US3740862A - Methods of treating elongated material - Google Patents

Methods of treating elongated material Download PDF

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Publication number
US3740862A
US3740862A US00101713A US3740862DA US3740862A US 3740862 A US3740862 A US 3740862A US 00101713 A US00101713 A US 00101713A US 3740862D A US3740862D A US 3740862DA US 3740862 A US3740862 A US 3740862A
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path
laterally confined
chamber
treating
strand
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US00101713A
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H Woellner
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AT&T Corp
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Western Electric Co Inc
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Assigned to AT & T TECHNOLOGIES, INC., reassignment AT & T TECHNOLOGIES, INC., CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). EFFECTIVE JAN. 3,1984 Assignors: WESTERN ELECTRIC COMPANY, INCORPORATED
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C35/00—Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C35/16—Cooling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
    • B29C48/05—Filamentary, e.g. strands
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
    • B29C48/06—Rod-shaped
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/88—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling
    • B29C48/911—Cooling

Definitions

  • the entrance end of the chamber is in communication with the air of the ambient atmosphere.
  • l-ligh velocity jet streams of treating material are directed into the chamber toward oblique converging engagement with the successive sections of the strand material.
  • Substantial components of the velocities of the jet streams are in the direction of travel of the strand material.
  • the minimum cross-sectional area of the passages of the chamber through which the streams are directed and the strand material travels are substantially greater than that ofthe strand material.
  • the velocity of the jet streams and the geometrical relationship of passages of the chamber through which the strand material and the jet streams pass and the pressure of the air are such as to create pressure differentials sufficient to cause air to be drawn into the entrance of the chamber at a volumetric flow which is substantially greater than that of the treating material.
  • the air is mixed with the treating material to produce a vapor mixture which moves through the chamber along the path of the strand material to treat the strand material.
  • This invention relates to methods of and apparatus for treating elongated material, and more particularly to methods of and apparatus for directing a cooling material into engagement with a strand material being advanced through a laterally closed chamber, the velocity of the cooling material and geometrical configuration of the chamber and the pressure of air at ambient atmosphere in direct communication with an upstream portion of the chamber being such that portions of the air are drawn into the chamber in sufficient volume to mix with the cooling material to cool the elongated material.
  • the wire In the manufacture of electrical conductor wire having plastic insulation, the wire is generally advanced from an extrusion die in which the plastic is extruded onto the wire, through the atmosphere and into an entrance end of a water cooling'trough. As the wire is advanced into and through the cooling trough, the temperature of theplastic insulation is reduced substantially by a coolant material with an accompanying reduction in expansion.
  • At least one system teaches the use of a substantially enclosed container filled with cooling liquid which flows in a direction counter to that in which a strand material'is advanced to prevent air from being drawn into the container along with the advancing strand.
  • cooling apparatus includes a trough of considerable length. This requires the allocation of adequate amounts of floor space which is a valuable commodity in manufacturing facilities. Additionallyf. the conventional cooling troughs require high quantities of cooling water to fill the troughs and immerse the wire being advanced therethrough. This requirement also adds to the expense of this stage of the manufacturing process. Finally, the use of lengthy cooling troughs causes inherent separation of equipment at either end thereof.
  • the advancement of the wire through a water-filled cooling trough or chamber in a direction with or counter to that of the advancement of a strand material also requires a certain unpredictable amount of tension in the wire as applied by the capstan between the cap-' stan and the extruder head to overcome the drag exerted by the water.
  • the tension applied to the wire may reach the level of 7 to 8 pounds which tends to stretch the wire and to an uncontrollable extent. Consequently, the nominal diameter of the wire must be increased to insure that the final gauge wire will be within acceptable tolerance limits and to avoid the wire undergoing a permanent deformation. If the drag could be eliminated or substantially reduced, and a predetermined amount of tension applied to the wire, then the loss in outside diameter of the wire could be exactly determined. This would permit economical control of the material size required for acceptable tolerance limits.
  • Some cooling systems show the cooling of elongated shapes by supplying annular jet streams of a cooling material into engagement with an advancing elongated material with the cooling material submerging the elongated material and exiting therewith or laterally thereof.
  • Other systems include the use of plurality of jet streams of cooling material sprayed upstream with respect to the direction of travel of the elongated material being treated.
  • jet streams of water spaced along and within a chamber spray water onto a cable sheath being extruded onto a core by a die adjacent an upstream end of the chamber.
  • the amount of water supplied is greater than that required to cool the cable in order that an aspiratory action is produced to draw air along passages coaxial with the sheath and through restricted openings near the one end of the chamber which serves to keep the water from undesirably backwashing against the extrusion die.
  • One such arrangement in the prior art involves passing a gas through a nozzle to produce a suction to draw air in through an aperture which is coaxial with the nozzle.
  • a strand material is advanced through a coating material and then through the nozzle and aperture counter to the flow of the gas.
  • the inflow of air is adjusted until a mixture of air and gas is obtained which will provide a desired effect on the coating on the strand material.
  • Other treating systems direct pressurized air past a nozzle connected to a supply of liquid to create an aspiratory action to form atomized water which is introduced under pressure into a chamber to cool a cable which is being advanced through the chamber.
  • the injector arrangement described sucks liquid up through a supply into the chamber and the mixture of air and liquid is driven at a high velocity to treat the wire.
  • the air-liquid mixture has the liquid dispersed in the air and expands along the chamber. As it expands, the mixture looses speed and is-forced into an adjoining chamber and then laterally into the open air and on a recirculation bath. In systems such as this, it is not uncommon for strand material to be advanced in a direction counter to the flow of the atomized mist mixture.
  • Another system fortreating strand material includes directing of liquid under pressure obliquely into a chamber and then through baffle plate which causes the water to whirlaround and continue ina helically turbulent course into contact with a strand material within a restricted throat portion of a chamber and then along an expanded portion of the chamber.
  • the whirling action of the water eventually dies out and the water drains out of the chamber laterally of the strand material (see US. Pat. No. 2,347,392).
  • Successive sections of a strand material may be cooled by passing the strand material through a tube into which liquid carbon dioxide is introduced into the tube under pressure, (seeU.S. Pat. No. 2,993,114 issued on July 18, 1961 to T. T. Bunch et a1.) through a nozzle.
  • the liquid carbon dioxide expands into a gas and rapidly cools the strand material.
  • the amount of cooling of the strand material is influenced by the amount of clearance between the strand material and an internal surface of orifices at each end of the tube.
  • the amount of cooling of the strand material may also be regulated by changing the liquid pressure and the velocity of the liquid carbon dioxide being fed into the tube.
  • a method of treating elongated material embodying certain features of the invention may include the steps of causing relative movement along a predetermined path between a laterally closed chamber and successive sections of an elongated material, the elongated material extending into an entrance end of the chamber, through, and then out of an exit end of the chamber, an upstream portion of the chamber communicating with a fluid material capable of being in a gaseous state, and directing at least one high velocity jet stream of treating material into the chamber downstream from the portion of the chamber communicating with the fluid material, the direction of the jet stream being such that a substantial component of the velocity of the jet stream is in the direction of travel of the successive sections of the elongated material, the minimum cross-sectional area of portions of the chamber through which the stream is directed and the successive sections of the elongated material extend being substantially greater than the cross-sectional area of the elongated material.
  • the velocity of the jet stream of treating material and the geometrical relationship of the cross-sectional areas of the portions of the chamber through which the successive sections of the elongated material extend and the jet stream passes and the pressure of the fluid material in direct communication with the upstream portion of the chamber are such as to create a pressure differential sufficient to cause portions of the fluid material in direct communication with the upstream portion of the chamber to be drawn into the chamber in a gaseous state at a volume of flow per unit time which is substantially greater than the volume of flow of the treating material unit time to mix with the treating material and produce a vapor mixture which moves through the chamber along the path of the elongated material to treat the elongated material.
  • An apparatus for treating elongated material embodying certain features of the invention may include a laterally enclosed chamber having an entrance end and an exit end, an upstream portion of the chamber communicating with a fluid material capable of being in a gaseous state, facilities for causing relative movement along a predetermined path between the laterally closed chamber and successive sections of the .elongated material, and facilities for directing at least one high velocity jet stream of treating material into the chamber downstream from the portion of the chamber communicating with the fluid material.
  • the direction of the jet stream is such that a substantial component of the velocity of the jet stream is in the direction of travel of the successive sections of the elongated material.
  • the mimimum cross-sectional area of portions of the chamber through which the stream is directed and the successive sections of the elongated material extend are substantially greater than that the crosssectional area of the elongated material.
  • the velocity of the jet stream of treating material, the geometrical relationship of the portion of the chamber through which the successive sections of the elongated material extend and the jet stream pass, and the pressure of the fluid material in direct communication with the upstream portion of the chamber are such as to create a pressure differential sufficient to cause portions of the fluid material communicating with the upstream portion of the chamber to be drawn into the chamber in a gaseous state at a volume of flow per unit time which is substantially greater than the volume of flow of the treating material per unit time to mix with the treating material and produce a vapor mixture which moves through the chamber to treat the elongated material.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an apparatus which embodies certain principles of this invention and which includes a laterally enclosed chamber through which successive sections of a strand material are advanced and having facilities for supplying water at a high velocity into an upstreamvend thereof;
  • FIG. 2 is an enlarged detail view of an upstream portion of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 which includes provisions for directing a plurality of high velocity jet streams of water into the chamber.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown an apparatus, designated generally by the numeral 10, for cooling successive sections of a strand material 11.
  • the successive sections of the strand material 11 are formed from successive sections of a conductor which are advanced into and through an extruder (not shown) which applies a covering of plastic insulative material thereto.
  • the successive sections of the strand material 11 are advanced into and through the cooling apparatus by a capstan (not shown) after which the strand material is wound on a take-up reel (not shown).
  • the cooling apparatus 10 includes a laterally closed chamber, designated by the numeral 21, which extends between and is supported on spaced catch basins 22 and 23.
  • An upstream end portion (with respect to the advancement of the successive sections of the strand material 11) of the chamber 21 is connected to the catch basin 22 while a downstream end of the chamber is connected to the catch basin 23.
  • the catch basins 22 and 23 are supported, respectively, on columns 26 and 27 which are mounted to a supporting surface 28. Intermediate supports for the chamber 21 may be used as required.
  • the laterally enclosed chamber 21 shown in FIG. 1 includes three successive adjoining and communicating portions. As can best be seen in FIG. 2, a first or upstream one 31of the portions is positioned at the up stream end of the chamber 21 and has a passage 32 formed therethrough. Further, the first one 31 of the portions has an annular cavity 33 formed therein which communicates with the passage 32 through a plurality of passageways 34-34 that open to a beveled face 36. The first one 31 of the portions includes an entrance end 37 tothe laterally enclosed chamber 21 at the upstream end of the passage 32. Finally, the first one 31 of the portions of the chamber 21 is in communication with a fluid material capable of being in a gaseous state. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the first one 31 of the portions communcates with the air of the ambient atmosphere at the entrance end 37.
  • An intermediate or second one 38 of the three adjoining portions is connected to the downstream side of the first one 31 of the portions (see FIGS. 1 and 2).
  • the second portion 38 has a passage 39 formed therethrough which is aligned with and communicates with the passage 32 in the first one of the portions.
  • the cross-sectional area of the passage 39 is larger that the cross-sectional area of the passage 32.
  • a cross-sectional shape of the passages 32 and 39 is circular having diameters of approximately 1 inch and 2 inches, respectively.
  • a third one 41 of the portions is connected to the downstream side of the second portion 38 (see FIG. 2) and extends through an opening 42 in the catch basin 22 and then into an opening 43 of the catch basin 23 (see FIG. 1).
  • the third portion 41 has a passage 44 formed therethrough which communicates with and is aligned with the passages 32 and 39 and which opens to an exit end 46 of the chamber 21.
  • the crosssectional area of the passage 44 is smaller than that of the passage 39 of the second one 38 of the portions.
  • the third one 41 of the portions is a pipe having an inside diameter of ap proximately one inch.
  • the communicating passages 32, 39 and 44 of the chamber 21 shown in FIG. 2 are shown as being coaxial with the longitudinal axes of the advancing successive sections of the strand material 11. While this is the usual practice in installations of this nature, it is not essential to the operation of an embodiment of this invention.
  • the annular cavity 33 is connected through a riser 51 to a pump 52 supported on the surface 28.
  • the riser 51 is connected through a conduit 53 to a supply (not shown) of cooling water.
  • the cooling water is forced up the riser 51 and into the annular cavity 33, then through the passageways 34-34 to form a plurality of converging jet streams of water being directed into the chamber 21 (see FIG. 2).
  • the passageways 34-34 are formed so that the longitudinal axes thereof tend to converge within the chamber 21 and downstream of the first one of the portions with respect to the travel of the successive sections of the strand material 11.
  • the slope of the passageways 34-34 is such that a substantial component of the velocity of each of the jet streams of water that are forced through the passageways is moving in the same direction as the successive sections of the strand material.
  • the longitudinal axes of the passageways 34-34 are inclined at an angle of 10 to 20 with-a line parallel to the longitudinal axes of the successive sections of the strand material 11.
  • a vertical conduit 56 connects an opening in the bottom of the catch basin 22 with a conduit 57
  • a vertical conduit 58 connects an opening in the bottom of the catch basin 23 with the conduit 57.
  • the conduit 57 is run to a drain (not shown) where the reclaimed water may be accumulated and then routed through refrigerating apparatus (not shown) and recirculated to the pump 52 for resupply to the apparatus 10.
  • the relative flow rates of the cooling material and the gaseous medium communicating with the first one 31 of the portions of the chamber 21 assume a critical role.
  • the volume of flow of the cooling material per unit time is substantially less than the volume of flow of the air per unit time. It has been found that the relative flow rates depend on the creation of a pressure differential.
  • the creation of a pressure differential sufficient to result in these relative volumetric flow rates depends on the velocities of the jet streams, on the geometrical relationship of the cross-sectional areas of the portions of the chamber 21 through which the successive sections of the strand material 11 are advanced and the jet streams pass, and on the pressure of the fluid material in direct communication with the upstream or first one 31 of the portions of the chamber.
  • the selection of the pump 52 and the geometry of the passageways 34-34 is made so that the water in the jet streams which impinges on the successive sections of the strand material 11 is ofa high velocity.
  • a jet stream consonant with this scheme would have a minimum velocity of approximately 150 feet per second with that used in one installation constructed in accordance with the principles of this invention being 210 feet per second.
  • the jet streams, which numberfour in the hereinbefore described embodiment, are forced through very small diameter passageways.
  • the passageways 34-34 are 50/1,000 inch in diameter.
  • the inside diameter of the passage 32 in the first one 31 of the portions is approximately I inch.
  • chamber 21 applies not only as between the cross-sectional areas of the portions of the chamber, but also extend to the relationship of the cross-sectional area of the chamber to the cross-sectional area of the strand material 11.
  • the minimum cross-sectional area of the portions of the chamber 21 through which the jet streams pass and through which the successive sections of the strand material 11 are advanced are many times greater than the cross-sectional area of the strand material.
  • the minimum diameter of any portion of the chamber through which I v the strand material 11 is advanced and through which the jet streams pass is approximately 1 inch compared to the diameter of 18 to 26 AWG gauge wire being advanced therethrough.
  • the length of the third one 41 of the portions is substantial compared to the length of the first one 31 or the second one 38 of the portions.
  • the length of the third portion 41 is feet, while the length of the first one 31 of the portions approximately is 1 to 2 inches and the length of the second one 38 of the portions is approximately 2 to 3 inches.
  • first portion 31 of the chamber and the passage 39 This causes portions of the air of the ambient atmosphere surrounding or communieating with the first one 31 of the portions of the chamber 21 to be drawn into the chamber through the entrance end 37 thereof. It should be observed that the first portion 31 could just as well be in communication with a supply of fluid material capable of being in a gaseous state. The important condition is that a pressure differential is created.
  • the overall structure of the first one 3] of the portions, the second one 38 and the third one 41, which performs as a restricted throat portion could be redesigned into a shape which follows the stream lines of the flow patterns of the water and air.
  • the entrance end 37 could be funnel-shaped and the longitudinal walls of the second portion 38 could slope toward the throat portion having rounded entrance and even exit corners.
  • the benefits derived from such a redesign may be lower frictional head losses.
  • the chamber 21 may be constructed with a downstream portion of the third one 41 of the portions having a passage formed therethrough which has a larger cross-sectional area than that of the passage 44. How ever, any such enlargement of the passage 44 should occur only after a substantial length of throat section of the passage immediately downstream of and communicating with the second one 38 of the portions. If the passage 44 is suddenly enlarged too close to the upstream end thereof, the water velocity will more likely than not not be affected. But the air will expand to fill the enlarged portion and consequently, the water velocity will exceed the air velocity which in the preferred embodiment are substantially equal. Should the air velocity be reduced, the water may. not remain as intimately in contact with successive sections of the strand material 11 as it would if the air did not expand and tend to hold the water against the strand material.
  • the water tends to diffuse somewhat in a diverging spray (see FIG. 2).
  • the jet streams of water tend to converge on the successive sections of the strand material 11 within the chamber 21 to substantially contact the entire periphery of the successive sections of the strand material.
  • the high velocity of the jet streams of the water, the geometrical relationship of the cross-sectional areas of the chamber and the pressure of the air of the ambient atmosphere create a pressure differential.
  • This pressure differential is sufficient to cause the air surrounding the entrance end 37 of the chamber 21 to be drawn into the chamber at a volumetric flow rate which is substantially greater than that of the water.
  • the air tends to mix with the water to create a vapor mixture.
  • the vapor mixture moves through the chamber 21 being constantly in contact with the advancing strand material 11 to cool the strand material.
  • the velocity of the air in the constructed embodiment is approximately 10,000 feet per minute compared to a water velocity of approximately l2,000 feet per minute.
  • a small quantity of water which does not combine' with the air to form a vapor mixture accumulates at the bottom of the third one 41 of the portions of the chamber and merely drains out by gravity into the catch basin 23.
  • the vapor mixture of air and water emerges continuously from the exist end 46 of the third one 41 of the portions at which time some of the momentum thereof has been dissipated so that there is some condensation into the catch basin 23. It has been observed that the water accumulating at the bottom of the chamber 21 does not reach that proportion required to engage the strand material 11 and exert a drag force thereon. It has also been observed in numerous readings that the temperature of the water at the exit end 46 of the chamber 21 is at least as low as the temperature of the water in the annular cavity 33 despite the heat exchange with the plastic insulation.
  • the parameters are the velocity of the at least one jet stream of water, the geometrical relationship of the cross-sectional areas of the chamber 21 through which the successive sections of the strand material and the jet streams pass and the pressure of the fluid material in direct communication with the upstream portion of the chamber.
  • the position of the jet stream passageways 34-34 may be repositioned with respect to the longitudinal axis of the chamber 21.
  • the passageways 34-34 could be repositioned further downstream.
  • the lowest static pressure within the chamber 21 is within the conical area formed between the jet-streams eminating from the passageways 3434. Some of the pressure drop would be required to overcome the drop in pressure head over the longer distance than if the jet streams were further upstream.
  • cooling of some materials which are used to insulate conductors may require repetitive installations-of the three-portion chamber described hereinbefore or of successive constant portion chambers, each of the series of repetitive arrangements having at least one jet stream.
  • a common manifold supply system as well as a common drain system, could be used.
  • a method of treating elongated material which comprises the steps of:
  • a method of treating strand material which comprises the steps of:
  • the minimum cross-sectional area of portions of the chamber through which the streams are directed and the successive sections of the strand material pass being substantially greater than the cross-- sectional area of the strand material
  • the velocity of the jet streams of the treating material and the geometrical relationship of the crosssectional areas of the portions of the chamber through which successive sections of the strand material and the jet streams pass and the pressure of the fluid material in direct communication with the upstream portion of the chamber being such as to create a pressure differential sufficient to cause portions of the fluid material in direct communication with the upstream portion of the chamber to be drawn into the chamber in a gaseous state at a volume of flow per unit time which is substantially greater than the volume of flow of the treating material per unit time to mix with the treating material and produce a vapor mixture which moves through the chamber along the path of the strand material to treat the strand material.
  • a method of treating strand material which comprises the steps of:
  • downstream portion of the laterally confined length of the path is substantially longer than the. upstream portion of the laterally confined path and substantially longer than the intermediate portion thereof.
  • jet streams of treating material tend to coverge on a portion of the path between the upstream end of the intermediate portion of the laterally confined path and the downstream end of the downstream portion of the laterally confined path.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
  • Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
  • Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Heat Treatments In General, Especially Conveying And Cooling (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Strip Materials And Filament Materials (AREA)
US00101713A 1970-12-28 1970-12-28 Methods of treating elongated material Expired - Lifetime US3740862A (en)

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US (1) US3740862A (it)
JP (1) JPS5121435B1 (it)
AU (1) AU446909B2 (it)
BE (1) BE777332A (it)
CA (1) CA940670A (it)
CH (1) CH546636A (it)
DE (1) DE2164545C3 (it)
ES (1) ES398772A1 (it)
GB (1) GB1365500A (it)
IT (1) IT950518B (it)
SE (1) SE383986B (it)

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JPS5085247U (it) * 1973-12-05 1975-07-21
JPS51139644U (it) * 1975-04-30 1976-11-10
JPS5229238A (en) * 1975-08-30 1977-03-04 Olympus Optical Co Ltd Inside-view mirror objective optical system
US4185233A (en) * 1978-03-30 1980-01-22 General Electric Company High efficiency ballast system for gaseous discharge lamps
US4185231A (en) * 1978-05-02 1980-01-22 General Electric Company High efficiency ballast system for gaseous discharge lamps
JPS5694304A (en) * 1979-12-28 1981-07-30 Fuji Xerox Co Ltd Optical image projector
JPS58131010U (ja) * 1982-12-24 1983-09-05 オリンパス光学工業株式会社 内視鏡対物光学系
US4515444A (en) * 1983-06-30 1985-05-07 Dyonics, Inc. Optical system
JPH0660975B2 (ja) * 1985-10-17 1994-08-10 住友電気工業株式会社 内視鏡
JPH07111500B2 (ja) * 1986-05-22 1995-11-29 オリンパス光学工業株式会社 内視鏡対物レンズ
JPH065340B2 (ja) * 1987-05-09 1994-01-19 三菱電線工業株式会社 カテ−テル形ファイバスコ−プの製造方法
JP2826319B2 (ja) * 1988-05-10 1998-11-18 オリンパス光学工業株式会社 内視鏡対物光学系
JPH042312U (it) * 1990-04-16 1992-01-09
US5359456A (en) * 1991-10-15 1994-10-25 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Objective lens system for endoscopes

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SE383986B (sv) 1976-04-12
AU3723171A (en) 1973-06-28
GB1365500A (en) 1974-09-04
JPS5121435B1 (en) 1976-07-02
IT950518B (it) 1973-06-20
DE2164545A1 (de) 1972-07-13
CH546636A (de) 1974-03-15
AU446909B2 (en) 1974-04-04
JPS4728061A (en) 1972-10-31
DE2164545B2 (de) 1974-08-15
CA940670A (en) 1974-01-29
ES398772A1 (es) 1975-06-01
DE2164545C3 (de) 1975-04-10
BE777332A (fr) 1972-04-17

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