US3714312A - Method of producing reinforced pipe - Google Patents

Method of producing reinforced pipe Download PDF

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Publication number
US3714312A
US3714312A US00062936A US3714312DA US3714312A US 3714312 A US3714312 A US 3714312A US 00062936 A US00062936 A US 00062936A US 3714312D A US3714312D A US 3714312DA US 3714312 A US3714312 A US 3714312A
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United States
Prior art keywords
mold
synthetic resin
metal mold
resin
layer
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00062936A
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English (en)
Inventor
H Nitta
N Sagawa
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Mitsubishi Chemical Corp
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Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co Ltd
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Publication date
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/06—Fibrous reinforcements only
    • B29C70/08—Fibrous reinforcements only comprising combinations of different forms of fibrous reinforcements incorporated in matrix material, forming one or more layers, and with or without non-reinforced layers
    • B29C70/086—Fibrous reinforcements only comprising combinations of different forms of fibrous reinforcements incorporated in matrix material, forming one or more layers, and with or without non-reinforced layers and with one or more layers of pure plastics material, e.g. foam layers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C41/00—Shaping by coating a mould, core or other substrate, i.e. by depositing material and stripping-off the shaped article; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C41/02—Shaping by coating a mould, core or other substrate, i.e. by depositing material and stripping-off the shaped article; Apparatus therefor for making articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
    • B29C41/04—Rotational or centrifugal casting, i.e. coating the inside of a mould by rotating the mould
    • B29C41/042—Rotational or centrifugal casting, i.e. coating the inside of a mould by rotating the mould by rotating a mould around its axis of symmetry
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C41/00—Shaping by coating a mould, core or other substrate, i.e. by depositing material and stripping-off the shaped article; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C41/02—Shaping by coating a mould, core or other substrate, i.e. by depositing material and stripping-off the shaped article; Apparatus therefor for making articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
    • B29C41/22—Making multilayered or multicoloured articles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L9/00—Rigid pipes
    • F16L9/12—Rigid pipes of plastics with or without reinforcement
    • F16L9/121—Rigid pipes of plastics with or without reinforcement with three layers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2023/00—Use of polyalkenes or derivatives thereof as moulding material
    • B29K2023/04—Polymers of ethylene
    • B29K2023/06—PE, i.e. polyethylene
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2023/00—Use of polyalkenes or derivatives thereof as moulding material
    • B29K2023/04—Polymers of ethylene
    • B29K2023/06—PE, i.e. polyethylene
    • B29K2023/0608—PE, i.e. polyethylene characterised by its density
    • B29K2023/0633—LDPE, i.e. low density polyethylene
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2101/00—Use of unspecified macromolecular compounds as moulding material
    • B29K2101/12—Thermoplastic materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
    • B29K2105/06—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts
    • B29K2105/12—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts of short lengths, e.g. chopped filaments, staple fibres or bristles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
    • B29K2105/25—Solid
    • B29K2105/251—Particles, powder or granules
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2309/00—Use of inorganic materials not provided for in groups B29K2303/00 - B29K2307/00, as reinforcement
    • B29K2309/08—Glass

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT The invention relates to a method of manufacturing reinforced pipes, particularly those having a strong resistivity against internal pressure as well as compressive strength due to external crushing forces, made of a material obtained by mixing thermoplastic synthetic resin powder and a fibrous inorganic substance.
  • the material is introduced in a rotatable metal mold in a predetermined quantity, and the metal mold is heated externally while it is rotating.
  • the fibrous substance is diffused uniformly in the molten plastic material and aligned in the peripheral direction, and thus the reinforced pipe is produced.
  • Another object of the present invention is to produce high-strength reinforced pipes in which inorganic fibers are diffused uniformly.
  • Still another object of the invention is to produce reinforced pipes, particularly having a resistivity against internal pressure and a resistance against external crushing forces, wherein inorganic fibers are diffused uniformly and in a state of alignment in the peripheral direction.
  • the method comprises heating the metal mold while rotating it to fuse the material and adhere it to the wall surface of the metal mold, then cooling the mold, and taking the product out of the metal mold after the product hasbeen solidified.
  • glass fibers for example, are used as a reinforcing material, it has been found that several problems arise in the use of rotary molding.
  • the reinforcing material such as glass fibers to be blended
  • the material is affected considerably by the rotating speed of the metal mold, or more strictly, it depends upon the peripheralspeed of the wall surface of the metal mold.
  • the molding should be effected with a rotating speed having a condition that the material should he slipped down on the wall surface of the metal mold, which is rotating in a certain direction, at an angle of less than about 135, preferably of 45 to (risingangle 0).
  • the size of such a fiber is preferably that which will not intertwine with another while rotating and forming, and by keepingthe size at about 6-15 mm, the fibers are blended with the material resin without any separation.
  • the charging dose of the mixture of the material plastic and the fiber in the metal mold is preferably that which forms a thickness of less than '2 mm from the surface of the metal mold. If charging is effected further, the separation is likely to be produced. Accordingly, when a large thickness is required, a plurality of forming or molding operations should be utilized so that a molding having adesired thickness can be obtained.
  • FIG. I is a side elevational view'of apparatus adapted to perform the method according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing a pipe produced in accordance with the method of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4. is an end view in section of a reinforced pipe produced according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing the results of a squeezing load test on a pipe.
  • the numeral I designates a metal molding main body presenting a desired-shape; 2 and 3 are cover members fitted on the openings at opposite ends of said metal mold main body 1; 4 is a heating burnerarranged around the external periphery of the metal mold main body 1; and 5, 5' are supporting wheels, each operating as a stopper, having a conical shape and being in slidable engagement with the cover members 2, 3 of the metal mold body.
  • the supporting wheels 5, 5' are so constructed that they can be moved forwardly and. backwardly within a certain range by in- FIG. 2 is an end view in section of a portion of'the'apterposing coil springs 8, 8' between frame members 6,
  • the numerals 9 designate aplurality of rollers supporting the external periphery of the metal mold main body 1 for rotation.
  • the rotation of the motor 11 is transmitted to the shaft for the rollers 9 through a drive chain 12 of any suitable type.
  • the numeral 13 indicates a supply tube for material which can be inserted into the metal mold main body 1 through an opening 14 in the cover member 2, the supply tube 13 being connected to a hopper 15' of a material supplying device 15.
  • the material supplying device 15 is movable forwardly and baekwardly by means of wheels 17 mounted on a track defined by rails 16 or the like.
  • the powdered material received, in the hopper 15' can be transferred and supplied smoothly into the metal mold main body 1 through the supply pipe 13 by means of a vibrating mechanism 18 accommodated in the material supplying device 15.
  • the metal mold main body is preheated while being rotated at a speed of 30 revolutions per minute.
  • the metal mold main body 1 preferably is made of steel plate having a thickness of 2 mm, and is heated to a surface temperature of about 300C.
  • the polyethylene alone is supplied into the metal mold main body 1 through the material supplying tube 13 at arate of about 200g/hour.
  • the feeding outlet of the material supplying tube 13 is transferred from the innermost end portion of the metal mold main body 1 to the outermost portion thereof at a constant speed by moving the material supplying device 15 on the rails 16.
  • the material supplying device 15 moves in an opposite direction so that a uniform resin layer is formed on the inner wall of the metal mold main body 1.
  • the frequency of the forward and backward motion of the material supplyingtube 13 is determined by a speed in which a successive filling of the material is effected just after the melting of the material filled previously has been substantially completed.
  • an outer'layer A formed by a high density polyethylene alone andhavirig a thickness of about 2 mm is molded.
  • a mixtureof polyethylene a blended with 30 percent by weight of glass fibers b is added to the mold body 1 in such an amount that a thickness of less than 2 rrirn is obtained per one forming operation in the'same manner as described above. This process is repeated a large number of times until an intermediate layer B having a thicknessof about 21 mm is obtained, as shown in FIG. 2. In this case, the angle t9 was approximately 90.
  • the high density polyethylene a alone is added to the mold body 1 to form an inner layer C (see FIG. 4) having a thickness of 2 mm in the same manner as above.
  • the inner'layer C is cooled in any suitable manner such as by an air flow-'and/or cooling water, so that the moulded produce is solidified.
  • the finished pipe D is then removed from the metal mold 1.
  • the material can be supplied continuously by continuously reciprocating the material supplying device 15, or the device can be stopped for a certain period each time it reaches the end of its path. In any event, it is necessary to limit the amount of material to that forming a layer having a thickness of 2 mm or less, and a succeeding supply of material should be effected after the material which has been supplied previously is melted and adhered on the wall.
  • EXAMPLE 1 A metal mold having an inner diameter of 300 mm, and a length of 1,000 mm is heated while rotated at30 RPM, and the heating is continued until the surface temperature of the metal mold reaches to 300C.
  • a high density polyethylene having a grain size of mesh (specific gravity: 0.950. MI 5.0) is introduced into the heated metal mold at a-rate of 100 g/pass (fora producthaving a thickness of about 1 mm) after the previously filled material has been melted and adhered on the inner wall of the metal mold, this being continued until the layer of high'-density polyethylene alone has a thickness of about 2 mm.
  • high density polyethylene dry blended with 10 percent by. weight of glass fibers having a length of about 10 mm and a diameter of about I mm (about 20 lengths are bonded together) is introduced into the mold 'at a rate of approximately I00 g/pass, and this process is continued until a layer having a thickness of about 21 mm is formed.
  • the rising angle 0 of the resin was approximately in this example.
  • the material is again changed to the high-density polyethylene alone, and the material is introduced into the molduntil a layer having a thickness of 2 mm is obtained in the manner described above. Subsequently, the mold is air-cooled for 20 minutes, and a cooling water is poured over it so that the product in the mold is solidified. The pipe is then removed from the metal mold.
  • a pipe produced using the high-density polyethylene alone was compared to a pipe produced in accordance with the method of the present invention.
  • Test'pieces were removed from each pipe at the intermediate portion of the wall (thatof the layer containing glass fiber in the sample according to the present invention) having a thickness of 5 mm each, and these pieces were tested using an autographic tension tester. The result of the test is shown in Table 1.
  • EXAMPLE 2 A pipe having a thickness of mm was produced using a high-density polyethylene (specific gravity 0.950, MI 5.0) added with 10 percent by weight and 20 percent by weight of glass fibers 10 mm long and about 1 mm in diameter (about 20 lengths thereof are bonded), in a rotary metal mold having an inner diameter of 300 mm, and a length of 500 mm, at a condition of RPM and at a temperature of 300C.
  • a high-density polyethylene specifically gravity 0.950, MI 5.0
  • the pipe obtained was tested by applying external forces at a loading speed of 80 kg/min.
  • the relation between the compressive load and the strain is shown in FIG. 5.
  • thermoplastic synthetic resin a thermoplastic synthetic resin into a rotatable mold
  • thermoplastic synthetic resin is a high-density polyethylene.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
US00062936A 1969-08-11 1970-08-11 Method of producing reinforced pipe Expired - Lifetime US3714312A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP44063101A JPS4818581B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1969-08-11 1969-08-11

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US3714312A true US3714312A (en) 1973-01-30

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JP (1) JPS4818581B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AU (1) AU1864270A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3897527A (en) * 1969-11-03 1975-07-29 Lars Ringdal Method of manufacturing articles from hot solid filler material coated with thermoplastic material
US3981955A (en) * 1972-10-21 1976-09-21 Kobe Steel Ltd. Method of rotational molding reinforcer-incorporated plastics
US4053126A (en) * 1974-11-26 1977-10-11 Societe Nationale Industrielle Aerospatiale Helicopter cabin and method of making same
US4104357A (en) * 1973-01-10 1978-08-01 Monster Molding, Inc. Method of rotational molding about plural axes at low rotational speeds
FR2522112A1 (fr) * 1982-02-23 1983-08-26 Lindab Nord Ab Procede de production de composants isoles de canalisation
US4611980A (en) * 1982-08-20 1986-09-16 Dai Nihon Ink Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Fiber reinforced thermosetting resin cylindrical shape product manufacturing apparatus
US4624818A (en) * 1982-03-25 1986-11-25 Allied Corporation Rotational molding process using abrasive-resistant nylon composition
EP0151930A3 (en) * 1984-01-19 1987-09-16 Peter Hartmann Method of manufacturing a tubular element and compound tube obtained by said method
US4705660A (en) * 1985-04-11 1987-11-10 Robert Demarle Method and apparatus for producing a pipe of fiber-reinforced, hardenable synthetic resin
US4839121A (en) * 1986-10-21 1989-06-13 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration High density tape casting system
US4900497A (en) * 1987-02-05 1990-02-13 Leda Logarithmic Electrical Devices For Automation S.R.L. Process for producing electric resistors having a wide range of specific resistance values
WO1991008101A1 (en) * 1989-11-29 1991-06-13 Wavin B.V. Plastic pipe with a wall made up of a plastic-filler layer
US5082614A (en) * 1988-12-23 1992-01-21 Peter Hartmann Beteiligungen Ag Method for producing a composite pipe in a rotating drum
US5098628A (en) * 1991-06-26 1992-03-24 Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. Centrifugal molding method for composite pipe having a resin concrete layer
US5238384A (en) * 1988-12-23 1993-08-24 Von Roll Ag Apparatus for producing a composite pipe in a rotating drum
US5300391A (en) * 1991-09-17 1994-04-05 Xerox Corporation Field assisted processes for preparing imaging members
GB2275473A (en) * 1993-02-26 1994-08-31 Victaulic Plc Improvements in or relating to rotational moulding
WO2000056511A1 (de) * 1999-03-19 2000-09-28 Hobas Engineering Gmbh Verfahren und vorrichtung zur aufbereitung eines körnigen füllstoffes
US20160346964A1 (en) * 2015-05-28 2016-12-01 Adidas Ag Method for manufacturing a three-dimensional composite object

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3150219A (en) * 1959-08-25 1964-09-22 Schmidt William Karl Process of making plastic pipes
US3217078A (en) * 1962-04-16 1965-11-09 C R Custom Plastics Corp Process for molding hollow articles from thermoplastic materials
CA757550A (en) * 1967-04-25 I. Kliene Ronald Production of shaped articles from organic thermoplastics
US3445551A (en) * 1966-05-20 1969-05-20 Fli Back Co Inc Pearlescent,phosphorescent balls and methods for making the same
US3475532A (en) * 1965-08-31 1969-10-28 Basler Stueckfaerberei Ag Process for the production of fiberreinforced tubes of synthetic resin

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA757550A (en) * 1967-04-25 I. Kliene Ronald Production of shaped articles from organic thermoplastics
US3150219A (en) * 1959-08-25 1964-09-22 Schmidt William Karl Process of making plastic pipes
US3217078A (en) * 1962-04-16 1965-11-09 C R Custom Plastics Corp Process for molding hollow articles from thermoplastic materials
US3475532A (en) * 1965-08-31 1969-10-28 Basler Stueckfaerberei Ag Process for the production of fiberreinforced tubes of synthetic resin
US3445551A (en) * 1966-05-20 1969-05-20 Fli Back Co Inc Pearlescent,phosphorescent balls and methods for making the same

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3897527A (en) * 1969-11-03 1975-07-29 Lars Ringdal Method of manufacturing articles from hot solid filler material coated with thermoplastic material
US3981955A (en) * 1972-10-21 1976-09-21 Kobe Steel Ltd. Method of rotational molding reinforcer-incorporated plastics
US4104357A (en) * 1973-01-10 1978-08-01 Monster Molding, Inc. Method of rotational molding about plural axes at low rotational speeds
US4053126A (en) * 1974-11-26 1977-10-11 Societe Nationale Industrielle Aerospatiale Helicopter cabin and method of making same
FR2522112A1 (fr) * 1982-02-23 1983-08-26 Lindab Nord Ab Procede de production de composants isoles de canalisation
US4624818A (en) * 1982-03-25 1986-11-25 Allied Corporation Rotational molding process using abrasive-resistant nylon composition
US4611980A (en) * 1982-08-20 1986-09-16 Dai Nihon Ink Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Fiber reinforced thermosetting resin cylindrical shape product manufacturing apparatus
EP0151930A3 (en) * 1984-01-19 1987-09-16 Peter Hartmann Method of manufacturing a tubular element and compound tube obtained by said method
US4705660A (en) * 1985-04-11 1987-11-10 Robert Demarle Method and apparatus for producing a pipe of fiber-reinforced, hardenable synthetic resin
US4839121A (en) * 1986-10-21 1989-06-13 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration High density tape casting system
US4900497A (en) * 1987-02-05 1990-02-13 Leda Logarithmic Electrical Devices For Automation S.R.L. Process for producing electric resistors having a wide range of specific resistance values
US5082614A (en) * 1988-12-23 1992-01-21 Peter Hartmann Beteiligungen Ag Method for producing a composite pipe in a rotating drum
US5238384A (en) * 1988-12-23 1993-08-24 Von Roll Ag Apparatus for producing a composite pipe in a rotating drum
WO1991008101A1 (en) * 1989-11-29 1991-06-13 Wavin B.V. Plastic pipe with a wall made up of a plastic-filler layer
US5098628A (en) * 1991-06-26 1992-03-24 Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. Centrifugal molding method for composite pipe having a resin concrete layer
US5300391A (en) * 1991-09-17 1994-04-05 Xerox Corporation Field assisted processes for preparing imaging members
GB2275473A (en) * 1993-02-26 1994-08-31 Victaulic Plc Improvements in or relating to rotational moulding
GB2275473B (en) * 1993-02-26 1996-08-07 Victaulic Plc Rotational moulding of fibre-reinforced thermoplastics particles
WO2000056511A1 (de) * 1999-03-19 2000-09-28 Hobas Engineering Gmbh Verfahren und vorrichtung zur aufbereitung eines körnigen füllstoffes
US20160346964A1 (en) * 2015-05-28 2016-12-01 Adidas Ag Method for manufacturing a three-dimensional composite object

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Publication number Publication date
JPS4818581B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-06-07
AU1864270A (en) 1972-02-17

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