US3744399A - Process and apparatus for removing the outer layer from cereal grains by a wet method - Google Patents

Process and apparatus for removing the outer layer from cereal grains by a wet method Download PDF

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Publication number
US3744399A
US3744399A US00084997A US3744399DA US3744399A US 3744399 A US3744399 A US 3744399A US 00084997 A US00084997 A US 00084997A US 3744399D A US3744399D A US 3744399DA US 3744399 A US3744399 A US 3744399A
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Prior art keywords
grains
chamber
water
pressure
mass
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US00084997A
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English (en)
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R Bonteil
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ETUDE EXPLOIT PROCEDES POUR L
SOC ETUDE EXPLOITATION PROCEDES POUR L IND ALIMENTAIRE FR
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ETUDE EXPLOIT PROCEDES POUR L
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02B—PREPARING GRAIN FOR MILLING; REFINING GRANULAR FRUIT TO COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS BY WORKING THE SURFACE
    • B02B3/00—Hulling; Husking; Decorticating; Polishing; Removing the awns; Degerming
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02B—PREPARING GRAIN FOR MILLING; REFINING GRANULAR FRUIT TO COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS BY WORKING THE SURFACE
    • B02B1/00—Preparing grain for milling or like processes
    • B02B1/08—Conditioning grain with respect to temperature or water content

Definitions

  • a pr ing from cereal grains by a wet me subjecting the grains to moisture an itation for mixing the grains an 8 maintained substantiall presence of water eq of the dry weight of the grains by capillary action and penetrates ers in the course of treatment.
  • the present invention relates in general to a process for removing the outer layer or cover from cereal grains by a wet method in which the grains are subjected to treatment by moisture, followed by mechanical agitation under pressure whereby the grains are caused to rub together.
  • the operation of moisturizing the grain consists of making the grains absorb a quantity of water equal to around five percent of their dry weight by gently agitating the grains in the water for about two minutes, after letting the moisture penetrate them for a period of from four to minutes. This way, all the added water penetrates the different epidermic layers of the grains which has the special effect of softening the layer of union separating the epidermis from the epicarp.
  • the step of moisturizing the grain is ended, the grains are thus nearly dry on the surface and do not carry away water by capillary attraction so that they do not adhere to each other. They are then introduced into a chamber to be skinned by mechanical treatment.
  • the chambers generally used for this treatment consist of a vertical cylinder having a coaxial shaft rotatably disposed therein and having some stirring vanes thereon. Means are provided for rotating the shaft and, accordingly, the grains within the chamber. The grains are introduced into the top of the chamber and pushed toward the bottom where they are discharged. The grains are thus vertically compressed against each other while they move through the chamber.
  • a primary purpose of the present invention is to remedy these disadvantages in existing processes and apparatus for removing the outer layers from cereal grains.
  • the process of removing the outer layers of grains by the wet method according to the invention is characterized inthat the grains are subjected to mechanical treatment or agitation under a controlled substantially constant pressure which is uniformly distributed throughout the mass of the treated grains in the presence of a quantity of water equal to between five and 15 percent of the dry weight of the grains, such water adhering by capillary action to the surface of the grains and penetrating their outer layers in the course of the treatment.
  • the water retained on the surface of the grains by capillary action provides the considerable advantage of materially increasing the forces of friction (especially horizontally) that the grains exert on each other during the mechanical treatment.
  • the removal of the tegmens is consequently considerably increased by comparison with the prior art processes and apparatus.
  • the water which adheres to the grains by capillary action penetrates little by little the exterior layers of the grains during the entire duration of the mechanical treatment.
  • an important expansion of the grains is achieved at the interior of the mixing chamber. That is, the grains are not only compressed vertically under a controlled pressure, but their expansion makes them exert direct pressures on each other in all directions so that said pressure is uniformly distributed in the mass of the grains in the chamber.
  • the mass behaves in this respect like a liquid.
  • the forces of removing the tegmens are applied in a uniform manner on all of the surfaces of the grains whereby the removal of the outer layers of the grains is far superior to the removal achieved by the prior art procedures for the same purpose.
  • the peeled grains and the torn tegmens can be sorted out later by any type of conventional process.
  • the grains are soaked in water during a brief period sufficient for their outer layers to'absorb a small quantity of water, comprising between 2 and 4 percent of the dry weight of the grain.
  • This small quantity of water saturates the first epidermic layers, so that the removal of the outer layers can be effectively commenced from the moment when the grains are subjected to a mixing action under pressure.
  • the hard grained wheat it has been found advantageous to add to the grains a quantity of water representing 1 1 percent of the grains dry weight, before subjecting the grains to mechanical agitation, and to leave the grains in contact with the water during a time sufficient to absorb about 2.5 percent of the water.
  • the present invention also concerns an apparatus capable of use in carrying out the process described above, said apparatus including a cylindrical chamber in which the grains are mechanically treated by means of a rotating shaft having stirring vanes for agitating the grains, means for delivery of the grains into the chamber, means for discharging the treated grains, and a pressure control means.
  • the apparatus according to the invention is characterized by the fact that the pressure control means includes a pressure device which can slide on the agitator shaft, in opposition to a force exercised against it by a resilient member, in response to variations in the pressure developed within the mass of grains in the treatment chamber.
  • the invention is also characterized in that it includes sensing means for detecting the position of said pressure device, said sensing means being adapted to effect interruption in the supply of the grains to the chamber when the pressure devices moves past a predetermined position corresponding to a predetermined pressure in the chamber.
  • the means of detecting the position of the pressure means can indicate that the pressure in the chamber is too high and the flow of grains into the chamber is thus automatically stopped during the period of time required to permit the pressure in the chamber to decrease until it again achieves a desired level.
  • the pressure of the grains within the chamber can be automatically maintained at a substantially constant level slightly lower than a predetermined level which corresponds to a precise position of the pressure means.
  • the pressure device is displaced in the opposite direction and, when the pressure in the chamber becomes slightly lower than said predetermined level, the means of detecting the position of said pressure device terminates the operation of the mechanism effecting interruption of the supply; thus, the supply of grains is started again.
  • said pressure device is comprised of a split disk, including a portion adjacent to the split and sloped with respect to a plane perpendicular to the shaft, and the stirring means are bars extending radially from the shaft to points adjacent the sidewall of the cylindrical chamber.
  • FIGURE represents schematically an apparatus for practicing the process conforming to the invention.
  • the apparatus illustrated in the FIGURE includes a silo 1 containing the grain to be peeled, such as hard grain wheat 2.
  • a conveyor channel 3 is mounted upon an electric vibrator 4, which is connected by the conductors 5 and 6 to a source of electrical energy, and said channel is placed below the silo l and is arranged in position to collect the grains which flow from the silo.
  • the discharge end of the channel 3 is located above the upper open end of a hopper 7 whose lower open end empties through an opening 8a in the sidewall of the inclined cylinder 8 near the lower or base end thereof in which an Archimedes screw 9 is rotatably disposed.
  • This screw is mounted on a shaft 10 connected to an electric motor 11, which is electrically connected to the supply conductors 5 by the conductors 12.
  • the inclined cylinder 8 is connected to a water inlet conduit 13 which is in turn connected to a source of water, not shown, by means of an electrical gate valve 14.
  • This electrical gate valve is likewise connected to the supply conductors 5 by means of conductors 15.
  • a conduit for discharging water 16 from the cylinder 8 is connected to and communicates with said cylinder near the lower end thereof.
  • the cylinder 8 has an opening 8b near its upper end which empties into the upper end of the mechanical treatment chamber 17 which is cylindrical and mounted on a support 18.
  • a coaxial shaft 19 upon which are attached the stirring elements 20 which may be comprised of cylindrical bars that extend radially from the shaft 19.
  • the central portion of the shaft 19 is surrounded by a sleeve 21 which is slideably but nonrotatably connected to the shaft by means of a cotter pin 22 which extends through the shaft.
  • the sleeve 21 can slide axially of the shaft due to the fact that there are two lengthwise slots 23 in the sleeve into which the extremities of the cotter pin extend.
  • a split disk 24 is secured to the lower end of the sleeve 21 and includes a portion of a helical ramp which constitutes a pressure member.
  • a disk 25 is soldered to the upper end of the sleeve and is engaged by the lower end of the spring 28.
  • the sleeve 21, the pressure member 24 and the disk 25, which are integral, are constantly urged toward the base of the cylinder 17 by the helical spring 28 which surrounds the shaft 19 and is held under compression between the disk and a locking collar 29 which is adjustably mounted on the shaft 19 near the upper end thereof.
  • the shaft 19 is coupled at its upper end to the output shaft of an electrical motor 30 connected to a source of electrical energy in a conventional manner.
  • the lower end of the shaft 19 is attached to a circular pan 31 which is disposed directly below the lower end of the chamber 17 and is of slightly less diameter than the diameter of the chamber so that a calibrated discharge space 32 is provided between the pan 31 and the lower edge of the chamber.
  • a conventional separation device connected to a source of air under pressure.
  • Said separation device comprises a channel 33 for receiving the peeled grains, and it is situated under a collector 34 in which is located an air discharge head with a back draft 35 connected to a fan 36 by a conduit 37, and a discharge channel for bran 38 disposed below the separation conveyor 39.
  • any force exerted against the spring 28 is not produced by a force applied to the pressure device 24 and, accordingly, the disk 25 is in its lowermost position so that it does not actuate the arm 26 of the micro-switch 27 which therefore remains closed.
  • the conductors 5 can thus be energized and, when they are, the vibrator 4 and the motor 11 are energized and the electric valve gate 14 is opened. This occurs as soon as the electrical system of the apparatus is connected to a source of energy.
  • the hard'grain wheat 2 in the silo l flows along the channel 3 away from the silo, under the effect of the vibrations created by the vibrator 4, then into the hopper 7 and thereafter enters the opening 8a at the lower end of the inclined cylinder 8.
  • the motor 11 rotates the Archimedes screw 9 which, accordingly, advances the grains toward the upper end of the cylinder 8 from which they are discharged into the chamber 17 through the opening 8b.
  • the electric gate valve 14, being open, permits water to flow by gravity from the conduit 13 downwardly through the cylinder 8 toward the conduit 16 in a direction opposite to the direction of movement of the grains being transported 'by the screw.
  • the flow of water and the grains is so controlled that the water carried along by the grains into the mechanical treatment chamber represents 11 percent of the dry weight of the grain.
  • the speed of rotation of the Archimedes screw is regulated so that the grains remain for only a brief period of time in the cylinder 8.
  • most of the water carried by the grains into the treatment chamber is achieved by capillary action, and only a small proportion, such as between 2.5 percent to 3 percent thereof, enters into the bran through the outer layer.
  • the pressures created by the grains and exerted uniformly within the chamber upon each other as a result of their substantial expansion In fact, part of the water, which is carried along by the grains by capillary action during entrance of the grains into the mixing chamber, penetrates little by little the several epidermic layers of the grains. This also facilitates the separation of all the tegmens which surround the protective layer.
  • the grains are consequently peeled exactly at the desired level and in a complete and uniform manner, due to the friction exerted because of the expansion on every surface of each grain.
  • the peeled grains are separated from the bran by a blast of air and said peeled grains flow through the collector 34 into the channel 33 while the bran flows outwardly along the conveyor 38 in a normal manner.
  • the pressure upon the grains in the chamber 17 is automatically maintained at a substantially constant level in the following way:
  • the disk 25 When the pressure within the chamber 17 reaches a specified level, the disk 25 reaches a position where it actuates the arm 26 which in turn opens the microswitch 27.
  • the collar 29 is adjusted so that the amount of the pressure within the chamber 17 has reached a predetermined value before the disk 25 actuates the switch 27. While said pressure is equal to'or in excess of said predetermined value, the-vibrator 4 and motor 11 are deenergized and the water valve 14 is closed. Thus, the supply of moist grains into the chamber 17 is interrupted.
  • the motor 30, however, continues to operate normally so that the treated grains continue, nevertheless, to discharge from the lower end of the chamber 17 and, accordingly, the pressure of the grains within the chamber 17 decreases.
  • the disk 25 As soon as they pressure be comes lower than said predetermined value, the disk 25 is below the point where it causes the arm 26 to open the switch 27. Thus, the switch 27 is closed whereby theflow of moist grains into the chamber 17 again.
  • the pressure of the grains in the chamber is maintained at a substantially constant level which is slightly lower than the predetermined pressure value.
  • An important factor in the mechanical treatment of the grains is thus automatically controlled whereby the high quality of the treatment of the grains is additionally assured. It is to be noted that the regulation of the pressure within the chamber 17 does not disturb the flow of treated grains discharged into the channel 33 since such discharge in the chamber is never interrupted.
  • the inflow of grains into the chamber 17 is interrupted when the pressure on the grains in said chamber reaches approximately 150 grams per square centimeter.
  • a process for removing the outer layer from cereal grains comprising the steps of:
  • a process according to claim 1, comprising the step of subjecting said grains to said quantity of water for a sufficient period of time to cause said grains to absorb an amount of water equal to between 2 and 4 percent of their dry weight before they enter said chamber, and subjecting said grains to said quantity of water for a sufficient period of time to cause the total amount of water absorbed by and clinging to said grains to be begins equal to approximately I l percent of the dry weight-of said grains.
  • An apparatus for removing the tegmens from cereal grains comprising:
  • receiver means near the lower end of said conveyor adapted to be connected to a source of grains for guiding said grains onto the conveyor;
  • pressure means engageable with said grains within said chamber for applying to said grains a substantially constant and uniform compressive pressure while simultaneously permitting a varying supply of grain into said chamber;
  • sensing means responsive to said pressure means for deactivating said drive means and closing said valve means when said pressure in said chamber exceeds a predetermined amount and for activating said drive means and opening said valve means when said pressure in said chamber falls below said predetermined amount.
  • said pressure means includes a split disc positioned within said chamber and disposed for engaging the mass of grains in said chamber for compressing same, said pressure means including means biasing said split disc into engagement with said mass of grains for urging same toward said discharge opening, said split disc including a helically sloped portion disposed directly adjacent the split, the sloped portion extending at an angle relative to a plane substantially perpendicular to the longitudinally extending direction of said chamber.
  • said agitation means incudes a rotatable agitator member disposed within said chamber, said agitator member having an elongated rotatable shaft disposed substantially centrally within said chamber and extending 1ongitudinally thereof;
  • said split disc being disposed substantially in surrounding relationship to said shaft adjacent the upper end of said chamber, and resilient means coacting with said disc for resiliently urging same downwardly into engagement with the upper portion of the mass of grains contained within said chamber.
  • An apparatus further including means for nonrotatably connecting said split disc to said shaft while permitting said disc to slideably move axially relative to said shaft.

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US00084997A 1969-11-24 1970-10-29 Process and apparatus for removing the outer layer from cereal grains by a wet method Expired - Lifetime US3744399A (en)

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FR6940325A FR2067956A5 (enExample) 1969-11-24 1969-11-24

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US3744399A true US3744399A (en) 1973-07-10

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US (1) US3744399A (enExample)
CA (1) CA918525A (enExample)
CH (1) CH523718A (enExample)
DE (1) DE2054489A1 (enExample)
FR (1) FR2067956A5 (enExample)
IT (1) IT988008B (enExample)
OA (1) OA03511A (enExample)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3425051A1 (de) * 1983-08-17 1985-02-28 Veb Kombinat Nagema, Ddr 8045 Dresden Intensiv-netz-scheueraggregat fuer koernerfruechte
US4693903A (en) * 1983-10-05 1987-09-15 Mohammed Halwani Sesame seeds husking method
US6368649B1 (en) 1999-04-27 2002-04-09 Cargill B.V. Method of removing the fibrous shells from cereal grains
WO2002038273A1 (en) * 2000-10-26 2002-05-16 Cargill B.V. Method of fractionating capillaries-containing material
DE102005053613B4 (de) * 2005-11-10 2008-05-29 Mermann, Tatjana Verfahren zum Abtrennen der Schale des Weizenkorns
US20080182330A1 (en) * 2003-06-16 2008-07-31 Martinell Brian J Method and apparatus for preparation of genetically transformable plant tissue
US8937216B2 (en) 2007-03-09 2015-01-20 Monsanto Technology Llc Method of meristem excision and transformation
US9648814B2 (en) 2003-08-05 2017-05-16 Monsanto Technology Llc Method and apparatus for substantially isolating plant tissues

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ES8608797A1 (es) * 1985-07-02 1986-09-01 Ortola Pons Jose Procedimiento de fabricacion de pan
JP3506441B2 (ja) * 1991-08-29 2004-03-15 株式会社サタケ 精麦製粉装置
DE4235081C2 (de) * 1992-10-17 1994-11-10 Steinmetz Patent Muellerei Kg Verfahren zur Behandlung von Getreidevollkorn

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3425051A1 (de) * 1983-08-17 1985-02-28 Veb Kombinat Nagema, Ddr 8045 Dresden Intensiv-netz-scheueraggregat fuer koernerfruechte
US4693903A (en) * 1983-10-05 1987-09-15 Mohammed Halwani Sesame seeds husking method
US6368649B1 (en) 1999-04-27 2002-04-09 Cargill B.V. Method of removing the fibrous shells from cereal grains
WO2002038273A1 (en) * 2000-10-26 2002-05-16 Cargill B.V. Method of fractionating capillaries-containing material
US20080182330A1 (en) * 2003-06-16 2008-07-31 Martinell Brian J Method and apparatus for preparation of genetically transformable plant tissue
US20080179435A1 (en) * 2003-06-16 2008-07-31 Martinell Brian J Method and apparatus for preparation of genetically transformable plant tissue
US7658033B2 (en) * 2003-06-16 2010-02-09 Monsanto Technology Llc Method and apparatus for preparation of genetically transformable plant tissue
US7694457B2 (en) * 2003-06-16 2010-04-13 Monsanto Technology Llc Method and apparatus for preparation of genetically transformable plant tissue
US10433503B2 (en) 2003-08-05 2019-10-08 Monsanto Technology Llc Method and apparatus for substantially isolating plant tissues
US11212972B2 (en) 2003-08-05 2022-01-04 Monsanto Technology Llc Method and apparatus for substantially isolating plant tissues
US9648814B2 (en) 2003-08-05 2017-05-16 Monsanto Technology Llc Method and apparatus for substantially isolating plant tissues
DE102005053613B4 (de) * 2005-11-10 2008-05-29 Mermann, Tatjana Verfahren zum Abtrennen der Schale des Weizenkorns
US9006513B2 (en) 2007-03-09 2015-04-14 Monsanto Technology Llc Preparation and use of plant embryo explants for transformation
US9885053B2 (en) 2007-03-09 2018-02-06 Monsanto Technology Llc Method of meristem excision and transformation
US9790512B2 (en) 2007-03-09 2017-10-17 Monsanto Technology Llc Preparation and use of plant embryo explants for transformation
US10584345B2 (en) 2007-03-09 2020-03-10 Monsanto Technology Llc Preparation and use of plant embryo explants for transformation
US10717983B2 (en) 2007-03-09 2020-07-21 Monsanto Technology Llc Method of meristem excision and transformation
US10920235B2 (en) 2007-03-09 2021-02-16 Monsanto Technology Llc Apparatus for the preparation and use of plant embryo explants for transformation
US8937216B2 (en) 2007-03-09 2015-01-20 Monsanto Technology Llc Method of meristem excision and transformation
US11485980B2 (en) 2007-03-09 2022-11-01 Monsanto Technology, Llc Method of meristem excision and transformation
US11542514B2 (en) 2007-03-09 2023-01-03 Monsanto Technology, Llc Apparatus for the preparation and use of plant embryo explants for transformation
US11566252B2 (en) 2007-03-09 2023-01-31 Monsanto Technology, Llc Preparation and use of plant embryo explants for transformation

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2054489A1 (de) 1971-06-03
IT988008B (it) 1975-04-10
CH523718A (fr) 1972-06-15
CA918525A (en) 1973-01-09
OA03511A (fr) 1971-03-30
FR2067956A5 (enExample) 1971-08-20

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