US3717764A - Intensifying screen for radiograph use - Google Patents

Intensifying screen for radiograph use Download PDF

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Publication number
US3717764A
US3717764A US00016756A US3717764DA US3717764A US 3717764 A US3717764 A US 3717764A US 00016756 A US00016756 A US 00016756A US 3717764D A US3717764D A US 3717764DA US 3717764 A US3717764 A US 3717764A
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United States
Prior art keywords
metal
intensifying screen
screen according
layer
dividing means
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00016756A
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English (en)
Inventor
I Fujimura
M Takano
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Fujifilm Holdings Corp
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Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
    • G21K4/00—Conversion screens for the conversion of the spatial distribution of X-rays or particle radiation into visible images, e.g. fluoroscopic screens

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT Disclosed is an intensifying screen for X-ray radiograph use having a striped or checkered pattern of metal strips embedded in a high-sensitive phosphor layer, thereby reducing mottles which are offensive to the eye in examining an X-ray picture and at the same time absorbing the scattered X-ray in the screen.
  • the combined effects of reduction of mottles and absorption of scattered X-rays improve the image quality of an X-ray picture.
  • FIGQ5 FIG.8
  • This invention in general, relates to a luminescent or intensifying screen for radiograph use, and in particular to such an intensifying screen which permits the full use of a relatively high sensitivity radiographic film or particularly, an X-ray photographic film by compensating for the reduction of sharpness accompanied by allowing the X-ray to pass through luminescent or phosphor layers and thereby intensifying the light which is used to produce an image on the photographic film.
  • a radiographic or X-ray film comprises a support or carrier of whose surfaces have an emulsion applied thereto.
  • An intensifying screen is a plate having granulated phosphor crystal applied to one surface thereof by means of a proper binder such as nitrocellulose, gelatine, etc.
  • FIG. 3 it shows different response-tospatial frequency relationships pertaining to an X-ray source having 300 X 300 pt dimensions (See curve a), and X-ray photographic film having an emulsion applied to one surface thereof and an X-ray source having 50 p.
  • X 50 a focus dimensions (See curve b)
  • a conventional high sensitive intensifying screen See curve c
  • an X-ray photographic film having an emulsion applied to both surfaces thereof See curve d.
  • the response of the conventional intensifying screen is very poor.
  • the improvement of the response of the intensifying screen will substantially contribute to improve the whole or resultant response of the X-ray photographic system including an X-ray source, an X-ray photographic film, an intensifying screen etc.
  • This invention is directed to improve one of the major factors above mentioned, i.e., the intensifying screen.
  • the object of this invention is, in general, to improve the quality of the image of the X-ray photograph taken with the use of an intensifying screen.
  • This object is attained by embedding a number of metal strips in the phosphor coating in a striped or checkered pattern, thereby first, dividing a mottle or an image of agglomeration of phosphor grains into a group of small sections which are not offensive to the eye of the observer in examining the X-ray photograph, and second, absorbing the scattered X-ray in the metal grid of the phosphor coating, thus confining the luminescence glow in the very small region defined by the mesh of the grid.
  • this invention permits the use of phosphor material of high sensitivity by reducing relatively large mottles inherent to such material to the extent that they may not be offensive to the eye, thus improving the sensitivity of the intensifying screen without lowering the sharpness of the image of the X- ray photograph.
  • the granularity is substantially improved by dividing the image into fine stripe or minute square sections.
  • the sharpness is improved by absorbing the scattered X-rays with the metal strips.
  • the sensitivity is increased, because a high sensitive phosphor material can be used without the adverse effect of lowering the granularity and the sharpness.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view showing a part of the striped pattern type intensifying screen according to this invention
  • FIG. 2 is a plan view showing a part of the checkered pattern type intensifying screen according to this invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing spatial frequency-response function relationships pertaining to different X-ray films and X-ray sources
  • FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationships between the width W of metal strip and the number N of metal and phosphor strip pairs per millimeter and between the width W of metal strip and the relative sensitivity S of the phosphor screen;
  • FIGS. 5 7 show examples of one type of this invention.
  • FIGS. 8 17 show examples of a different type of this invention.
  • This screen is shaped in the form of arranged phosphor and metal strips 1 and 2 in an alternate and equi-spaced fashion.
  • N lines/mm
  • S the relative sensitivity S of the stripe type intensifying screen
  • FIG. 2 a part of the checker type intensifying screen is shown.
  • This screen is shaped in the form of arranged metal and phosphor strips 1 and 2 in a checkered and cqui-spaced fashion. Assuming that the width of the metal strip W is equal to that of the phosphor strip W, the area A of the square section of the phosphor coating is given in the following:
  • the relative sensitivity S of the checker type intensifying screen i.e., the ratio of the sensitivity of the checkered phosphor coating l/N
  • that of the plain phosphor coating l/N W is given by the following equation:
  • the response function of the intensifying screen must be lines per millimeter.
  • the width of the phosphor strip 2 of the stripe type intensifying screen is equal to that of the metal strip 1, and if the number of the phosphor strip 2 is 20 lines per millimeter, the width of the phosphor strip 2 is given by:
  • FIG. 4 shows how the relative sensitivity S" or S varies withthe width of the metal strip. These curves S" and S are determined by the equations and S# WM)Z for the particular width of the phosphor strip, i.e.,
  • the relative sensitivity increases with the decrease of the metal strip width.
  • the width W, of the metal strip of the stripe type intensifying screen is about ,u.
  • the width of W, of the metal strip of the checker type intensifying screen is about 10 a.
  • the stripe number of the stripe type intensifying screen is about 19 (lines/mm), whereas the stripe number of the checker type one is about 28 (lines/mm).
  • the ratios of phosphors of medium and high sensitivity commercially available to the phosphor of low sensitivity and high sharpness are 1.6 and 2.4 respectively.
  • a conventional intensifying screen uses a phosphor of low sensitivity and high sharpness. This is due to the fact that the sharpness and the granularity of a phosphor of higher sensitivity is, in
  • the sharpness and granularity of the intensifying screen according to this invention depends simply upon the size of the elemental mesh of the metal net pattern, and not on the actual phosphor and granularity of the phosphor material.
  • the decrease of the sensitivity due to the metal stripe or checker pattern can be fully compensated by the use of a highly sensitive phosphor material, provided thatthe area which the phosphor material occupies is, in fact, larger than the area which the metal occupies.
  • FIG. 5 the section of an intensifying screen is shown.
  • a number of metal strips 1 are laid upon the support member or carrier plate 3 in an equispaced relationship and a phosphor material 2 is moulded between the metal strips so that the resultant phosphor strips may be flush with the metal-strips.
  • a protecting coating 4 is applied to the upper surface of the stripe pattern.
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 show an intensifying screen having respectively trapezoid-sectional metal strips and one having corrugated metal strips. The distances indicated by W, and W depend upon the kind of object and characteristics of the camera used, but such distances will be found in the following ranges:
  • the support member 3 must have a strength sufficient to support the phosphor part and the metal part, the latter of which is preferably made of a metal having a large X-ray-absorbing capability, more specifically a heavy metal having a large figure of atomic numbers.
  • the protecting coating 4 is preferably made of a material with light transparent characteristics and substantial physical strength, such as gelatine, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose triacetate, etc..
  • the coating 4 is preferably as thin as possible, and the thickness of the coating is generally within the range from 1 to 10 microns.
  • F I08. 8 17 show embodiments of a different type of this invention, in which the upper end of a metal strip reaches short of the upper or lower surface of the phosphor moulding.
  • the same type of members are indicated by the same numbers as used in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • FIG. shows an intensifying screen having a metal coating 6 provided on the metal strip 1, the atomic number of the metal of this metal coating 6 being larger than that of the metal of the metal strip with a view to further absorb the scattered X-ray.
  • FIGS. 11 13 show intensifying screen in which the metal strips are partly embedded in the support as indicated at T thereby intensifying the absorbing effect of the scattered X-rays.
  • FIG. 14 shows the section of the intensifying screen having the metal strips provided flush with the phosphor moulding
  • FIG. 15 shows one having the metal strips provided at the middle level of the phosphor moulding.
  • T, and T are found in the following ranges:
  • the light-reflecting or light-absorbing layer 5 it is formed by applying titanium white to the surface of the support or by evaporating a metal such as aluminum, silver, etc. to the same, thus functioning as a reflector for a low-sensitive intensifying screen, whereas it is formed by applying a light-absorbing substance, for instance carbon to the surface of the support with a view to improve thesharpness, thus functioning as an absorber for a high-sensitive intensifying screen, just like a halation protecting layer on radiographic films.
  • a light-absorbing substance for instance carbon
  • FIGS. 16 and 17 show phosphor screens using two different kinds of phosphor material constituting two different phosphor layers with a view to improve the granularity of the intensifying screen.
  • a high sensitive (or coarsely granulated) screen is necessitated in order to compensate for the decrease of sensitivity due to the presence of the metal strips in the phosphor coating.
  • the granularity can be improved by applying a low-sensitive phosphor material on the high-sensitive and coarsely granulated phosphor layer 2, provided that the upper layer 2 of a low-sensitive phosphor material is thinner than the lower layer 2' of a high-sensitive phosphor material, preferably three times or more thinner than the lower phosphor layer.
  • a tricomposite phosphor layer, or a phosphor layer of a mixture of different phosphor materials can be applied to the support.
  • a metal layer is deposited on a carrier by electroplating, for instance, copper on the surface of the carrier, and then the metal layer thus deposited is partly removed to leave a striped or checkered pattern by photoetching with or without electroplating, electrical discharge machining or laser machining. Then, a liquid containing phosphor material is applied to the striped or checkered metal pattern.
  • an intensifying screen according to this invention can be produced by embedding in a luminescent layer, a metal mesh or a perforated metal foil of the type which is used in spectrophotometry.
  • the metal mesh can be produced by the reprica method or etching.
  • the liquid containing a phosphor material is applied on the carrier, and then the metal mesh is put in the luminescent layer thus deposited, while it is wet.
  • the wet luminescent layer which is flush with the metal pattern, is dried and solidified. If this intermediate product is covered with a protecting coating, an intensifying screen, such as shown in FIG.
  • intensifying screen such as shown in FIG. 15 can be obtained.
  • intensifying screens such as shown in FIGS. 11, 12 and 13, it is advantageous to embed a metal pattern in a carrier before applying a luminescent layer to the carrier.
  • An intensifying screen for radiograph use comprising a support, a layer of finely divided luminescent crystals deposited on said support and metal dividing means dividing said luminescent layer into a plurality of separated sections, said metal dividing means comprising a plurality of metal strips disposed in the luminescent layer, said metal strips having a longitudinal dimension T and a width W the sections of said luminescent layer having a longitudinal dimension T, and a width W,, the aforementioned dimensions being within the following ranges:
  • An intensifying screen according .to claim 1, in which said luminescent layer comprising a lamination of an upper layer of finely divided crystals and a lower layer of coarsely divided crystals.
  • An intensifying screen for radiograph use comprising a support, a layer of finely divided luminescent crystals deposited on such support, metal dividing means dividing said luminescent layers into a plurality of separated sections, and a metal coating provided on said metal dividing means, the atomic number of the metal coating being larger than that of the metal dividing means, said sections being of a size small enough to divide an image of agglomeration of luminescent crystal grains into small sections which are not offensive to the eye of an observer examining the radiograph.
  • An intensifying screen for radiograph use comprising a support, a layer of finely divided luminescent crystals deposited on said support, and metal dividing means dividing said luminescent layer into a plurality of separated sections, said metal dividing means comprising metal strips, and in which the thickness of the luminescent layer T, the width of each section W, and the width of the metal strips W are within the following ranges:

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Conversion Of X-Rays Into Visible Images (AREA)
  • Silver Salt Photography Or Processing Solution Therefor (AREA)
US00016756A 1969-03-07 1970-03-05 Intensifying screen for radiograph use Expired - Lifetime US3717764A (en)

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JP1726069 1969-03-07
JP8333869 1969-10-18

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US (1) US3717764A (fi)
BE (1) BE746974A (fi)
CA (1) CA935566A (fi)
FR (1) FR2037840A5 (fi)
GB (1) GB1308672A (fi)

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3936644A (en) * 1974-03-14 1976-02-03 General Electric Company Multi-layer X-ray screens
US3953303A (en) * 1970-10-12 1976-04-27 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Process for the manufacture of mesh screen for X-ray photography sensitization
US4039840A (en) * 1975-01-06 1977-08-02 Dai Nippon Toryo Co., Ltd. Intensifying screens
US4208577A (en) * 1977-01-28 1980-06-17 Diagnostic Information, Inc. X-ray tube having scintillator-photocathode segments aligned with phosphor segments of its display screen
EP0272581A2 (en) * 1986-12-18 1988-06-29 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba X-ray fluorescent image intensifier
US4951305A (en) * 1989-05-30 1990-08-21 Eastman Kodak Company X-ray grid for medical radiography and method of making and using same
US5606589A (en) * 1995-05-09 1997-02-25 Thermo Trex Corporation Air cross grids for mammography and methods for their manufacture and use
US5892230A (en) * 1997-05-29 1999-04-06 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Scintillating fiducial patterns
US6185278B1 (en) 1999-06-24 2001-02-06 Thermo Electron Corp. Focused radiation collimator
US6294789B1 (en) 1998-06-17 2001-09-25 Hologic, Inc. Radiation intensifying screen
US20090114860A1 (en) * 2005-09-08 2009-05-07 Gilbert Feke Apparatus and method for imaging ionizing radiation
US20090159805A1 (en) * 2005-09-08 2009-06-25 Gilbert Feke Apparatus and method for multi-modal imaging
US20090281383A1 (en) * 2005-09-08 2009-11-12 Rao Papineni Apparatus and method for external fluorescence imaging of internal regions of interest in a small animal using an endoscope for internal illumination
US20090324048A1 (en) * 2005-09-08 2009-12-31 Leevy Warren M Method and apparatus for multi-modal imaging
US20100022866A1 (en) * 2005-09-08 2010-01-28 Gilbert Feke Torsional support apparatus and method for craniocaudal rotation of animals
WO2010081386A1 (en) * 2009-01-13 2010-07-22 LI, Teng X-ray fluorescent screen with improved brightness and method thereof
US20100220836A1 (en) * 2005-09-08 2010-09-02 Feke Gilbert D Apparatus and method for multi-modal imaging

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2384349A1 (fr) * 1977-03-14 1978-10-13 Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co Intensificateur d'image
JPS59202100A (ja) * 1983-04-30 1984-11-15 コニカ株式会社 放射線画像変換パネル及びその製造方法

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2459693A (en) * 1944-08-14 1949-01-18 Joseph M Gordon Laminated phosphorescent fluorescent article
US2827571A (en) * 1955-05-23 1958-03-18 Philips Corp Intensifying screen for making x-ray registrations
US2829264A (en) * 1956-10-08 1958-04-01 Texaco Development Corp Detection and measurement of penetrative radiation
US2975966A (en) * 1956-04-09 1961-03-21 Burroughs Corp Coded document reader
US3041456A (en) * 1956-11-26 1962-06-26 I J Mccullough Luminescent screens and methods of making same
US3043710A (en) * 1959-02-20 1962-07-10 Du Pont Fluorescent screens
US3089956A (en) * 1953-07-10 1963-05-14 Westinghouse Electric Corp X-ray fluorescent screen
US3344276A (en) * 1964-03-30 1967-09-26 Kaiser Aerospace & Electronics Radiographic screen having channels filled with a material which emits photons when energized by gamma or x-rays
US3504212A (en) * 1967-03-20 1970-03-31 Westinghouse Electric Corp High contrast display device incorporating a light absorption and scattering layer

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2459693A (en) * 1944-08-14 1949-01-18 Joseph M Gordon Laminated phosphorescent fluorescent article
US3089956A (en) * 1953-07-10 1963-05-14 Westinghouse Electric Corp X-ray fluorescent screen
US2827571A (en) * 1955-05-23 1958-03-18 Philips Corp Intensifying screen for making x-ray registrations
US2975966A (en) * 1956-04-09 1961-03-21 Burroughs Corp Coded document reader
US2829264A (en) * 1956-10-08 1958-04-01 Texaco Development Corp Detection and measurement of penetrative radiation
US3041456A (en) * 1956-11-26 1962-06-26 I J Mccullough Luminescent screens and methods of making same
US3043710A (en) * 1959-02-20 1962-07-10 Du Pont Fluorescent screens
US3344276A (en) * 1964-03-30 1967-09-26 Kaiser Aerospace & Electronics Radiographic screen having channels filled with a material which emits photons when energized by gamma or x-rays
US3504212A (en) * 1967-03-20 1970-03-31 Westinghouse Electric Corp High contrast display device incorporating a light absorption and scattering layer

Cited By (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3953303A (en) * 1970-10-12 1976-04-27 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Process for the manufacture of mesh screen for X-ray photography sensitization
US3936644A (en) * 1974-03-14 1976-02-03 General Electric Company Multi-layer X-ray screens
US4039840A (en) * 1975-01-06 1977-08-02 Dai Nippon Toryo Co., Ltd. Intensifying screens
US4208577A (en) * 1977-01-28 1980-06-17 Diagnostic Information, Inc. X-ray tube having scintillator-photocathode segments aligned with phosphor segments of its display screen
EP0272581A2 (en) * 1986-12-18 1988-06-29 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba X-ray fluorescent image intensifier
US4893020A (en) * 1986-12-18 1990-01-09 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba X-ray fluorescent image intensifier
EP0272581B1 (en) * 1986-12-18 1996-03-27 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba X-ray fluorescent image intensifier
US4951305A (en) * 1989-05-30 1990-08-21 Eastman Kodak Company X-ray grid for medical radiography and method of making and using same
US6075840A (en) * 1995-05-09 2000-06-13 Trex Medical Corporation Air cross grids for X-ray imaging
US5729585A (en) * 1995-05-09 1998-03-17 Thermotrex Corporation Air cross grids for mammography and methods for their manufacture and use
US5814235A (en) * 1995-05-09 1998-09-29 Thermo Trex Corporation Air cross grids for mammography and methods for their manufacture and use
US5606589A (en) * 1995-05-09 1997-02-25 Thermo Trex Corporation Air cross grids for mammography and methods for their manufacture and use
US5892230A (en) * 1997-05-29 1999-04-06 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Scintillating fiducial patterns
US6294789B1 (en) 1998-06-17 2001-09-25 Hologic, Inc. Radiation intensifying screen
US6185278B1 (en) 1999-06-24 2001-02-06 Thermo Electron Corp. Focused radiation collimator
US20090281383A1 (en) * 2005-09-08 2009-11-12 Rao Papineni Apparatus and method for external fluorescence imaging of internal regions of interest in a small animal using an endoscope for internal illumination
US20090159805A1 (en) * 2005-09-08 2009-06-25 Gilbert Feke Apparatus and method for multi-modal imaging
US20090114860A1 (en) * 2005-09-08 2009-05-07 Gilbert Feke Apparatus and method for imaging ionizing radiation
US20090324048A1 (en) * 2005-09-08 2009-12-31 Leevy Warren M Method and apparatus for multi-modal imaging
US20100022866A1 (en) * 2005-09-08 2010-01-28 Gilbert Feke Torsional support apparatus and method for craniocaudal rotation of animals
US20100220836A1 (en) * 2005-09-08 2010-09-02 Feke Gilbert D Apparatus and method for multi-modal imaging
US8041409B2 (en) 2005-09-08 2011-10-18 Carestream Health, Inc. Method and apparatus for multi-modal imaging
US8050735B2 (en) 2005-09-08 2011-11-01 Carestream Health, Inc. Apparatus and method for multi-modal imaging
US8203132B2 (en) 2005-09-08 2012-06-19 Carestream Health, Inc. Apparatus and method for imaging ionizing radiation
US8660631B2 (en) 2005-09-08 2014-02-25 Bruker Biospin Corporation Torsional support apparatus and method for craniocaudal rotation of animals
US9113784B2 (en) 2005-09-08 2015-08-25 Bruker Biospin Corporation Apparatus and method for multi-modal imaging
WO2010081386A1 (en) * 2009-01-13 2010-07-22 LI, Teng X-ray fluorescent screen with improved brightness and method thereof

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2010780B2 (de) 1977-04-28
DE2010780A1 (de) 1970-10-29
FR2037840A5 (fi) 1970-12-31
CA935566A (en) 1973-10-16
BE746974A (fr) 1970-08-17
GB1308672A (en) 1973-02-21

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