US3725041A - Deoxidizing metal - Google Patents
Deoxidizing metal Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3725041A US3725041A US00075738A US3725041DA US3725041A US 3725041 A US3725041 A US 3725041A US 00075738 A US00075738 A US 00075738A US 3725041D A US3725041D A US 3725041DA US 3725041 A US3725041 A US 3725041A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- carbon
- hydrocarbon
- deoxidizer
- vessel
- diluent gas
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 21
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title abstract description 21
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 66
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 62
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 abstract description 51
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 51
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 abstract description 48
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 37
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 36
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 48
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 26
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 26
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 20
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 10
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- CSJDCSCTVDEHRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;molecular oxygen Chemical compound C.O=O CSJDCSCTVDEHRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001722 carbon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009628 steelmaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B9/00—General processes of refining or remelting of metals; Apparatus for electroslag or arc remelting of metals
- C22B9/05—Refining by treating with gases, e.g. gas flushing also refining by means of a material generating gas in situ
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
- C21C7/04—Removing impurities by adding a treating agent
- C21C7/06—Deoxidising, e.g. killing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/10—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions
- Y02P10/143—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions of methane [CH4]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of deoxidizing molten metal and more particularly to a method of deoxidizing molten metal while maintaining the carbon content of the metal at a level about equal to or lower than the level prior to deoxidizing.
- a lowering of the partial pressure of carbon monoxide changes equilibrium relationships and shifts the attainable end point carbon to lower levels without necessitating excessive oxidation of metallic components and, thereby, frees carbon to combine with oxygen within the melt.
- Reduction in the partial pressure can be accomplished by reducing the pressure in the vessel and/ or by introducing argon into the vessel.
- This third method does not measure up to theoretical expectations as the carbon-oxygen reaction fails to proceed to completion. From a thermodynamic point of view, the system acts as if it were under a higher pressure.
- the present invention provides a method which eti'ectively deoxidizes a melt while controlling the carbon content at a level about equal to or lower than that which was present prior to deoxidizing. It employs at least one hydrocarbon as a deoxidizer and at least one diluent gas.
- the diluent gas enables the processor to use small amounts of hydrocarbon deoxidizer, thereby precluding excessive injection of carbon into the melt, while maintaining a gaseous injection rate which is sufiicient to insure adequate mixing between the hydrocarbon deoxidizer and the melt.
- the hydrocarbon deoxidizer input rate can be lowered without reducing the rate of oxygen reaction with carbon, by introducing a diluent gas with the hydrocarbon deoxidizer.
- the present invention comprises the steps of introducing hydrocarbon deoxidizer and diluent gas into a vessel containing molten metal, determining the eiiect of the hydrocarbon deoxidizer and diluent gas upon the carbon content of the metal and controlling the proportion of hydrocarbon deoxidizer to diluent gas so that the average rate of carbon leaving the vessel is about equal to or greater than the average rate of carbon being introduced into the vessel.
- the invention embraces the use of one or more hydrocarbon deoxidizers chosen from a wide spectrum of gase- (ms and liquid hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon containing substances as well as the use of one or more diluent gases chosen from a wide spectrum of diluent gases.
- hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon containing substances are methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, water gas and natural gas.
- Illustrative diluent gases are argon, nitrogen, hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
- Liquid hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon containing substances require the additional step of atomizing the liquid into the diluent gas stream.
- the hydrocarbon deoxidizer and diluent gas can be blown into or blown onto the top of the melt.
- the efiiciency at which carbon and oxygen combined tells a processor what the proportion of hydrocarbon deoxidizer to diluent gas should be for subsequent heats, of similar chemistry, which are to be deoxidized under similar conditions, e.g., similar gaseous injection rates.
- a heat deoxidized with hydrocarbon deoxidizer and 20% diluent gas and having a 50% carbon-oxygen reaction etficiency indicates that subsequent heats should use 40% or less hydrocarbon deoxidizer and 60% or more diluent gas if the heats are of similar chemistry and are to be similarly deoxidized.
- An alternative process for detemining the effect of the hydrocarbon deoxidizer overcomes the shortcoming of the above described procedure. It involves calculating the rate at which carbon is introduced to the vessel and the rate at which it leaves the vessel.
- the carbon input rate can be calculated from the analysis and input rate of hydrocarbon deoxidizer and diluent gas.
- the carbon output rate can be calculated from the output rate and analysis of the gases exiting the vessel (a monitoring system can be used to analyze the exiting gases).
- the calculations enable a processor to control the carbon content of the melt by adjusting the rate at which carbon is introduced to the vessel.
- the hydrocarbon deoxidizer and the diluent gas are injected into the vessel at an average gaseous injection rate of at least 20 cu. ft. per hour.
- a preferred average gaseous injection rate is at least 30 cu. ft. per hour.
- Lower injection rates are, however, embraced within this invention. A precise value cannot be set for the minimum rate as it fluctuates with process variables, such as the depth of the molten metal.
- the invention can additionally encompass controlling of the final oxygen content. This entails knowledge of the oxygen content prior to or at some stage during deoxidation and calculating of the amount of oxygen leaving the system.
- Oxygen in the melt can be measured by an EMF cell or by chemical analysis.
- the amount of oxygen leaving the system can be calculated from an analysis of the gases exiting from the system and from the following equations:
- the carbon input and input rate can be obtained from the following equations:
- the carbon output and output rate can be obtained from the following equations:
- a method of deoxidizing molten steel and controlling its final oxygen content while maintaining a carbon level about equal to or lower than the carbon level which Was present prior to deoxidizing which comprises the steps of: analyzing molten steel to determine its oxygen content; introducing hydrocarbon deoxidizer and diluent gas at an average injection rate of at least 20 cu. ft.
- a method according to claim 1 wherein said introducing of hydrocarbon deoxidizer and diluent gas into 6 said vessel containing molten steel comprises the step of blowing hydrocarbon deoxidizer and diluent gas into said molten steel.
- a method according to claim 1 wherein said introducing of hydrocarbon deoxidizer and diluent gas into said vessel containing molten steel comprises the step of blowing hydrocarbon deoxidizer and diluent gas onto said molten steel.
- a method according to claim 1 wherein said determining of the efiect of said hydrocarbon deoxidizer and diluent gas upon the carbon content of said steel comprises the steps of: calculating the rate at which carbon is introduced into said vessel; and calculating the rate at which carbon leaves said vessel.
- a method according to claim 5 including the step of analyzing the gases exiting from said vessel.
- hydrocarbon deoxidizer is comprised of methane.
- said diluent gas is comprised of argon.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US7573870A | 1970-09-25 | 1970-09-25 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3725041A true US3725041A (en) | 1973-04-03 |
Family
ID=22127689
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US00075738A Expired - Lifetime US3725041A (en) | 1970-09-25 | 1970-09-25 | Deoxidizing metal |
| US00307661A Expired - Lifetime US3816104A (en) | 1970-09-25 | 1972-11-24 | Deoxidizing nickel base and cobalt base alloys |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US00307661A Expired - Lifetime US3816104A (en) | 1970-09-25 | 1972-11-24 | Deoxidizing nickel base and cobalt base alloys |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US3725041A (fr) |
| AT (1) | ATA824171A (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU461916B2 (fr) |
| BE (1) | BE773040A (fr) |
| BR (1) | BR7106270D0 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA947976A (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE2146923A1 (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES395447A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2107994B1 (fr) |
| GB (1) | GB1336357A (fr) |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3816104A (en) * | 1970-09-25 | 1974-06-11 | Allegheny Ludlum Ind Inc | Deoxidizing nickel base and cobalt base alloys |
| US3844768A (en) * | 1971-05-28 | 1974-10-29 | Creusot Loire | Process for refining alloy steels containing chromium and including stainless steels |
| US3891429A (en) * | 1973-06-07 | 1975-06-24 | Koppers Co Inc | Method for selective decarburization of alloy steels |
| US3898078A (en) * | 1973-03-29 | 1975-08-05 | Youngstown Sheet And Tube Co | Method and apparatus for injecting refining oxygen in steelmaking processes |
| US3907548A (en) * | 1973-07-04 | 1975-09-23 | Krupp Ag Huettenwerke | Process for the production of steels having high chromium content and lowest possible carbon content |
| US3930843A (en) * | 1974-08-30 | 1976-01-06 | United States Steel Corporation | Method for increasing metallic yield in bottom blown processes |
| US4047937A (en) * | 1972-12-04 | 1977-09-13 | United States Steel Corporation | Method for controlling the operation of a steel refining converter |
| US4081270A (en) * | 1977-04-11 | 1978-03-28 | Union Carbide Corporation | Renitrogenation of basic-oxygen steels during decarburization |
| US4746361A (en) * | 1987-04-03 | 1988-05-24 | Inland Steel Company | Controlling dissolved oxygen content in molten steel |
| EP0340893A1 (fr) * | 1988-05-02 | 1989-11-08 | William M. Tekatch | Procédé pour éliminer l'azote du fer |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4515630A (en) * | 1983-08-15 | 1985-05-07 | Olin Corporation | Process of continuously treating an alloy melt |
| FR3125542A1 (fr) | 2021-07-23 | 2023-01-27 | Pda Ecolab | Hybridation de renforcement par fibres naturelles pour des matériaux composites et des tissus constitués de celle-ci |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LU28302A1 (fr) * | 1945-02-14 | |||
| US3218156A (en) * | 1963-10-16 | 1965-11-16 | Howe Sound Co | Process for vacuum deoxidation of alloys |
| US3725041A (en) * | 1970-09-25 | 1973-04-03 | Allegheny Ludlum Ind Inc | Deoxidizing metal |
-
1970
- 1970-09-25 US US00075738A patent/US3725041A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1971
- 1971-09-15 AU AU33503/71A patent/AU461916B2/en not_active Expired
- 1971-09-20 DE DE19712146923 patent/DE2146923A1/de active Pending
- 1971-09-23 BR BR6270/71A patent/BR7106270D0/pt unknown
- 1971-09-23 AT AT824171A patent/ATA824171A/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1971-09-24 CA CA123,591A patent/CA947976A/en not_active Expired
- 1971-09-24 FR FR7134522A patent/FR2107994B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1971-09-24 GB GB4462571A patent/GB1336357A/en not_active Expired
- 1971-09-24 BE BE773040A patent/BE773040A/fr unknown
- 1971-09-25 ES ES395447A patent/ES395447A1/es not_active Expired
-
1972
- 1972-11-24 US US00307661A patent/US3816104A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3816104A (en) * | 1970-09-25 | 1974-06-11 | Allegheny Ludlum Ind Inc | Deoxidizing nickel base and cobalt base alloys |
| US3844768A (en) * | 1971-05-28 | 1974-10-29 | Creusot Loire | Process for refining alloy steels containing chromium and including stainless steels |
| US4047937A (en) * | 1972-12-04 | 1977-09-13 | United States Steel Corporation | Method for controlling the operation of a steel refining converter |
| US3898078A (en) * | 1973-03-29 | 1975-08-05 | Youngstown Sheet And Tube Co | Method and apparatus for injecting refining oxygen in steelmaking processes |
| US3891429A (en) * | 1973-06-07 | 1975-06-24 | Koppers Co Inc | Method for selective decarburization of alloy steels |
| US3907548A (en) * | 1973-07-04 | 1975-09-23 | Krupp Ag Huettenwerke | Process for the production of steels having high chromium content and lowest possible carbon content |
| US3930843A (en) * | 1974-08-30 | 1976-01-06 | United States Steel Corporation | Method for increasing metallic yield in bottom blown processes |
| US4081270A (en) * | 1977-04-11 | 1978-03-28 | Union Carbide Corporation | Renitrogenation of basic-oxygen steels during decarburization |
| US4746361A (en) * | 1987-04-03 | 1988-05-24 | Inland Steel Company | Controlling dissolved oxygen content in molten steel |
| EP0340893A1 (fr) * | 1988-05-02 | 1989-11-08 | William M. Tekatch | Procédé pour éliminer l'azote du fer |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2107994B1 (fr) | 1975-02-07 |
| BE773040A (fr) | 1972-03-24 |
| AU3350371A (en) | 1973-03-22 |
| ES395447A1 (es) | 1973-12-01 |
| BR7106270D0 (pt) | 1973-03-13 |
| AU461916B2 (en) | 1975-06-12 |
| DE2146923A1 (de) | 1972-03-30 |
| ATA824171A (de) | 1975-09-15 |
| CA947976A (en) | 1974-05-28 |
| FR2107994A1 (fr) | 1972-05-12 |
| GB1336357A (en) | 1973-11-07 |
| US3816104A (en) | 1974-06-11 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| AS | Assignment |
Owner name: ALLEGHENY LUDLUM CORPORATION Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:ALLEGHENY LUDLUM STEEL CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:004779/0642 Effective date: 19860805 |
|
| AS | Assignment |
Owner name: PITTSBURGH NATIONAL BANK Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ALLEGHENY LUDLUM CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:004855/0400 Effective date: 19861226 |
|
| AS | Assignment |
Owner name: PITTSBURGH NATIONAL BANK Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. RECORDED ON REEL 4855 FRAME 0400;ASSIGNOR:PITTSBURGH NATIONAL BANK;REEL/FRAME:005018/0050 Effective date: 19881129 |