB of 11-16 (see p. 19, I. See. Cosmetic Chemists, December 1948) is preferred.
An example of a very suitable emulsifier is a condensate of an alkylphenol and an alkyleneoxide. The mole ratio of alkyleneoxide to alkylphenol can be 5:1 to 15:1. Examples of the alkylphenol are C alkylphenols, especially octylphenol, nonylphenol or dodecylphenol. Examples of the alkyleneoxide are ethyleneoxide and propyleneoxide. A particularly advantageous emulsifier is a condensate of an octylphenol and ethyleneoxide, for example, one sold under the trade mark Nonidet P or Triton X-l02. The emulsifier can be employed in concentrations of 0.3% to 5% by weight, preferably 0.5% to 1.5%, although an upper limit of 10% is practicable.
In addition to the foregoing, the emulsified fuels of the invention can also contain a water soluble non-ash forming freezing point depressant. Compounds suitable for this purpose include ammonium salts (for example, ammonium nitrate) or polyols (for example, ethylene glycol or glycerol). Ammonium nitrate has been found to be particularly advantageous in the present compositions. The proportion of depressant may be 0.1% to 10% by weight but preferably is from 0.3% to 0.7%. An emulsified fuel comprising both urea and ammonium nitrate in the preferred proportions shows particularly surprising stability.
Supplementary additives can also be present. Examples of these are anticorrosion additives and antistatic additives. Anticorrosion additives may be required particularly in view of the presence of water in the composition of the invention. Trace quantities of, for example, ethylene diamine, have been found useful in reducing corrosion of iron. Glycerol and ethylene glycol are other examples of anticorrosion agents. Proprietary anticorrosion additives such as Lubrizol 541 (dodecenyl succinic acid) may also be employed in appropriate quantities. The amount of anticorrosion agent will usually be up to 1.0% by Weight.
The invention is illustrated by the following example:
EXAMPLE An emulsified hydrocarbon fuel according to the invention (Emulsion I) had the following composition:
Percent weight/volume A second emulsified hydrocarbon fuel (Emulsion II) according to the invention had the following composition:
Percent weight/ volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 96.8 Nonidet P80 0.8
Water 1.0 Urea 0.4 Ammonium nitrate 0.4 Ethylene glycol 0.4 Lubrizol 541 (dodecenyl succinic acid) 0.2
Properties of the above emulsions are given in Table I, which also contains test results relating to the properties of reference emulsions A, D and E prepared in accordance with the invention, and B, C, F, G and H not in accordance with the invention.
Emulsion A: Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Nonidet P80 1.0 Water 1.3 Urea 0.6
Emulsion B: Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Nonidet P80 1.0 Water 1.0 Ammonium nitrate 1.0
Emulsion Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Nonidet P80 1.0 Water 1.5 Ammonium chloride 0.5
Emulsion D: Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Triton X102 (octylphenol-ethyleneoxide condensate) 1.0 Water 1.0 Urea 1.0
Emulsion E: Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Triton X-102 1.0 Water 1.5 Urea 0.5
Emulsion F: Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Triton X-102 1.0 Water 1.0 Acetamide 1.0
Emulsion G: Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Triton X-102 1.0 Water 1.5 Ammonium chloride 0.5
Emulsion H: Percent weight/volume Aviation turbine quality fuel 97.0 Triton X-102 1.0 Water 2.0
The above compositions were made up on a percent weight/volume basis, the hydrocarbon and water being measured by volume and the other components by weight.
TABLE I.-EMULSION STABILITY Exposure to Storage air at ambient Freezing Emulsions temperature --29 C. 15 C. 55 C.
I Stable 1 Stable Stable Stable. II do. do. ..d0. Do. A Separated slowlyJ; Separated B Separated 4 Stable C do. do. D Stable 1 Separated E do. (10. F Separated rapidly. Stable B G Separated 4 do? H do. Separated 3 1 Longer than 30 days.
2 After 5 cycles of cooling from ambient temperature to 29 0. maintaining the emulsion at that temperature for a period of time and than allowing it to warm-up to ambient temperature again.
3 After one cycle.
4 Bulk fuel visible at surface Within 2 to 4 hours.
EXAMPLE II To demonstrate the superiority of urea and formamide over known emulsion stabilizers, a series of emulsion compositions were prepared and tested for emulsion stability. Each of the emulsions comprised of 97% vol. aviation turbine fuel, 1% vol. water, 1% vol. Nonidet P80, 0.5% wt. ammonium nitrate together with one of the stabilizers set out in Table II.
I claim as my invention:
1. An emulsified fuel composition consisting essentially of (1) a major amount of a hydrocarbon fuel boiling in the range of 20400 C. as the disperse phase, (2) 0.3% to 5% by weight of an emulsifier, (3) 0.75% to 12% by weight water, (4) 0.3% to 0.7% by weight of urea as emulsion stabilizer and (5) 0.3% to 0.7% by weight of ammonium nitrate.
2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the hydrocarbon fuel is present in an amount of more than by weight.
3. The composition of claim 2 wherein water is present in the amount of 0.75 to 3% by weight.
4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the emulsifier is a condensate of a C alkyl phenol and C alkyleneoxide.
5. The composition of claim 4 wherein the emulsifier is a condensation product of octylphenol and ethyleneoxide.
6. The composition of claim 2 wherein the hydrocarbon fuel is present in an amount of more than by weight.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,458,294 7/1969 Nixon et al 445l 2,716,068 8/ 1955 Fair et a1. 252-70 3,613,372 10/1971 Lissaut 4451 DANIEL E. WYMAN, Primary Examiner Y. H. SMITH, Assistant Examiner US. Cl. X.R. 447l; 252312
US00842399A 1968-07-22 1969-07-16 Emulsified hydrocarbon fuels Expired - Lifetime US3756794A (en)

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Cited By (32)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4410334A (en) * 1981-10-30 1983-10-18 Parkinson Harold B Hydrocarbon fuel composition
US4725287A (en) * 1986-11-24 1988-02-16 Canadian Occidental Petroleum, Ltd. Preparation of stable crude oil transport emulsions
US4732576A (en) * 1985-07-13 1988-03-22 Huels Aktiengesellschaft Motor fuel and fuel oil emulsions using a salt as emulsifier
US4743273A (en) * 1986-08-15 1988-05-10 Union Oil Company Of California Fuel composition and method for control of engine octane requirements
US4844717A (en) * 1986-08-15 1989-07-04 Union Oil Company Of California Fuel composition and method for control of engine octane requirements
US4978365A (en) * 1986-11-24 1990-12-18 Canadian Occidental Petroleum Ltd. Preparation of improved stable crude oil transport emulsions
US5156652A (en) * 1986-12-05 1992-10-20 Canadian Occidental Petroleum Ltd. Low-temperature pipeline emulsion transportation enhancement
EP0725892A1 (en) * 1993-08-30 1996-08-14 Platinum Plus, Inc. The reduction of nitrogen oxides emissions from diesel engines
US5746783A (en) * 1994-03-30 1998-05-05 Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. Low emissions diesel fuel
WO2000015740A1 (en) * 1998-09-14 2000-03-23 The Lubrizol Corporation Water fuel emulsified compositions
USRE36983E (en) * 1983-11-02 2000-12-12 Petroferm Inc. Pre-atomized fuels and process for producing same
US6368366B1 (en) 1999-07-07 2002-04-09 The Lubrizol Corporation Process and apparatus for making aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions, and aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition
US6368367B1 (en) 1999-07-07 2002-04-09 The Lubrizol Corporation Process and apparatus for making aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions, and aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition
US6383237B1 (en) 1999-07-07 2002-05-07 Deborah A. Langer Process and apparatus for making aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions, and aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions
US20020088167A1 (en) * 1998-09-14 2002-07-11 The Lubrizol Corporation Emulsified water-blended fuel compositions
US6419714B2 (en) * 1999-07-07 2002-07-16 The Lubrizol Corporation Emulsifier for an acqueous hydrocarbon fuel
US6530964B2 (en) 1999-07-07 2003-03-11 The Lubrizol Corporation Continuous process for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel
US6606856B1 (en) 2000-03-03 2003-08-19 The Lubrizol Corporation Process for reducing pollutants from the exhaust of a diesel engine
US6652607B2 (en) 1999-07-07 2003-11-25 The Lubrizol Corporation Concentrated emulsion for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel
US6725653B2 (en) 2000-06-20 2004-04-27 The Lubrizol Corporation Process for reducing pollutants from the exhaust of a diesel engine using a water diesel fuel in combination with exhaust after-treatments
US20040103652A1 (en) * 2002-08-14 2004-06-03 Johannes Schaller Device for exhaust gas treatment of a combustion system
US20040111956A1 (en) * 1999-07-07 2004-06-17 Westfall David L. Continuous process for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsion
US6827749B2 (en) 1999-07-07 2004-12-07 The Lubrizol Corporation Continuous process for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsions
US20050039381A1 (en) * 2003-08-22 2005-02-24 Langer Deborah A. Emulsified fuels and engine oil synergy
US6913630B2 (en) 1999-07-07 2005-07-05 The Lubrizol Corporation Amino alkylphenol emulsifiers for an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel
US20050217613A1 (en) * 2002-03-28 2005-10-06 Tiziano Ambrosini Method for reducing emission of pollutants from an internal combusion engine, and fuel emulsion comprising water and a liquid hydrocarbon
US20060048443A1 (en) * 1998-09-14 2006-03-09 Filippini Brian B Emulsified water-blended fuel compositions
US7279017B2 (en) 2001-04-27 2007-10-09 Colt Engineering Corporation Method for converting heavy oil residuum to a useful fuel
US7341102B2 (en) 2005-04-28 2008-03-11 Diamond Qc Technologies Inc. Flue gas injection for heavy oil recovery
US7645305B1 (en) * 1998-07-01 2010-01-12 Clean Fuels Technology, Inc. High stability fuel compositions
US7770640B2 (en) 2006-02-07 2010-08-10 Diamond Qc Technologies Inc. Carbon dioxide enriched flue gas injection for hydrocarbon recovery
WO2016128148A1 (en) * 2015-02-15 2016-08-18 Avocet Solutions Inc. Enhanced fuels, methods of producing enhanced fuels, and additives for mitigating corrision

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DE2520971C3 (en) * 1975-05-10 1981-07-23 Konrad-Spedition Ohg, 4630 Bochum Water-fuel emulsion containing an alkylaryl polyglycol ether as an emulsifier
DE4321808A1 (en) * 1993-06-30 1995-01-12 Kief Horst Dr Med Enrichment of fuel

Cited By (44)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4410334A (en) * 1981-10-30 1983-10-18 Parkinson Harold B Hydrocarbon fuel composition
USRE36983E (en) * 1983-11-02 2000-12-12 Petroferm Inc. Pre-atomized fuels and process for producing same
US4732576A (en) * 1985-07-13 1988-03-22 Huels Aktiengesellschaft Motor fuel and fuel oil emulsions using a salt as emulsifier
US4743273A (en) * 1986-08-15 1988-05-10 Union Oil Company Of California Fuel composition and method for control of engine octane requirements
US4844717A (en) * 1986-08-15 1989-07-04 Union Oil Company Of California Fuel composition and method for control of engine octane requirements
US4725287A (en) * 1986-11-24 1988-02-16 Canadian Occidental Petroleum, Ltd. Preparation of stable crude oil transport emulsions
US4978365A (en) * 1986-11-24 1990-12-18 Canadian Occidental Petroleum Ltd. Preparation of improved stable crude oil transport emulsions
US5156652A (en) * 1986-12-05 1992-10-20 Canadian Occidental Petroleum Ltd. Low-temperature pipeline emulsion transportation enhancement
EP0725892A1 (en) * 1993-08-30 1996-08-14 Platinum Plus, Inc. The reduction of nitrogen oxides emissions from diesel engines
EP0725892A4 (en) * 1993-08-30 1996-09-04
US5746783A (en) * 1994-03-30 1998-05-05 Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. Low emissions diesel fuel
US7645305B1 (en) * 1998-07-01 2010-01-12 Clean Fuels Technology, Inc. High stability fuel compositions
US20060048443A1 (en) * 1998-09-14 2006-03-09 Filippini Brian B Emulsified water-blended fuel compositions
US6858046B2 (en) 1998-09-14 2005-02-22 The Lubrizol Corporation Emulsified water-blended fuel compositions
US6280485B1 (en) 1998-09-14 2001-08-28 The Lubrizol Corporation Emulsified water-blended fuel compositions
WO2000015740A1 (en) * 1998-09-14 2000-03-23 The Lubrizol Corporation Water fuel emulsified compositions
US20020088167A1 (en) * 1998-09-14 2002-07-11 The Lubrizol Corporation Emulsified water-blended fuel compositions
US6648929B1 (en) 1998-09-14 2003-11-18 The Lubrizol Corporation Emulsified water-blended fuel compositions
US20020129541A1 (en) * 1998-09-14 2002-09-19 Daly Daniel T. Emulsified water-blended fuel compositions
US6530964B2 (en) 1999-07-07 2003-03-11 The Lubrizol Corporation Continuous process for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel
US6368366B1 (en) 1999-07-07 2002-04-09 The Lubrizol Corporation Process and apparatus for making aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions, and aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition
US6419714B2 (en) * 1999-07-07 2002-07-16 The Lubrizol Corporation Emulsifier for an acqueous hydrocarbon fuel
US6652607B2 (en) 1999-07-07 2003-11-25 The Lubrizol Corporation Concentrated emulsion for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel
US6383237B1 (en) 1999-07-07 2002-05-07 Deborah A. Langer Process and apparatus for making aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions, and aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions
US6368367B1 (en) 1999-07-07 2002-04-09 The Lubrizol Corporation Process and apparatus for making aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions, and aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition
US6913630B2 (en) 1999-07-07 2005-07-05 The Lubrizol Corporation Amino alkylphenol emulsifiers for an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel
US20040111956A1 (en) * 1999-07-07 2004-06-17 Westfall David L. Continuous process for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsion
US6827749B2 (en) 1999-07-07 2004-12-07 The Lubrizol Corporation Continuous process for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsions
US6606856B1 (en) 2000-03-03 2003-08-19 The Lubrizol Corporation Process for reducing pollutants from the exhaust of a diesel engine
US20030221360A1 (en) * 2000-03-03 2003-12-04 Brown Kevin F. Process for reducing pollutants from the exhaust of a diesel engine
US6949235B2 (en) 2000-03-03 2005-09-27 The Lubrizol Corporation Process for reducing pollutants from the exhaust of a diesel engine
US7028468B2 (en) 2000-03-03 2006-04-18 The Lubrizol Corporation Process for reducing pollutants from the exhaust of a diesel engine
US6725653B2 (en) 2000-06-20 2004-04-27 The Lubrizol Corporation Process for reducing pollutants from the exhaust of a diesel engine using a water diesel fuel in combination with exhaust after-treatments
US7279017B2 (en) 2001-04-27 2007-10-09 Colt Engineering Corporation Method for converting heavy oil residuum to a useful fuel
US20130298449A1 (en) * 2002-03-28 2013-11-14 Cam Technologie S.P.A. Method for reducing emission of pollutants from an internal combustion engine, and fuel emulsion comprising water and a liquid hydrocarbon
US20050217613A1 (en) * 2002-03-28 2005-10-06 Tiziano Ambrosini Method for reducing emission of pollutants from an internal combusion engine, and fuel emulsion comprising water and a liquid hydrocarbon
US8511259B2 (en) * 2002-03-28 2013-08-20 Cam Technologie S.P.A. Method for reducing emission of pollutants from an internal combusion engine, and fuel emulsion comprising water and a liquid hydrocarbon
US7100367B2 (en) * 2002-08-14 2006-09-05 Robert Bosch Gmbh Device for exhaust gas treatment of a combustion system
US20040103652A1 (en) * 2002-08-14 2004-06-03 Johannes Schaller Device for exhaust gas treatment of a combustion system
US7413583B2 (en) 2003-08-22 2008-08-19 The Lubrizol Corporation Emulsified fuels and engine oil synergy
US20050039381A1 (en) * 2003-08-22 2005-02-24 Langer Deborah A. Emulsified fuels and engine oil synergy
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Also Published As

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FR2013452A1 (en) 1970-04-03
GB1260473A (en) 1972-01-19
DE1937000C3 (en) 1978-07-06
NL6911132A (en) 1970-01-26
DE1937000A1 (en) 1970-01-22
DE1937000B2 (en) 1977-11-10

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